Integrating the overlap of obstructive lung disease and obstructive sleep apnoea: OLDOSA syndrome

Respirology

Volumn 18, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 421-431

  Ioachimescu, Octavian C ^a   Teodorescu, Mihaela ^b  

^a EMORY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

asthma; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; obstructive sleep apnoea; respiratory function test

Indexed keywords

CORTICOSTEROID; NEUROHORMONE;

ADVERSE OUTCOME; AGING; AIRWAY RESISTANCE; APNEA HYPOPNEA INDEX; ASTHMA; ATTRIBUTABLE RISK; BRONCHOSPASM; CHRONIC BRONCHITIS; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; COMORBIDITY; COR PULMONALE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; EMPHYSEMA; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL MONITORING; FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME; FORCED VITAL CAPACITY; GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX; HEREDITY; HORMONE RELEASE; HUMAN; HYPOXEMIA; INFLAMMATION; LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT; NOCTURNAL ASTHMA; OBESITY; OLDOSA SYNDROME; PARASYMPATHETIC TONE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHENOTYPE; POLYSOMNOGRAPHY; POSITIVE END EXPIRATORY PRESSURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REM SLEEP; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SLEEP DISORDERED BREATHING; SMALL AIRWAY DISEASE; SMOKING; SNORING; UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT; VASOCONSTRICTION;

HUMANS; LUNG DISEASES, OBSTRUCTIVE; MORBIDITY; QUALITY OF LIFE; RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE; SURVIVAL RATE; SYNDROME; WORLD HEALTH;

EID: 84875669087     PISSN: 13237799     EISSN: 14401843     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/resp.12062     Document Type: Review

References (119)

