Upper airway myopathy is not important in the pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea

Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine

Volumn 3, Issue 6, 2007, Pages 570-573

  Eckert, Danny J ^a,b   Saboisky, Julian P ^a   Jordan, Amy S ^a   Malhotra, Atul ^a,b  

^a HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BREATHING MUSCLE; ELECTROMYOGRAM; HUMAN; MUSCLE FUNCTION; MYOPATHY; NEUROPATHY; REM SLEEP; REVIEW; SLEEP; SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME; UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT; WAKEFULNESS;

EID: 36749047945     PISSN: 15509389     EISSN: 15509397     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.26965     Document Type: Review

References (49)

1. White DP. Pathogenesis of obstructive and central sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;172:1363-70.
2. Eckert DJ, Malhotra A. Pathophysiology of adult obstructive sleep apnea. Proc Am Thorac Soc: In Press.
3. Isono S, Remmers JE, Tanaka A, Sho Y, Sato J, Nishino T. Anatomy of pharynx in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and in normal subjects. J Appl Physiol 1997;82:1319-26.
4. Schwab RJ, Gupta KB, Gefter WB, Metzger LJ, Hoffman EA, Pack AI. Upper airway and soft tissue anatomy in normal subjects and patients with sleep-disordered breathing. Significance of the lateral pharyngeal walls. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;152:1673-89.
5. Haponik EF, Smith PL, Bohlman ME, Allen RP, Goldman SM, Bleecker ER. Computerized tomography in obstructive sleep apnea. Correlation of airway size with physiology during sleep and wakefulness. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983;127:221-6.
6. Mezzanotte WS, Tangel DJ, White DP. Waking genioglossal electromyogram in sleep apnea patients versus normal controls (a neuromuscular compensatory mechanism). J Clin Invest 1992;89:1571-9.
7. Rowland LP. Diseases of the motor unit. In: Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessell TM, eds. Principles of neural science. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991.
8. Suresh S, Wales P, Dakin C, Harris MA, Cooper DG. Sleep-related breathing disorder in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: disease spectrum in the paediatric population. J Paediatr Child Health 2005;41:500-3.
9. Dedrick DL, Brown LK. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome complicating oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy. Chest 2004;125:334-6.
10. Lacomis D, Kupsky WJ, Kuban KK, Specht LA. Childhood onset oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy. Pediatr Neurol 1991;7:382-4.
11. Mortimore IL, Bennett SP, Douglas NJ. Tongue protrusion strength and fatigability: relationship to apnoea/hypopnoea index and age. J Sleep Res 2000;9:389-93.
12. Series F, Cote C, Simoneau JA, et al. Physiologic, metabolic, and muscle fiber type characteristics of musculus uvulae in sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome and in snorers. J Clin Invest 1995;95:20-5.
13. Series FJ, Simoneau SA, St Pierre S, Marc I. Characteristics of the genioglossus and musculus uvulae in sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome and in snorers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;153:1870-4.
14. Butler JE, Saboisky JP, McKenzie DK, et al. Genioglossus EMG activity in obstructive sleep apnea: single and multiunit analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007;175:A276.
15. Saboisky JP, Butler JE, McKenzie DK, et al. Genioglossus motor unit activation in obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007;175:A273.
16. Worsnop C, Kay A, Pierce R, Kim Y, Trinder J. Activity of respiratory pump and upper airway muscles during sleep onset. J Appl Physiol 1998;85:908-20.
17. Lo YL, Jordan AS, Malhotra A, et al. Influence of wakefulness on pharyngeal airway muscle activity. Thorax 2007;62:798-804.
18. Findley LJ, Wilhoit SC, Suratt PM. Apnea duration and hypoxemia during REM sleep in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Chest 1985;87:432-6.
19. Eckert DJ, Malhotra A, Schory K, White DP, Jordan AS. Factors influencing genioglossus muscle control during REM Sleep. Sleep 2007;30:A202.
20. Eckert DJ, McEvoy RD, George KE, Thomson KJ, Catcheside PG. Genioglossus reflex inhibition to upper-airway negative-pressure stimuli during wakefulness and sleep in healthy males. J Physiol 2007;581:1193-205.
21. Shea SA, Edwards JK, White DP. Effect of wake-sleep transitions and rapid eye movement sleep on pharyngeal muscle response to negative pressure in humans. J Physiol 1999;520:897-908.
22. Jordan AS, Wellman A, Heinzer RC, et al. Mechanisms used to restore ventilation after partial upper airway collapse during sleep in humans. Thorax 2007;62:861-7.
