Don't stereotype, think different! Overcoming automatic stereotype activation by mindset priming

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Volumn 41, Issue 5, 2005, Pages 506-514

  Sassenberg, Kai ^a   Moskowitz, Gordon B ^b  

^a FRIEDRICH SCHILLER UNIVERSITY JENA   (Germany)

^b LEHIGH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Creativity; Mindset priming; Stereotype activation

Indexed keywords

EID: 22744441691     PISSN: 00221031     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2004.10.002     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. M. R. Banaji & A. G. Greenwald Implicit stereotyping and unconscious prejudice. In M. P. Zanna & J. M. Olson (Eds.), The psychology of prejudice, the Ontario symposium Vol. 7 1994 Erlbaum Hillsdale, NJ pp. 55-76
2. J. A. Bargh Automaticity in social psychology. In E. T. Higgins & A. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles 1996 Guilford Press New York, NY pp. 169-183
3. J. A. Bargh The cognitive monster: The case against the controllability of automatic stereotype effects. In S. Chaiken & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual process theories in social psychology 1999 Guilford Press New York, NY pp. 361-382
4. I. Blair Implicit stereotypes and prejudice. In G. B. Moskowitz (Ed.), Cognitive social psychology: The Princeton Symposium on the legacy and future of social cognition 2001 Erlbaum Mahwah, NJ pp. 359-374
5. I. Blair & M. Banaji Automatic and controlled processes in stereotype priming Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70 1996 1142-1163
6. I. Blair J. E. Ma & A. P. Lenton Imaging stereotypes away: The moderation of implicit stereotypes through mental imagery Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81 2001 828-841
7. G. V. Bodenhausen & C. N. Macrae Stereotype activation and inhibition. In R. S. Wyer Jr. (Ed.), Advances in social cognition Vol. 10 1998 Erlbaum Mahwah, NJ pp. 1-52
8. T. H. Carr & D. Dagenbach Semantic priming and repetition priming from masked words: Evidence for a center surround-attention mechanism in perceptual recognition Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 16 1990 341-350
9. S. Chen D. Shechter & S. Chaiken Getting at the truth or getting along: Accuracy- versus impression-motivated heuristic and systematic processing Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 71 1996 262-275
10. D. Dagenbach T. H. Carr & A. Wilhemsen Task induced strategies and near threshold priming: Conscious effects on unconscious perceptions Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 15 1989 412-443
11. P. G. Devine Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 56 1989 5-18
12. J. Dovidio N. Evans & R. Tyler Racial stereotypes: The contents of their cognitive representation Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 22 1986 22-37
13. A. D. Galinsky G. B. Moskowitz & I. Skurnik Counterfactuals as self-generated primes: The effects of prior counterfactual activation on person perception judgements Social Cognition 18 2000 252-280
14. D. T. Gilbert & J. G. Hixon The trouble of thinking: Activation and application of stereotypic beliefs Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 60 1991 509-517
15. P. M. Gollwitzer H. Heckhausen & B. Steller Deliberative and implemental mind-sets: Cognitive tuning toward congruous thoughts and information Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 59 1990 1119-1127
16. Gollwitzer, P. M., Moskowitz, G. B., Schaal, B., Hammerbeck, H. J. P., & Wasel, W. (2003). Implementation effects on stereotype activation. Unpublished manuscript.
17. G. Houghton & S. P. Tipper A model of inhibitory mechanisms in selective attention. In D. Dagenbach & T. H. Carr (Eds.), Inhibitory processes in attention, memory, and language 1994 Academic Press San Diego pp. 53-112
18. K. Kawakami J. F. Dovidio J. Moll S. Hermsen & A. Russin Just say no (to stereotyping): Effects of training in the negation of stereotypic associations on stereotype activation Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78 2000 871-888
19. L. Lepore & R. Brown Category and stereotype activation: Is prejudice inevitable? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 72 1997 275-287
20. Li, P. (2004). Two types of cognitive resources and their effects on stereotype activation. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA.
21. N. Liberman & J. Förster Expression after suppression: A motivational explanation of post-suppressional rebound Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79 2000 190-203
22. C. N. Macrae G. V. Bodenhausen A. B. Milne & J. Jetten Out of mind but back in sight: Stereotypes on the rebound Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67 1994 808-817
23. C. N. Macrae G. V. Bodenhausen A. B. Milne T. M. J. Thorn & L. Castelli On the activation of social stereotypes: The moderating role of processing objectives Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 33 1997 471-489
24. R. L. Marsh M. L. Bink & J. L. Hicks Conceptual priming in a generative problem solving task Memory Cognition 27 1999 355-363
25. R. L. Marsh T. B. Ward & J. D. Landau The inadvertent use of prior knowledge in a generative cognitive task Memory Cognition 27 1999 94-105
26. M. J. Monteith L. Asburn-Nardo C. I. Voils & A. M. Czopp Putting the brakes on prejudice: On the development and operation of cues for control Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83 2002 1029-1050
27. G. B. Moskowitz P. M. Gollwitzer W. Wasel & B. Schaal Preconscious control of stereotype activation through chronic egalitarian goals Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77 1999 167-184
28. Moskowitz, G. B., Li, P., & Kirk, E. (2004a). Compensatory cognition, implicit goal regulation, and the control of stereotype activation. Manuscript under review.
29. G. B. Moskowitz P. Li & E. Kirk The implicit volition model. On the preconscious regulation of temporarily adopted goals. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advance in experimental social psychology vol. 36 2004 Academic Press San Diego, CA pp. 317-413
30. G. B. Moskowitz A. R. Salomon & C. M. Taylor Pre-consciously controlling stereotyping: Implicitly activated egalitarian goals prevent the activation of stereotypes Social Cognition 18 2000 151-177
31. J. H. Neely Semantic priming effects in visual word recognition: A selective review of current findings and theories. In D. Besner & G. W. Humphreys (Eds.), Basic processes in reading: Visual word recognition 1991 Erlbaum Hillsdale, NJ pp. 264-336
32. R. Ratcliff & G. McKoon A retrieval theory of priming in memory Psychological Review 95 1988 385-408
33. L. R. Rosnow & R. Rosenthal "Some things you learn aren't so": Cohen's paradox, Asch's paradigm, and the interpretation of interaction Psychological Science 6 1995 3-9
34. Sassenberg, K., Kessler, T., & Mummendey, A. (2004). When creative means different: Activating creativity as a strategy to initiate the generation of original ideas. Unpublished manuscript, Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
35. G. B. Sechrist & C. Stangor Perceived consensus influences intergroup behavior and stereotype activation Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 80 2001 645-654
36. J. W. Sherman The dynamic relationship between stereotype efficiency and mental representation. In G. B. Moskowitz (Ed.), Cognitive social psychology: The Princeton Symposium on the legacy and future of social cognition 2001 Erlbaum Mahwah, NJ pp. 177-190
37. L. Sinclair & Z. Kunda Reactions to a Black professional: Motivated inhibition and activation of conflicting stereotypes Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77 1999 885-904
38. S. M. Smith T. B. Ward & J. S. Schumacher Contrasting effects of examples in a creative generation task Memory & Cognition 21 1993 837-845
39. S. J. Spencer S. Fein C. T. Wolfe C. Fong & M. A. Dunn Automatic activation of stereotypes: The role of self-image threat Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 24 1998 1139-1152
40. D. M. Wegner & R. M. Wenzlaff Mental control. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles 1996 Guilford Press New York, NY pp. 466-492