1. Masoli M, Fabian D, Holt S, et al. The global burden of asthma: executive summary of the GINA Dissemination Committee report. Allergy 2004; 59: 469-478.
2. WHO. World Health Organization: World Health Report. WHO, Geneva. 2011. [Accessed Feb 2013.] Available from URL: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/ factsheets/fs315/en/index.html
3. Qamar A, Kotha K, Ioachimescu O,. Obstructive sleep Apnea. In:, Ioachimescu OC, (ed.) Contemporary Sleep Medicine. Bentham Publishing, Sharjah, UAE, 2011; 71-110.
4. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention. National Institute of Health: National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD. [Accessed Feb 2013.] Available from URL: http://www.ginasthma.org. Revised 2008. Updated 2012.
5. Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). [Accessed Feb 2013.] Available from URL: http://www.goldcopd. com. Updated 2008.
6. Vestbo J, Hurd SS, Agustí AG, et al. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2013; 187: 347-365.
7. Pellegrino R, Viegi G, Brusasco V, et al. Interpretative strategies for lung function tests. Eur. Respir. J. 2005; 26: 948-968.
8. Vollmer WM, Gislason T, Burney P, et al. Comparison of spirometry criteria for the diagnosis of COPD: results from the BOLD study. Eur. Respir. J. 2009; 34: 588-597.
9. Shirtcliffe P, Weatherall M, Marsh S, et al. COPD prevalence in a random population survey: a matter of definition. Eur. Respir. J. 2007; 30: 232-239.
10. Perez-Padilla R, Hallal PC, Vazquez-Garcia JC, et al. Impact of bronchodilator use on the prevalence of COPD in population-based samples. COPD 2007; 4: 113-120.
11. Soriano JB, Davis KJ, Coleman B, et al. The proportional Venn diagram of obstructive lung disease: two approximations from the United States and the United Kingdom. Chest 2003; 124: 474-481.
12. Fletcher CM,. Chronic bronchitis. Its prevalence, nature, and pathogenesis. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1959; 80: 483-494.
13. Fletcher C, Peto R,. The natural history of chronic airflow obstruction. Br. Med. J. 1977; 1: 1645-1648.
14. Wilkinson TM, Patel IS, Wilks M, et al. Airway bacterial load and FEV1 decline in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2003; 167: 1090-1095.
15. Kanner RE, Anthonisen NR, Connett JE,. Lower respiratory illnesses promote FEV(1) decline in current smokers but not ex-smokers with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from the lung health study. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2001; 164: 358-364.
16. Donaldson GC, Seemungal TA, Bhowmik A, et al. Relationship between exacerbation frequency and lung function decline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2002; 57: 847-852.
17. Orie N, Sluiter H, de, Vries K, et al. The host factor in bronchitis. In:, Orie N, (ed.) Bronchitis-An Interntional Symposium. Royal vanGorcum, Assen, Netherlands, 1961; 43-59.
18. Tashkin DP, Altose MD, Connett JE, et al. Methacholine reactivity predicts changes in lung function over time in smokers with early chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Lung Health Study Research Group. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1996; 153: 1802-1811.
19. Hospers JJ, Postma DS, Rijcken B, et al. Histamine airway hyper-responsiveness and mortality from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a cohort study. Lancet 2000; 356: 1313-1317.
20. Vestbo J, Edwards LD, Scanlon PD, et al. Changes in forced expiratory volume in 1 second over time in COPD. N. Engl. J. Med. 2011; 365: 1184-1192.
21. Jatakanon A, Uasuf C, Maziak W, et al. Neutrophilic inflammation in severe persistent asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1999; 160: 1532-1539.
22. Simpson JL, Milne DG, Gibson PG,. Neutrophilic asthma has different radiographic features to COPD and smokers. Respir. Med. 2009; 103: 881-887.
23. Rennard SI,. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: linking outcomes and pathobiology of disease modification. Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc. 2006; 3: 276-280.
24. Soriano JB, Agusti A,. The yin and yang of COPD: or balancing repair (yang) and inflammation (yin). Eur. Respir. J. 2008; 32: 1426-1427.
25. Man SF, Xing L, Connett JE, et al. Circulating fibronectin to C-reactive protein ratio and mortality: a biomarker in COPD? Eur. Respir. J. 2008; 32: 1451-1457.
26. Van Eerdewegh P, Little RD, Dupuis J, et al. Association of the ADAM33 gene with asthma and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Nature 2002; 418: 426-430.
27. Meyers DA, Larj MJ, Lange L,. Genetics of asthma and COPD. Similar results for different phenotypes. Chest 2004; 126: 105S-110; discussion 159S-61S.
28. Sanders MH, Newman AB, Haggerty CL, et al. Sleep and sleep-disordered breathing in adults with predominantly mild obstructive airway disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2003; 167: 7-14.
29. Bednarek M, Plywaczewski R, Jonczak L, et al. There is no relationship between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a population study. Respiration 2005; 72: 142-149.
