On counter-stereotypes and creative cognition: When interventions for reducing prejudice can boost divergent thinking

Thinking Skills and Creativity

Volumn 8, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 72-79

  Gocłowska, Małgorzata A ^a   Crisp, Richard J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KENT   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Creativity; Divergent thinking; Interventions; Prejudice reduction

Indexed keywords

EID: 84875485493     PISSN: 18711871     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tsc.2012.07.001     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Aiken L.S., West S.G. Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting predictions 1991, Sage, Newbury Park, CA.
2. Amabile T.M. The social psychology of creativity: A componential conceptualization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1983, 45:357-376.
3. Barak M., Mesika P. Teaching methods for inventive problem-solving in junior high school. Thinking Skills and Creativity 2007, 2(1):19-29. 10.1016/j.tsc.2006.10.002.
4. Blair I.V., Ma J.E., Lenton A.P. Imagining stereotypes away: The moderation of implicit stereotypes through mental imagery. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2001, 81(5):828-841.
5. Burke L.a., Williams J.M. Developing young thinkers: An intervention aimed to enhance children's thinking skills. Thinking Skills and Creativity 2008, 3(2):104-124. 10.1016/j.tsc.2008.01.001.
6. Cameron L., Turner R.N. The application of diversity-based interventions to policy and practice. The psychology of social and cultural diversity 2010, 322-351. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford. R.J. Crisp (Ed.).
7. Cheryan S., Plaut V.C., Davies P.G., Steele C.M. Ambient belonging: How stereotypical cues impact gender participation in computer science. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2009, 97(6):1045-1060. 10.1037/a0016239.
8. Crisp R.J., Hewstone M., Rubin M. Does multiple categorization reduce intergroup bias?. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2001, 27(1):76-89. 10.1177/0146167201271007.
9. Crisp R.J., Turner R.N. Cognitive adaptation to the experience of social and cultural diversity. Psychological Bulletin 2011, 137(2):242-266. 10.1037/a0021840.
10. Dasgupta N., Asgari S. Seeing is believing: Exposure to counterstereotypic women leaders and its effect on the malleability of automatic gender stereotyping. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2004, 40(5):642-658.
11. Dasgupta N., Greenwald A.G., Mcghee D., Mellott D., Nosek B. On the malleability of automatic attitudes: Combating automatic prejudice with images of admired and disliked individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2001, 81(5). 10.1037//0022-3514.
12. De Dreu C.K.W., Baas M., Nijstad B.A. Hedonic tone and activation level in the mood-creativity link: Toward a dual pathway to creativity model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2008, 94(5):739-756. 10.1037/0022-3514.94.5.739.
13. De Dreu C.K.W., Nijstad B.A., Baas M. Behavioral activation links to creativity because of increased flexibility. Social Psychological and Personality Science 2011, 2:72-80. 10.1177/1948550610381789.
14. Dewett T., Gruys M.L. Advancing the case for creativity through graduate business education. Thinking Skills and Creativity 2007, 2(2):85-95. 10.1016/j.tsc.2007.04.001.
15. Dijksterhuis A., Meurs T. Where creativity resides: The generative power of unconscious thought. Consciousness and Cognition 2006, 15(1):135-146. 10.1016/j.concog.2005.04.007.
16. Fiske S.T., Neuberg S.L. A continuum of impression-formation, from category-based to individuating processes - influences of information and motivation attention and interpretation. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 1990, 23:1-74. 10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60317-2.
17. Friedman R.S., Förster J. The effects of promotion and prevention cues on creativity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2001, 81(6):1001-1013. 10.1037/0022-3514.81.6.1001.
18. Galinsky A.D., Magee J.C., Gruenfeld D.H., Whitson J.A., Liljenquist K.A. Power reduces the press of the situation: Implications for creativity, conformity, and dissonance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2008, 95(6):1450-1466. 10.1037/a0012633.
19. George D., Mallery P. SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference. 11.0 update 2003, Allyn & Bacon, Boston. 4th ed.
20. Gibson, F. (2003). Nappy-changing, baby-sitting - and lots of testosterone. Meet the manny... Retrieved from http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2003/mar/23/childrensservices.genderissues.
21. Gilhooly K.J., Fioratou E., Anthony S.H., Wynn V. Divergent thinking: Strategies and executive involvement in generating novel uses for familiar objects. British Journal of Psychology 2007, 98(4):611-625. 10.1348/096317907X173421.
22. Gocłowska M.A., Crisp R.J., Labuschagne K. Can counter-stereotypes prime flexible thinking?. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations 2012, 10.1177/1368430212445076.
23. Guilford J.P. The nature of human intelligence 1967, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.
24. Hall N.R., Crisp R.J. Considering multiple criteria for social categorization can reduce intergroup bias. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2005, 31(10):1435-1444. 10.1177/0146167205276084.
25. Hansen F. Diversity's business case: Doesn't add up. Workforce 2003, 824:28-32.
26. Hastie R., Schroeder C., Weber R. Creating complex social conjunction categories from simple categories. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 1990, 28(3):242-247.
27. Hewstone M., Hamberger J. Perceived variability and stereotype change. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2000, 124:103-124. 10.1006/jesp.1999.1398.
