Responses of cancer cells induced by photodynamic therapy

Journal of Healthcare Engineering

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 87-108

  Kushibiki, Toshihiro ^a   Hirasawa, Takeshi ^a   Okawa, Shinpei ^a   Ishihara, Miya ^a  

^a NATIONAL DEFENSE MEDICAL COLLEGE   (Japan)

Author keywords

Cancer; Cell signaling; miRNA; Photodynamic therapy; Tumor immunity

Indexed keywords

CELL DEATH; CELL SIGNALING; PHOTOSENSITIZERS; RNA; TUMORS;

ANTITUMOR IMMUNITY; CANCER; CELLULAR SIGNALING; MIRNA; MOLECULAR MECHANISM; PHOTODYNAMIC EFFECT; PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY (PDT); TUMOR IMMUNITIES;

PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY;

PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENT; SINGLET OXYGEN;

ANIMAL; APOPTOSIS; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; DRUG EFFECT; HUMAN; METABOLISM; METHODOLOGY; NEOPLASM; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY; RADIATION EXPOSURE; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; APOPTOSIS; HUMANS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; NEOPLASMS; PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY; PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS; SINGLET OXYGEN;

MLCS; MLOWN;

EID: 84874841502     PISSN: 20402295     EISSN: 20402309     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1260/2040-2295.4.1.87     Document Type: Review

References (106)