30. McNicholas WT,. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and obstructive sleep apnea: overlaps in pathophysiology, systemic inflammation, and cardiovascular disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2009; 180: 692-700.
31. Owens RL, Malhotra A,. Sleep-disordered breathing and COPD: the overlap syndrome. Respir. Care 2010; 55: 1333-1344; discussion 1344-36.
32. Young T, Palta M, Dempsey J, et al. The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-Aged adults. N. Engl. J. Med. 1993; 328: 1230-1235.
33. Young T, Evans L, Finn L, et al. Estimation of the clinically diagnosed proportion of sleep apnea syndrome in middle-Aged men and women. Sleep 1997; 20: 705-706.
34. Young T, Peppard PE, Gottlieb DJ,. Epidemiology of obstructive sleep apnea: a population health perspective. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2002; 165: 1217-1239.
35. ICSD-2. International Classification of Sleep Disorders, 2nd Edition: Diagnostic and Coding Manual. American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM), Westchester, IL, 2005.
36. Chaouat A, Weitzenblum E, Krieger J, et al. Association of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and sleep apnea syndrome. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1995; 151: 82-86.
37. Klink M, Quan SF,. Prevalence of reported sleep disturbances in a general adult population and their relationship to obstructive airways diseases. Chest 1987; 91: 540-546.
38. Karachaliou F, Kostikas K, Pastaka C, et al. Prevalence of sleep-related symptoms in a primary care population-their relation to asthma and COPD. Prim Care Respir J 2007; 16: 222-228.
39. Sharma B, Feinsilver S, Owens RL, et al. Obstructive airway disease and obstructive sleep apnea: effect of pulmonary function. Lung 2011; 189: 37-41.
40. Guilleminault C, Cummiskey J, Motta J,. Chronic obstructive airflow disease and sleep studies. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1980; 122: 397-406.
41. Lopez-Acevedo MN, Torres-Palacios A, Elena Ocasio-Tascon M, et al. Overlap syndrome: an indication for sleep studies?: a pilot study. Sleep Breath. 2009; 13: 409-413.
42. Rasche K, Orth M, Kutscha A, et al. [Pulmonary diseases and heart function]. Internist (Berl) 2007; 48: 276-282.
43. Shaya FT, Lin PJ, Aljawadi MH, et al. Elevated economic burden in obstructive lung disease patients with concomitant sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep Breath. 2009; 13: 317-323.
44. Mulloy E, McNicholas WT,. Ventilation and gas exchange during sleep and exercise in severe COPD. Chest 1996; 109: 387-394.
45. Plywaczewski R, Sliwinski P, Nowinski A, et al. Incidence of nocturnal desaturation while breathing oxygen in COPD patients undergoing long-term oxygen therapy. Chest 2000; 117: 679-683.
46. Mulloy E, Fitzpatrick M, Bourke S, et al. Oxygen desaturation during sleep and exercise in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir. Med. 1995; 89: 193-198.
47. Machado MC, Vollmer WM, Togeiro SM, et al. CPAP treatment and survival of patients with moderate-to-severe OSAS and hypoxemic COPD. Eur. Respir. J. 2009; 35: 132-137.
48. Marin JM, Soriano JB, Carrizo SJ, et al. Outcomes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and obstructive sleep apnea: the overlap syndrome. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2010; 182: 325-331.
49. Phillips BA, Cooper KR, Burke TV,. The effect of sleep loss on breathing in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chest 1987; 91: 29-32.
50. Clini E, Sturani C, Rossi A, et al. The Italian multicentre study on noninvasive ventilation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Eur. Respir. J. 2002; 20: 529-538.
51. Gay PC, Hubmayr RD, Stroetz RW,. Efficacy of nocturnal nasal ventilation in stable, severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during a 3-month controlled trial. Mayo Clin. Proc. 1996; 71: 533-542.
52. Meecham Jones DJ, Paul EA, Jones PW, et al. Nasal pressure support ventilation plus oxygen compared with oxygen therapy alone in hypercapnic COPD. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1995; 152: 538-544.
53. Price D, Small M, Milligan D,. The prevalence and impact of nighttime symptoms in COPD patients-results from a cross-sectional study in five European countries. Proceedings of the Fourth World Asthma and COPD Forum, 30th April-4th May 2011. Paris, France, 2011.
54. Series F, Roy N, Marc I,. Effects of sleep deprivation and sleep fragmentation on upper airway collapsibility in normal subjects. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1994; 150: 481-485.
55. Leiter JC, Knuth SL, Bartlett D Jr,. The effect of sleep deprivation on activity of the genioglossus muscle. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1985; 132: 1242-1245.
56. Chaput JP, Despres JP, Bouchard C, et al. The association between sleep duration and weight gain in adults: a 6-year prospective study from the Quebec Family Study. Sleep 2008; 31: 517-523.
57. Morselli L, Leproult R, Balbo M, et al. Role of sleep duration in the regulation of glucose metabolism and appetite. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2010; 24: 687-702.
