Does Working Hard in School Explain Performance Differences between Girls and Boys? A Questionnaire-based Study Comparing Pakistani Students with Majority Group Students in the City of Oslo

Young

Volumn 21, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 133-154

  Borg, Elin ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

Author keywords

academic achievement; effort; ethnicity; gender; homework

Indexed keywords

EID: 84875496352     PISSN: 11033088     EISSN: 17413222     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1103308813477464     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Arnot Madeleine,Mac an Ghaill MairtinThe Routledge Falmer Reader in Gender and Education. Arnot MadeleineMac an Ghaill Mairtin, ed. New York and London: Routledge; 2006:1-14.
2. Bakken AndersMinoritetsspråklig ungdom i skolen. Reproduksjon av ulikhet eller sosial mobilitet?. Oslo: NOVA; 2003.
3. Bakken Anders.'Er kjønnsforskjeller i skoleprestasjoner avhengig av klassebakgrunn og minoritetsstatus?' ('Are Gender Differences in Achievement Dependent upon Class Background and Minority Status?').Tidsskrift for ungdomsforskning. 2008;8 (1): 85-93.
4. Bakken AndersUlikhet på tvers. Har foreldres utdanning, kjønn og minoritetsstatus like stor betydning for elevers karakterer på alle skoler?. Oslo: NOVA; 2009.
5. Bakken Anders,Borg Elin,Hegna Kristinn,Backe-Hansen ElisabethEr det skolens skyld? En kunnskapsoversikt om skolens bidrag til kjønnsforskjeller i skoleprestasjoner. Oslo: NOVA; 2008.
6. Baron Reuben M.,Kenny David A.The Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1986;51 (6): 1173-82.
7. Basit Tehmina N."I Want More Freedom, but Not Too Much": British Muslim Girls and the Dynamism of Family Values.Gender and Education. 1997;9 (4): 425-40.
8. Bjerrum Nielsen HarrietKjønn og likestilling i grunnskolen. Imsen Gunn, ed. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget; 2000:51-69.
9. Björnsson MatsKön och skolfremgång. Tolkningar och perspektiv. Stockholm: Skolverket; 2005.
10. Bollen Kenneth A.Structural Equations with Latent Variables. New York: Wiley; 1989.
11. Bollen Kenneth A.,Barb Kenney H.Pearson's R and Coarseley Categorized Measures.American Sociological Review. 1981;46 (2): 232-39.
12. Carbonaro William.Students' Effort and Academic Achievement.Sociology of Education. 2005;78 (1): 27-49.
13. CassadyJerrell C. (2001) 'Self-reported GPA and SAT: A Methodological Note', URL (consulted April, 2011): http://PAREonline.net/getvn.asp?v=7&n=12.
14. Connell RaewynShort Introductions. Gender. Cambridge, Malden: Polity Press; 2009.
15. Connolly Paul.The Effects of Social Class and Ethnicity on Gender Differences in GCSE Attainment: A Secondary Analysis of the Youth Cohort Study of England and Wales 1997-2001.British Educational Research Journal. 2006;32 (1): 3-21.
16. Cooper Harris,Robinson Jorgianne Civey,Patall Erika A.Does Homework Improve Academic Achievement? A Synthesis of Research.Review of Educational Research. 2006;76 (1): 1-62.
17. Crockett Lisa J.,Schulenberg John E.,Petersen Anne C.Congruence between Objective and Self-reported Data in a Sample of Young Adolecents.Journal of Adolecent Research. 1987;2 (4): 383-92.
18. Demie Feyisa.Ethnic and Gender Differences in Educational Achievement and Implications for School Improvement Strategies.Educational Research. 2001;43 (1): 91-106.