1. Celli JP, Spring BQ, Rizvi I, Evans CL, Samkoe KS, Verma S, Pogue BW, Hasan T. Imaging and photodynamic therapy: mechanisms, monitoring, and optimization. Chemical Reviews. 2010, 110(5): 2795-2838.
2. Dolmans DE, Fukumura D, Jain RK. Photodynamic therapy for cancer. Nature Reviews: Cancer. 2003, 3(5): 380-387.
3. Verma S, Watt GM, Mai Z, Hasan T. Strategies for enhanced photodynamic therapy effects. Photochemistry and Photobiology. 2007, 83(5): 996-1005.
4. Buytaert E, Dewaele M, Agostinis P. Molecular effectors of multiple cell death pathways initiated by photodynamic therapy. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 2007, 1776(1): 86-107.
5. Castano AP, Mroz P, Hamblin MR. Photodynamic therapy and anti-tumour immunity. Nature Reviews: Cancer. 2006, 6(7): 535-545.
6. Brown SB, Brown EA, Walker I. The present and future role of photodynamic therapy in cancer treatment. Lancet Oncol. 2004, 5(8): 497-508.
7. Dougherty TJ. An update on photodynamic therapy applications. Journal of Clinical Laser Medicine and Surgery. 2002, 20(1): 3-7.
8. Chen Q, Huang Z, Chen H, Shapiro H, Beckers J, Hetzel FW. Improvement of tumor response by manipulation of tumor oxygenation during photodynamic therapy. Photochemistry and Photobiology. 2002, 76(2): 197-203.
9. Henderson BW, Busch TM, Vaughan LA, Frawley NP, Babich D, Sosa TA, Zollo JD, Dee AS, Cooper MT, Bellnier DA, Greco WR, Oseroff AR. Photofrin photodynamic therapy can significantly deplete or preserve oxygenation in human basal cell carcinomas during treatment, depending on fluence rate. Cancer Research. 2000, 60(3): 525-529.
10. Sitnik TM, Hampton JA, Henderson BW. Reduction of tumour oxygenation during and after photodynamic therapy in vivo: effects of fluence rate. British Journal of Cancer. 1998, 77(9): 1386-1394.
11. Engbrecht BW, Menon C, Kachur AV, Hahn SM, Fraker DL. Photofrin-mediated photodynamic therapy induces vascular occlusion and apoptosis in a human sarcoma xenograft model. Cancer Research. 1999, 59(17): 4334-4342.
12. Fingar VH, Kik PK, Haydon PS, Cerrito PB, Tseng M, Abang E, Wieman TJ. Analysis of acute vascular damage after photodynamic therapy using benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD). British Journal of Cancer. 1999, 79(11-12): 1702-1708.
13. Keith B, Johnson RS, Simon MC. HIF1alpha and HIF2alpha: sibling rivalry in hypoxic tumour growth and progression. Nature Reviews: Cancer. 2012, 12(1): 9-22.
14. Semenza GL. Hypoxia-inducible factors in physiology and medicine. Cell. 2012, 148(3): 399-408.
15. Forsythe JA, Jiang BH, Iyer NV, Agani F, Leung SW, Koos RD, Semenza GL. Activation of vascular endothelial growth factor gene transcription by hypoxia-inducible factor 1. Molecular and Cellular Biology. 1996, 16(9): 4604-4613.
16. Takenaga K. Angiogenic signaling aberrantly induced by tumor hypoxia. Frontiers in Bioscience. 2011, 16 31-48.
17. Deininger MH, Weinschenk T, Morgalla MH, Meyermann R, Schluesener HJ. Release of regulators of angiogenesis following Hypocrellin-A and.- B photodynamic therapy of human brain tumor cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2002, 298(4): 520-530.
18. Ferrario A, von Tiehl KF, Rucker N, Schwarz MA, Gill PS, Gomer CJ. Antiangiogenic treatment enhances photodynamic therapy responsiveness in a mouse mammary carcinoma. Cancer Research. 2000, 60(15): 4066-4069.
19. Jiang F, Zhang ZG, Katakowski M, Robin AM, Faber M, Zhang F, Chopp M. Angiogenesis induced by photodynamic therapy in normal rat brains. Photochemistry and Photobiology. 2004, 79(6): 494-498.
20. Schmidt-Erfurth U, Schlotzer-Schrehard U, Cursiefen C, Michels S, Beckendorf A, Naumann GO. Influence of photodynamic therapy on expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF receptor 3, and pigment epithelium-derived factor. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2003, 44(10): 4473-4480.
21. Matroule JY, Volanti C, Piette J. NF-kappaB in photodynamic therapy: discrepancies of a master regulator. Photochemistry and Photobiology. 2006, 82(5): 1241-1246.
22. Agostinis P, Buytaert E, Breyssens H, Hendrickx N. Regulatory pathways in photodynamic therapy induced apoptosis. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2004, 3(8): 721-729.
23. Oleinick NL, Morris RL, Belichenko I. The role of apoptosis in response to photodynamic therapy: what, where, why, and how. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2002, 1(1): 1-21.
24. Dewaele M, Verfaillie T, Martinet W, Agostinis P. Death and survival signals in photodynamic therapy. Methods in Molecular Biology. 2010, 635, 7-33.
25. Kessel D, Oleinick NL. Photodynamic therapy and cell death pathways. Methods in Molecular Biology. 2010, 635, 35-46.