58. Agusti AG, Sauleda J, Miralles C, et al. Skeletal muscle apoptosis and weight loss in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2002; 166: 485-489.
59. Teodorescu M, Consens FB, Bria WF, et al. Predictors of habitual snoring and obstructive sleep apnea risk in patients with asthma. Chest 2009; 135: 1125-1132.
60. Eckert DJ, Saboisky JP, Jordan AS, et al. Upper airway myopathy is not important in the pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea. J. Clin. Sleep Med. 2007; 3: 570-573.
61. Tamisier R, Pepin JL, Wuyam B, et al. Expiratory changes in pressure: flow ratio during sleep in patients with sleep-disordered breathing. Sleep 2004; 27: 240-248.
62. Morrell MJ, Arabi Y, Zahn B, et al. Progressive retropalatal narrowing preceding obstructive apnea. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1998; 158: 1974-1981.
63. Owens RL, Malhotra A, Eckert DJ, et al. The influence of end-expiratory lung volume on measurements of pharyngeal collapsibility. J. Appl. Physiol. 2010; 108: 445-451.
64. Shiota S, Ryan CM, Chiu KL, et al. Alterations in upper airway cross-sectional area in response to lower body positive pressure in healthy subjects. Thorax 2007; 62: 868-872.
65. Nadel JA, Widdicombe JG,. Reflex effects of upper airway irritation on total lung resistance and blood pressure. J. Appl. Physiol. 1962; 17: 861-865.
66. Fitzpatrick MF, Martin K, Fossey E, et al. Snoring, asthma and sleep disturbance in Britain: a community-based survey. Eur. Respir. J. 1993; 6: 531-535.
67. Janson C, De Backer W, Gislason T, et al. Increased prevalence of sleep disturbances and daytime sleepiness in subjects with bronchial asthma: a population study of young adults in three European countries. Eur. Respir. J. 1996; 9: 2132-2138.
68. Kalra M, Biagini J, Bernstein D, et al. Effect of asthma on the risk of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in atopic women. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006; 97: 231-235.
69. Knuiman M, James A, Divitini M, et al. Longitudinal study of risk factors for habitual snoring in a general adult population: the Busselton Health Study. Chest 2006; 130: 1779-1783.
70. Teodorescu M, Consens FB, Bria WF, et al. Correlates of daytime sleepiness in patients with asthma. Sleep Med. 2006; 7: 607-613.
71. Auckley D, Moallem M, Shaman Z, et al. Findings of a Berlin Questionnaire survey: comparison between patients seen in an asthma clinic versus internal medicine clinic. Sleep Med. 2008; 9: 494-499.
72. Fitzpatrick MF, Engleman H, Whyte KF, et al. Morbidity in nocturnal asthma: sleep quality and daytime cognitive performance. Thorax 1991; 46: 569-573.
73. Yigla M, Tov N, Solomonov A, et al. Difficult-to-control asthma and obstructive sleep apnea. J. Asthma 2003; 40: 865-871.
74. Julien JY, Martin JG, Ernst P, et al. Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea in severe versus moderate asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2009; 124: 371-376.
75. Teodorescu M, Polomis DA, Hall SV, et al. Association of obstructive sleep apnea risk with asthma control in adults. Chest 2010; 138: 543-550.
76. Teodorescu M, Polomis DA, Teodorescu MC, et al. Association of obstructive sleep apnea risk or diagnosis with daytime asthma in adults. J. Asthma 2012; 49: 620-628.
77. ten Brinke A, Sterk PJ, Masclee AA, et al. Risk factors of frequent exacerbations in difficult-to-treat asthma. Eur. Respir. J. 2005; 26: 812-818.
78. Ekici A, Ekici M, Kurtipek E, et al. Association of asthma-related symptoms with snoring and apnea and effect on health-related quality of life. Chest 2005; 128: 3358-3363.
79. Chan CS, Woolcock AJ, Sullivan CE,. Nocturnal asthma: role of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1988; 137: 1502-1504.
80. Guilleminault C, Quera-Salva MA, Powell N, et al. Nocturnal asthma: snoring, small pharynx and nasal CPAP. Eur. Respir. J. 1988; 1: 902-907.
81. Ciftci TU, Ciftci B, Guven SF, et al. Effect of nasal continuous positive airway pressure in uncontrolled nocturnal asthmatic patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Respir. Med. 2005; 99: 529-534.
82. Lafond C, Series F, Lemiere C,. Impact of CPAP on asthmatic patients with obstructive sleep apnoea. Eur. Respir. J. 2007; 29: 307-311.
83. Alkhalil M, Schulman E, Getsy J,. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and asthma: what are the links? J. Clin. Sleep Med. 2009; 5: 71-78.
84. Shah N, Roux F,. The relationship of obesity and obstructive sleep apnea. Clin. Chest Med. 2009; 30: 455-465.
85. Ford ES, Mannino DM,. Time trends in obesity among adults with asthma in the United States: findings from three national surveys. J. Asthma 2005; 42: 91-95.
86. Shore SA,. Obesity and asthma: possible mechanisms. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2008; 121: 1087-1093; quiz 1094-85.
87. Nayak AS,. The asthma and allergic rhinitis link. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2003; 24: 395-402.
88. Millman RP, Acebo C, Rosenberg C, et al. Sleep, breathing, and cephalometrics in older children and young adults. Part II-Response to nasal occlusion. Chest 1996; 109: 673-679.