23. Stanchina ML, Malhotra A, Fogel RB, et al. Genioglossus muscle responsiveness to chemical and mechanical stimuli during non-rapid eye movement sleep. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;165:945-9.
24. Lo YL, Jordan AS, Malhotra A, et al. Genioglossal muscle response to CO2 stimulation during NREM sleep. Sleep 2006;29:470-7.
25. Younes M. Contributions of upper airway mechanics and control mechanisms to severity of obstructive apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;168:645-58.
26. Sforza E, Krieger J, Petiau C. Arousal threshold to respiratory stimuli in OSA patients: evidence for a sleep-dependent temporal rhythm. Sleep 1999;22:69-75.
27. Younes M, Ostrowski M, Atkar R, Laprairie J, Siemens A, Hanly P. Mechanisms of breathing instability in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. J Appl Physiol:In Press.
28. Petrof BJ, Hendricks JC, Pack AI. Does upper airway muscle injury trigger a vicious cycle in obstructive sleep apnea? A hypothesis. Sleep 1996;19:465-71.
29. Series F, Marc I. Upper airway mucosa temperature in obstructive sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome, nonapnoeic snorers and nonsnorers. Eur Respir J 1998;12:193-7.
30. Kimoff RJ, Sforza E, Champagne V, Ofiara L, Gendron D. Upper airway sensation in snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;164:250-5.
31. Nguyen AT, Jobin V, Payne R, Beauregard J, Naor N, Kimoff RJ. Laryngeal and velopharyngeal sensory impairment in obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep 2005;28:585-93.
32. Boyd JH, Petrof BJ, Hamid Q, Fraser R, Kimoff RJ. Upper airway muscle inflammation and denervation changes in obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;170:541-6.
33. Akay M, Leiter JC, Daubenspeck JA. Reduced respiratory-related evoked activity in subjects with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. J Appl Physiol 2003;94:429-38.
34. Friberg D, Ansved T, Borg K, Carlsson-Nordlander B, Larsson H, Svanborg E. Histological indications of a progressive snorers disease in an upper airway muscle. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;157:586-93.
35. Friberg D, Gazelius B, Lindblad LE, Nordlander B. Habitual snorers and sleep apnoics have abnormal vascular reactions of the soft palatal mucosa on afferent nerve stimulation. Laryngoscope 1998;108:431-6.
36. Svanborg E. Impact of obstructive apnea syndrome on upper airway respiratory muscles. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2005;147:263-72.
37. Carrera M, Barbe F, Sauleda J, Tomas M, Gomez C, Agusti AG. Patients with obstructive sleep apnea exhibit genioglossus dysfunction that is normalized after treatment with continuous positive airway pressure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;159:1960-6.
38. Carrera M, Barbe F, Sauleda J, et al. Effects of obesity upon genioglossus structure and function in obstructive sleep apnoea. Eur Respir J 2004;23:425-9.
39. Afifi L, Guilleminault C, Colrain IM. Sleep and respiratory stimulus specific dampening of cortical responsiveness in OSAS. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2003;136:221-34.
40. Gora J, Trinder J, Pierce R, Colrain IM. Evidence of a sleep-specific blunted cortical response to inspiratory occlusions in mild obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;166:1225-34.
41. Smirne S, Iannaccone S, Ferini-Strambi L, Comola M, Colombo E, Nemni R. Muscle fibre type and habitual snoring. Lancet 1991;337:597-9.
42. Ferini-Strambi LJ, Smirne S, Moz U, Sferrazza B, Iannaccone S. Muscle fibre type and obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Res Online 1998;1:24-7.
43. Berry RB, White DP, Roper J, et al. Awake negative pressure reflex response of the genioglossus in OSA patients and normal subjects. J Appl Physiol 2003;94:1875-82.
44. Young T, Peppard PE, Gottlieb DJ. Epidemiology of obstructive sleep apnea: a population health perspective. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;165:1217-39.
45. Series F, Simoneau JA, St Pierre S. Muscle fiber area distribution of musculus uvulae in obstructive sleep apnea and non-apneic snorers. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000;24:410-5.
46. Vuono IM, Zanoteli E, de Oliveira AS, et al. Histological analysis of palatopharyngeal muscle from children with snoring and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2007;71:283-90.
47. Mayer P, Dematteis M, Pepin JL, et al. Peripheral neuropathy in sleep apnea. A tissue marker of the severity of nocturnal desaturation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;159:213-9.
48. Howald H, Hoppeler H. Performing at extreme altitude: muscle cellular and subcellular adaptations. Eur J Appl Physiol 2003;90:360-4.
49. Lentini S, Manka R, Scholtyssek S, Stoffel-Wagner B, Luderitz B, Tasci S. Creatine Phosphokinase elevation in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: an unknown association? Chest 2006;129:88-94.