19. Dornbusch Standford M.,Ritter Philip L.,Mont-Reynaud Randy,Chen Zeng-yin.Family Decision making and Academic Performance in a Diverse High School Population.Journal of Adolecent Research. 1990;5 (2): 143-60.
20. Enders Craig K.,Bandalos Deborah L.The Relative Performance of Full Information Maximum Likelihood Estimation for Missing Data in Structural Equation Models.Structural Equation Modelin. 2001;8 (3): 430-57.
21. Epstein Debbie,Elwood Jannette,Hay Valerie,Maw JanetFailing Boys?. New York: Open University Press; 2009.
22. Fekjær Silje.'Utdanning hos annengenerasjon etniske minoriteter i Norge' ('Education among Second Generation Etnic Minorities in Norway').Tidsskrift for Samfunnsforskning. 2006;47 (1): 57-93.
23. Francis Becky.Lads, Lasses and (New) Labour: 14-16-Year-Old Students' Responses to the "Laddish Behaviour and Boys' Underachievement" Debate.British Journal of Sociology of Education. 1999;20 (3): 355-71.
24. Francis BeckyBoys, Girls, and Achievement: Addressing the Classroom Issues. London: Routledge/Falmer; 2000.
25. Francis Becky,Skelton ChristineReassessing Gender and Achievement. London and New York: Routledge; 2008.
26. Frederickson Norah,Petrides K.V.Ethnic, Gender, and Socio-economic Group Differences in Academic Performance and Secondary School Selection: A Longitudinal Analysis.Learning and Individual Differences. 2008;18 (2): 144-51.
27. Freudenthaler Harald H.,Spinath Birgit,Neubauer Aljoscha C.Predicting School Achievement in Boys and Girls.European Journal of Personality. 2008;22 (3): 231-45.
28. Fuglerud Øivind,Engebrigtsen AdaKultur og Generasjon. Tilpasningsprosesser blant somaliere og tamiler i Norge. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget; 2009.
29. Gorard Stephen,Rees Gareth,Salisbury Jane.Investigating the Patterns of Differential Attainment of Boys and Girls at School.British Educational Research Journal. 2001;27 (2): 125-39.
30. Harris Susan,Nixon Jon,Rudduck Jean.School Work, Homework and Gender.Gender and Education. 1993;5 (1): 3-15.
31. Heggen Kåre.'Utkantjentene sin stille revolusjon' ('Rural Girls' Silent Revolution').Tidsskrift for ungdomsforskning. 2002;2 (2): 3-20.
32. Hodgetts Kathrine.Underperformance or "Getting it Right"? Constructions of Gender and Achievement in the Australian Inquiry into Boys' Education.British Journal of Sociology of Education. 2008;29 (5): 465-77.
33. Jackson Carolyn."Laddishness" as a Self-Worth Protection Strategy.Gender and Education. 2002;14 (1): 37-51.
34. Jackson Carolyn.Motives for "Laddishness" at School: Fear of Failure and Fear of the "Feminine".British Educational Research Journal. 2003;29 (4): 583-98.
35. Jackson Carolyn."Wild" Girls? An Exploration of "Ladette" Cultures in Secondary Schools.Gender and Education. 2006;18 (4): 339-60.
36. Jackson Carolyn,Dempster Steven."I Sat Back on My Computer- with a Bottle of Whisky Next to Me": Constructing "Cool" Masculinity through "Effortless" Achievement in Secondary and Higher Education.Journal of Gender Studies. 2009;18 (4): 341-56.
37. Jackson Carolyn,Tinkler Penny."Ladettes" and "Modern Girls": "Troublesome" Young Femininities.Sociological Review. 2007;55 (2): 251-72.
38. Kao Grace,Thompson Jennifer S.Racial and Ethnic Stratification in Educational Achievement and Attainment.Annual Review of Sociology. 2003;29 (1): 417-42.
39. Kenney-Benson Gwen A.,Pomerantz Eva M.,Ryan Allison M.,Patrick Helen.Sex Differences in Math Performance: The Role of Children's Approach to Schoolwork.Developmental Psychology. 2006;42 (1): 11-26.