89. McNicholas WT, Tarlo S, Cole P, et al. Obstructive apneas during sleep in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1982; 126: 625-628.
90. Young T, Finn L, Palta M,. Chronic nasal congestion at night is a risk factor for snoring in a population-based cohort study. Arch. Intern. Med. 2001; 161: 1514-1519.
91. Collett PW, Brancatisano T, Engel LA,. Changes in the glottic aperture during bronchial asthma. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1983; 128: 719-723.
92. Collett PW, Brancatisano AP, Engel LA,. Upper airway dimensions and movements in bronchial asthma. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1986; 133: 1143-1149.
93. Ballard RD, Irvin CG, Martin RJ, et al. Influence of sleep on lung volume in asthmatic patients and normal subjects. J. Appl. Physiol. 1990; 68: 2034-2041.
94. Irvin CG, Pak J, Martin RJ,. Airway-parenchyma uncoupling in nocturnal asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2000; 161: 50-56.
95. Van de Graaff WB,. Thoracic influence on upper airway patency. J. Appl. Physiol. 1988; 65: 2124-2131.
96. Stanchina ML, Malhotra A, Fogel RB, et al. The influence of lung volume on pharyngeal mechanics, collapsibility, and genioglossus muscle activation during sleep. Sleep 2003; 26: 851-856.
97. Bjermer L,. Time for a paradigm shift in asthma treatment: from relieving bronchospasm to controlling systemic inflammation. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2007; 120: 1269-1275.
98. Reid MB, Lannergren J, Westerblad H,. Respiratory and limb muscle weakness induced by tumor necrosis factor-Alpha: involvement of muscle myofilaments. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2002; 166: 479-484.
99. Harding SM,. Gastroesophageal reflux: a potential asthma trigger. Immunol. Allergy Clin. North Am. 2005; 25: 131-148.
100. Senior BA, Khan M, Schwimmer C, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux and obstructive sleep apnea. Laryngoscope 2001; 111: 2144-2146.
101. Orr WC, Elsenbruch S, Harnish MJ, et al. Proximal migration of esophageal acid perfusions during waking and sleep. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2000; 95: 37-42.
102. Shipley JE, Schteingart DE, Tandon R, et al. Sleep architecture and sleep apnea in patients with Cushing's disease. Sleep 1992; 15: 514-518.
103. Williams AJ, Baghat MS, Stableforth DE, et al. Dysphonia caused by inhaled steroids: recognition of a characteristic laryngeal abnormality. Thorax 1983; 38: 813-821.
104. Donnelly R, Williams KM, Baker AB, et al. Effects of budesonide and fluticasone on 24-hour plasma cortisol. A dose-response study. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1997; 156: 1746-1751.
105. Martin RJ, Szefler SJ, Chinchilli VM, et al. Systemic effect comparisons of six inhaled corticosteroid preparations. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2002; 165: 1377-1383.
106. Bijaoui EL, Champagne V, Baconnier PF, et al. Mechanical properties of the lung and upper airways in patients with sleep-disordered breathing. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2002; 165: 1055-1061.
107. Ballard RD,. Sleep, respiratory physiology, and nocturnal asthma. Chronobiol. Int. 1999; 16: 565-580.
108. Morrison JF, Pearson SB,. The parasympathetic nervous system and the diurnal variation of lung mechanics in asthma. Respir. Med. 1991; 85: 285-289.
109. Demeter P, Pap A,. The relationship between gastroesophageal reflux disease and obstructive sleep apnea. J. Gastroenterol. 2004; 39: 815-820.
110. Hlavac MC, Catcheside PG, McDonald R, et al. Hypoxia impairs the arousal response to external resistive loading and airway occlusion during sleep. Sleep 2006; 29: 624-631.
111. Eckert DJ, Catcheside PG, Stadler DL, et al. Acute sustained hypoxia suppresses the cough reflex in healthy subjects. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2006; 173: 506-511.
112. Eckert DJ, Catcheside PG, Smith JH, et al. Hypoxia suppresses symptom perception in asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2004; 169: 1224-1230.
113. Bergeron C, Kimoff J, Hamid Q,. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and inflammation. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2005; 116: 1393-1396.
114. Li AM, Hung E, Tsang T, et al. Induced sputum inflammatory measures correlate with disease severity in children with obstructive sleep apnoea. Thorax 2007; 62: 75-79.
115. Ryan S, McNicholas WT,. Intermittent hypoxia and activation of inflammatory molecular pathways in OSAS. Arch. Physiol. Biochem. 2008; 114: 261-266.
116. Lampinen M, Carlson M, Hakansson LD, et al. Cytokine-regulated accumulation of eosinophils in inflammatory disease. Allergy 2004; 59: 793-805.
117. Haldar P, Pavord ID,. Noneosinophilic asthma: a distinct clinical and pathologic phenotype. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2007; 119: 1043-1052; quiz 1053-44.
118. Foley SC, Hamid Q,. Images in allergy and immunology: neutrophils in asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2007; 119: 1282-1286.
119. Macdowell AL, Peters SP,. Neutrophils in asthma. Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep. 2007; 7: 464-468.