26. Dewaele M, Martinet W, Rubio N, Verfaillie T, de Witte PA, Piette J, Agostinis P. Autophagy pathways activated in response to PDT contribute to cell resistance against ROS damage. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. 2011, 15(6): 1402-1414.
27. Mroz P, Hashmi JT, Huang YY, Lange N, Hamblin MR. Stimulation of anti-tumor immunity by photodynamic therapy. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2011, 7(1): 75-91.
28. Firczuk M, Nowis D, Golab J. PDT-induced inflammatory and host responses. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2011, 10(5): 653-663.
29. Danial NN, Korsmeyer SJ. Cell death: critical control points. Cell. 2004, 116(2): 205-219.
30. Ferri KF, Kroemer G. Organelle-specific initiation of cell death pathways. Nature Cell Biology. 2001, 3(11): E255-263.
31. Hengartner MO. The biochemistry of apoptosis. Nature. 2000, 407(6805): 770-776.
32. Tomioka Y, Kushibiki T, Awazu K. Evaluation of oxygen consumption of culture medium and in vitro photodynamic effect of talaporfin sodium in lung tumor cells. Photomed Laser Surg. 2010, 28(3): 385-390.
33. Piette J, Volanti C, Vantieghem A, Matroule JY, Habraken Y, Agostinis P. Cell death and growth arrest in response to photodynamic therapy with membrane-bound photosensitizers. Biochemical Pharmacology. 2003, 66(8): 1651-1659.
34. Helbig D, Simon JC, Paasch U. Photodynamic therapy and the role of heat shock protein 70. International Journal of Hyperthermia. 2011, 27(8): 802-810.
35. Novina CD, Sharp PA. The RNAi revolution. Nature. 2004, 430(6996): 161-164.
36. Lu J, Getz G, Miska EA, Alvarez-Saavedra E, Lamb J, Peck D, Sweet-Cordero A, Ebert BL, Mak RH, Ferrando AA, Downing JR, Jacks T, Horvitz HR, Golub TR. MicroRNA expression profiles classify human cancers. Nature. 2005, 435(7043): 834-838.
37. Kushibiki T. Photodynamic therapy induces microRNA-210 and. 296 expression in HeLa cells. J Biophotonics. 2010, 3(5-6): 368-372.
38. Giannakakis A, Sandaltzopoulos R, Greshock J, Liang S, Huang J, Hasegawa K, Li C, O'Brien-Jenkins A, Katsaros D, Weber BL, Simon C, Coukos G, Zhang L. miR-210 links hypoxia with cell cycle regulation and is deleted in human epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Biol Ther. 2008, 7(2): 255-264.
39. Wurdinger T, Tannous BA, Saydam O, Skog J, Grau S, Soutschek J, Weissleder R, Breakefield XO, Krichevsky AM. miR-296 regulates growth factor receptor overexpression in angiogenic endothelial cells. Cancer Cell. 2008, 14(5): 382-393.
40. Cheng AM, Byrom MW, Shelton J, Ford LP. Antisense inhibition of human miRNAs and indications for an involvement of miRNA in cell growth and apoptosis. Nucleic Acids Res. 2005, 33(4): 1290-1297.
41. Thong PS, Olivo M, Kho KW, Bhuvaneswari R, Chin WW, Ong KW, Soo KC. Immune response against angiosarcoma following lower fluence rate clinical photodynamic therapy. Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology. 2008, 27(1): 35-42.
42. Kabingu E, Oseroff AR, Wilding GE, Gollnick SO. Enhanced systemic immune reactivity to a Basal cell carcinoma associated antigen following photodynamic therapy. Clinical Cancer Research. 2009, 15(13): 4460-4466.
43. Kawczyk-Krupka A, Czuba Z, Szliszka E, Krol W, Sieron A. The role of photosensitized macrophages in photodynamic therapy. Oncology Reports. 2011, 26(1): 275-280.
44. Brackett CM, Gollnick SO. Photodynamic therapy enhancement of anti-tumor immunity. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2011, 10(5): 649-652.
45. Sun J, Cecic I, Parkins CS, Korbelik M. Neutrophils as inflammatory and immune effectors in photodynamic therapy-treated mouse SCCVII tumours. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2002, 1(9): 690-695.
46. Gollnick SO, Evans SS, Baumann H, Owczarczak B, Maier P, Vaughan L, Wang WC, Unger E, Henderson BW. Role of cytokines in photodynamic therapy-induced local and systemic inflammation. British Journal of Cancer. 2003, 88(11): 1772-1779.
47. Kammerer R, Buchner A, Palluch P, Pongratz T, Oboukhovskij K, Beyer W, Johansson A, Stepp H, Baumgartner R, Zimmermann W. Induction of immune mediators in glioma and prostate cancer cells by non-lethal photodynamic therapy. PLoS One. 2011, 6(6): e21834.
48. Kousis PC, Henderson BW, Maier PG, Gollnick SO. Photodynamic therapy enhancement of antitumor immunity is regulated by neutrophils. Cancer Research. 2007, 67(21): 10501-10510.
49. Tanaka M, Mroz P, Dai T, Huang L, Morimoto Y, Kinoshita M, Yoshihara Y, Nemoto K, Shinomiya N, Seki S, Hamblin MR. Photodynamic therapy can induce a protective innate immune response against murine bacterial arthritis via neutrophil accumulation. PLoS One. 2012, 7(6): e39823.
50. Banchereau J, Palucka AK. Dendritic cells as therapeutic vaccines against cancer. Nature Reviews: Immunology. 2005, 5(4): 296-306.