40. Kjærnsli Marit,Lie Svein,Olsen Rolf Vegard,Roe AstridTid for tunge løft: Norske elevers kompetanse i naturfag, lesing og matematikk i PISA 2006. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget; 2007.
41. Krange Olve,Bakken Anders.'Innvandrerungdoms skoleprestasjoner. Tradisjonelle klasseskiller eller nye skillelinjer?' ('Explaining Minority Language Students' Achievement').Tidsskrift for samfunnsforskning. 1998;39 (3): 381-410.
42. Lauglo JonMotbakke, men mer driv? Innvandrerungdom i norsk skole. Report 6/98. Oslo: Ungforsk; 1996.
43. Lauglo Jon.Working Harder to Make the Grade: Immigrant Youth in Norwegian Schools.Journal of Youth Studies. 1999;2 (1): 77-100.
44. Lauglo JonSocial Capital: Critical Perspectives. Baron John Field StephenSchuller Tom, ed. London: Oxford University Press; 2000:143-67.
45. Lauglo JonPedagogikk og politikk. Festskrift til Alfred Oftedal Telhaug. Aasen PetterForos Per BjørnKjøl Per, ed. Oslo: Cappelen Akademiske Forlag; 2004:346-70.
46. Lauglo JonUnge fra innvandrerfamilier og sosial kapital for utdanning. Oslo: Forskningsrådet; 2010.
47. Lyng Selma Therese.Is There More to "Antischoolishness" than Masculinity? On Multiple Student Styles, Gender, and Educational Self-exclusion in Secondary School.Men and Masculinities. 2009;11 (4): 462-87.
48. Lødding BeritFrafall blant minoritetsspråklige. Om frafall og norsk som andrespråk blant minoritetsspråklige elever i overgangen fra 10. klasse til videregående opplæring. Oslo: NIFU; 2003.
49. Lødding BeritVideregående opplæring for nesten alle. Markussen Eifred, ed. Oslo: Cappelen Akademiske Forlag; 2009:143-61.
50. MacKinnon David P.,Warsi Ghulam,Dwyer James H.A Simulation Study of Mediated Effect Measures.Multivariate Behavioural Research. 1995;30 (1): 41-62.
51. Marks Gary N.Accounting for the Gender Gaps in Student Performance in Reading and Mathematics: Evidence from 31 Countries.Oxford Review of Education. 2008;34 (1): 89-109.
52. Mikkelsen Rolf,Fjeldstad Dag,Lauglo JonMorgendagens samfunnsborgere. Norske ungdomsskoleelevers prestasjoner og svar på spørsmål i den internasjonale demokratiundersøkelsen ICCS. Oslo: Department of Teacher Education and School Research (ILS); 2011.
53. Moen BjørgTilhøringhetens balanse. Norsk-Pakistanske kvinners hverdagsliv i transnasjonale familier. Oslo: NOVA; 2009.
54. Morgan Stephen L.On the Edge of Commitment: Educational Attainment and Race in the United States. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press; 2005.
55. Muthén Linda K.,Muthén Bengt OMplus User's Guide. 1998-2010) Mplus User's Guide (6th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén; 1998-2010.
56. Norwegian Directorate for Education and Training (2011) 'Hva er vurdering for læring?' ('What is Evaluation for Learning?'), URL (consulted March, 2011): http://www.skolenettet.no/Moduler/Vurdering/Templates/Pages/SectionPage.aspx?id=64645&epslanguage=NO.
57. Øia TormodUng i Norge. Skole, fritid og ungdomskultur. Strandbu ÅseTormod Øia, ed. Oslo: Cappelen Akademisk Forlag; 2007:62-83.
58. Opheim Vibeke,Støren Liv AnneInnvandrerungdom og majoritetsungdom gjennom videregående til høyere utdanning. Utdanningsforløp, utdanningsaspirasjoner og realiserte utdanningsvalg. Oslo: NIFU; 2001.
59. Øzerk Kamil Z.Tospråklige overgangsmodeller og tosidige modeller. Vallset: Oplandske Bokforlag; 2007.