28. Hewstone M., Richards Z. Subtyping and subgrouping: Processes for the prevention and promotion of stereotype change. Personality and Social Psychology Review 2001, 5(1):52-73. 10.1207/S15327957PSPR0501.
29. Hutter R.R.C., Crisp R.J. The composition of category conjunctions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2005, 31(5):647-657. 10.1177/0146167204271575.
30. Hutter R.R.C., Crisp R.J. Implications of cognitive busyness for the perception of category conjunctions. Journal of Social Psychology 2006, 146(2):253-256. 10.3200/SOCP.146.2. 253-256.
31. Hutter R.R.C., Crisp R.J. Reduced constituent category application in surprising combinations. Journal of Social Psychology 2008, 148(2):247-252. 10.3200/SOCP.148.2. 247-252.
32. Hutter R.R.C., Crisp R.J., Humphreys G.W., Waters G.M., Moffitt G. The dynamics of category conjunctions. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 2009, 12(5):673-686. 10.1177/1368430209337471.
33. IBM. (2010). Capitalizing on Complexity: Insights from the 2010 IBM Global CEO Study. Retrieved from http://www.ibm.com/news/ca/en/2010/05/20/v384864m81427w34.html.
34. Isen A.M., Daubman K.A. The influence of affect on categorization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1984, 47(6):1206-1217. 10.1037/0022-3514.47.6.1206.
35. Karakelle S. Enhancing fluent and flexible thinking through the creative drama process. Thinking Skills and Creativity 2009, 4(2):124-129. 10.1016/j.tsc.2009.05.002.
36. Kharkhurin A.V. The role of bilingualism in creative performance on divergent thinking and invented alien creatures tests. Journal of Creative Behavior 2009, 43(1):59-71.
37. Kunda Z., Miller D.T., Claire T. Combining social concepts: The role of causal reasoning. Cognitive Science 1990, 14:551-577. 10.1207/s15516709cog1404_3.
38. Maddux W., Adam H., Galinsky A.D. When in Rome ... Learn why the Romans do what they do: How multicultural learning experiences facilitate creativity. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin 2010, 36(6):731-741. 10.1177/0146167210367786.
39. Marsh R.L., Ward T.B., Landau J.D. The inadvertent use of prior knowledge in a generative cognitive task. Memory & Cognition 1999, 27(1):94-105.
40. Morrison K.R., Plaut V.C., Ybarra O. Predicting whether multiculturalism positively or negatively influences White Americans' intergroup attitudes: The role of ethnic identification. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2010, 36(12):1648-1661. 10.1177/0146167210386118.
41. Moors A., De Houwer J. Automaticity: A theoretical and conceptual analysis. Psychological Bulletin 2006, 132(2):297-326. 10.1037/0033-2909.132.2.297.
42. Mumford M.D., Supinski E.P., Baughman W.A., Costanza D.P., Threlfall K. Process-based measures of creative problem-solving skills: V. Overall prediction. Creativity Research Journal 1997, 10(1):73-85.
43. Neuberg S.L., Newsom J.T. Personal need for structure: Individual differences in the desire for simpler structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1993, 65(1):113-131. 10.1037/0022-3514.65.1.113.
44. Paluck E.L., Green D.P. Prejudice reduction: What works? A review and assessment of research and practice. Annual Review of Psychology 2009, 60:339-367. 10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163607.
45. Pinard M.C., Allio R.J. Improving the creativity of MBA students. Strategy & Leadership 2005, 33(1):49-51. 10.1108/10878570510572653.
46. Plaut V.C., Thomas K.M., Goren M.J. Is multiculturalism or color blindness better for minorities?. Psychological Science 2009, 20(4):444-446.
47. Population Division. (2009). World Migrant Stock: The 2009 Wall Chart. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, The United Nations. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/2009Migration_Chart/2009IttMig_chart.htm.
48. Rudman L.A., Ashmore R.D., Gary M.L. " Unlearning" automatic biases: The malleability of implicit prejudice and stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2001, 81(5):856-868. 10.1037/0022-3514.81.5.856.
49. Sassenberg K., Moskowitz G.B. Don't stereotype, think different! Overcoming automatic stereotype activation by mindset priming. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2005, 41(5):506-514. 10.1016/j.jesp.2004.10.002.
50. Scott G., Leritz L.E., Mumford M.D. The effectiveness of creativity training: A quantitative review. Creativity Research Journal 2004, 16(4):361-388. 10.1080/10400410409534549.
51. Smith S.M., Ward T.B., Schumacher J. Constraining effects of examples. Cognition 1993, 21(6):837-845.
52. Sokol A., Oget D., Sonntag M., Khomenko N. The development of inventive thinking skills in the upper secondary language classroom. Thinking Skills and Creativity 2008, 3(1):34-46. 10.1016/j.tsc.2008.03.001.
53. Torrance E.P. Torrance test of creative thinking 1974, Personal Press, Lexington, MA.
54. Turner R.N., Brown R. Improving children' s attitudes toward refugees: An evaluation of a school-based multicultural curriculum and an anti-racist intervention. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 2008, 38(5):1295-1328.
55. Ward T.B., Smith S.M., Finke R.A. Creative cognition. Handbook of Creativity 2008, Cambridge University Press, New York. R.J. Sternberg (Ed.).
56. Weber R., Crocker J. Cognitive processes in the revision of stereotypic beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1983, 45(5):961-977. 10.1037/0022-3514.45.5.961.
57. Whitelock D., Faulkner D., Miell D. Promoting creativity in PhD supervision: Tensions and dilemmas. Thinking Skills and Creativity 2008, 3(2):143-153. 10.1016/j.tsc.2008.04.001.
58. Women's Bureau United States Department of Labor. (2009). Nontraditional Occupations For Women in 2008. Retrieved from http://www.dol.gov/wb/factsheets/nontra2008.htm.
59. Zenasni F., Lubart T. Pleasantness of creative tasks and creative performance. Thinking Skills and Creativity 2011, 6(1):49-56. 10.1016/j.tsc.2010.10.005.