60. Pettersen Silje VatneInnvandrere i norske kommuner. Demografi, levekår og deltagelse i arbeidsstyrken. Oslo: Statistics Norway; 2009.
61. Portes Alejandro,Zhou Min.The New Second Generation: Segmented Assimilation and its Variants among Post-1965 Immigrant Youth.The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences. 1993;530 (1): 74-96.
62. Salisbury Jane,Rees Gareth,Gorard Stephen.Accounting for the Differential Attainment of Boys and Girls at School.School Leadership & Management. 1999;19 (4): 403-26.
63. Satorra Albert,Bentler Peter M.A Scaled Difference Chi-square Test Statistic for Moment Structure Analysis.Psychometrika. 2001;66 (4): 507-14.
64. Schafer Joseph L.,Graham John W.Missing Data: Our View of the State of the Art.Psychological Methods. 2002;7 (2): 147-77.
65. Skelton Christine.The "Feminisation of Schooling" or "Re-masculinising" Primary Education?.International Studies in Sociology of Education. 2002;12 (1): 77-96.
66. Sobel Michael E.Sociological Methodology 1982. Leinhart Samuel, ed. San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass; 1982:290-312.
67. Statistics Norway (2009) 'Innvandrere og norskfødte med innvandrerforeldre. 1.januar 2009'('Immigrants and Norwegian Born with Immigrant Parents. 1 January 2009'), URL (consultedApril, 2010): http://www.ssb.no/emner/02/01/10/innvbef/.
68. Steffensen Kjartan,Ziade Salah E.Skoleresultater 2008. En kartlegging av karakterer fra grunnskolen og videregående skoler i Norge. Oslo, Kongsvinger: Statistics Norway; 2009.
69. Stærkebye Leirvik Mariann.'"For mors skyld". Utdanning, takknemlighet og status blant unge med pakistansk og indisk bakgrunn' ('For Our Mother'. Education, Gratitude and Status among Young Norwegian-Pakistanis and Norwegian-Indians).Tidsskrift for ungdomsforskning. 2010;10 (1): 23-47.
70. Støren Liv Anne,Helland Håvard,Grøgaard Jens B.Og hvem stod igjen-? Sluttrapport fra prosjektet Gjennomstrømning i videregående opplæring blant elever som startet i videregående opplæring i årene 1999-2001. Oslo: NIFU STEP; 2007.
71. Trautwein Ulrich.The Homework-Achievement Relation Reconsidered: Differentiating Homework Time, Homework Frequency, and Homework Effort.Learning and Instruction. 2007;17 (3): 372-88.
72. Trautwein Ulrich,Lüdtke Oliver."Students" Self-reported Effort and Time on Homework in Six School Subjects: Between-student Differences and Within-student Variation.Journal of Educational Psychology. 2007;99 (2): 432-44.
73. Trautwein Ulrich,Lüdtke Oliver,Kartens Claudia,Köller Olaf.Effort on Homework in Grades 5-9: Development, Motivational Antecedents, and the Association with Effort on Classwork.Child Development. 2006;77 (4): 1094-111.
74. Van de Gaer Eva,Pustjens Heidi,Van Damme Jan,De Munter Agnes.Tracking and the Effects of School-related Attitudes on the Language Achievement of Boys and Girls.British Journal of Sociology of Education. 2006;27 (3): 293-309.
75. Van de Gaer Eva,Pustjens Heidi,Van Damme Jan,De Munter Agnes.Impact of Attitudes of Peers on Language Achievement: Gender Differences.Journal of Educational Research. 2007;101 (2): 78-93.
76. Warrington Molly,Younger Mike,Williams Jacquetta.Student Attitudes, Image and the Gender Gap.British Educational Research Journal. 2000;26 (3): 393-407.
77. Willis Paul E.Learning to Labor: How Working Class Kids Get Working Class Jobs. New York: Columbia University Press; 1977.