51. Boczkowski D, Nair SK, Snyder D, Gilboa E. Dendritic cells pulsed with RNA are potent antigenpresenting cells in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1996, 184(2): 465-472.
52. Condon C, Watkins SC, Celluzzi CM, Thompson K, Falo LD, Jr. DNA-based immunization by in vivo transfection of dendritic cells. Nature Medicine. 1996, 2(10): 1122-1128.
53. Fields RC, Shimizu K, Mule JJ. Murine dendritic cells pulsed with whole tumor lysates mediate potent antitumor immune responses in vitro and in vivo. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1998, 95(16): 9482-9487.
54. Figdor CG, de Vries IJ, Lesterhuis WJ, Melief CJ. Dendritic cell immunotherapy: mapping the way. Nature Medicine. 2004, 10(5): 475-480.
55. Gong J, Chen D, Kashiwaba M, Kufe D. Induction of antitumor activity by immunization with fusions of dendritic and carcinoma cells. Nature Medicine. 1997, 3(5): 558-561.
56. Hsu FJ, Benike C, Fagnoni F, Liles TM, Czerwinski D, Taidi B, Engleman EG, Levy R. Vaccination of patients with B-cell lymphoma using autologous antigen-pulsed dendritic cells. Nature Medicine. 1996, 2(1): 52-58.
57. Song W, Kong HL, Carpenter H, Torii H, Granstein R, Rafii S, Moore MA, Crystal RG. Dendritic cells genetically modified with an adenovirus vector encoding the cDNA for a model antigen induce protective and therapeutic antitumor immunity. Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1997, 186(8): 1247-1256.
58. Steinman RM, Pope M. Exploiting dendritic cells to improve vaccine efficacy. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2002, 109(12): 1519-1526.
59. Henderson BW, Gollnick SO, Snyder JW, Busch TM, Kousis PC, Cheney RT, Morgan J. Choice of oxygen-conserving treatment regimen determines the inflammatory response and outcome of photodynamic therapy of tumors. Cancer Research. 2004, 64(6): 2120-2126.
60. Reis e Sousa C. Activation of dendritic cells: translating innate into adaptive immunity. Current Opinion in Immunology. 2004, 16(1): 21-25.
61. Sur BW, Nguyen P, Sun CH, Tromberg BJ, Nelson EL. Immunophototherapy using PDT combined with rapid intratumoral dendritic cell injection. Photochemistry and Photobiology. 2008, 84(5): 1257-1264.
62. Korbelik M, Sun J, Cecic I. Photodynamic therapy-induced cell surface expression and release of heat shock proteins: relevance for tumor response. Cancer Research. 2005, 65(3): 1018-1026.
63. Korbelik M, Merchant S. Photodynamic therapy-generated cancer vaccine elicits acute phase and hormonal response in treated mice. Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy. 2012, 61(9): 1387-1394.
64. Jung NC, Kim HJ, Kang MS, Lee JH, Song JY, Seo HG, Bae YS, Lim DS. Photodynamic therapymediated DC immunotherapy is highly effective for the inhibition of established solid tumors. Cancer Letters. 2012, 324(1): 58-65.
65. Jalili A, Makowski M, Switaj T, Nowis D, Wilczynski GM, Wilczek E, Chorazy-Massalska M, Radzikowska A, Maslinski W, Bialy L, Sienko J, Sieron A, Adamek M, Basak G, Mroz P, Krasnodebski IW, Jakobisiak M, Golab J. Effective photoimmunotherapy of murine colon carcinoma induced by the combination of photodynamic therapy and dendritic cells. Clinical Cancer Research. 2004, 10(13): 4498-4508.
66. Gollnick SO, Vaughan L, Henderson BW. Generation of effective antitumor vaccines using photodynamic therapy. Cancer Research. 2002, 62(6): 1604-1608.
67. Kushibiki T, Tajiri T, Tomioka Y, Awazu K. Photodynamic therapy induces interleukin secretion from dendritic cells. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2010, 3(2): 110-114.
68. Dougherty TJ, Gomer CJ, Henderson BW, Jori G, Kessel D, Korbelik M, Moan J, Peng Q. Photodynamic therapy. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1998, 90(12): 889-905.
69. Kishimoto T. The biology of interleukin-6. Blood. 1989, 74(1): 1-10.
70. Mule JJ, Custer MC, Travis WD, Rosenberg SA. Cellular mechanisms of the antitumor activity of recombinant IL-6 in mice. Journal of Immunology. 1992, 148(8): 2622-2629.
71. Kick G, Messer G, Goetz A, Plewig G, Kind P. Photodynamic therapy induces expression of interleukin 6 by activation of AP-1 but not NF-kappa B DNA binding. Cancer Research. 1995, 55(11): 2373-2379.
72. Evans S, Matthews W, Perry R, Fraker D, Norton J, Pass HI. Effect of photodynamic therapy on tumor necrosis factor production by murine macrophages. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1990, 82(1): 34-39.
73. Anderson C, Hrabovsky S, McKinley Y, Tubesing K, Tang HP, Dunbar R, Mukhtar H, Elmets CA. Phthalocyanine photodynamic therapy: disparate effects of pharmacologic inhibitors on cutaneous photosensitivity and on tumor regression. Photochemistry and Photobiology. 1997, 65(5): 895-901.
74. Vincek V, Kurimoto I, Medema JP, Prieto E, Streilein JW. Tumor necrosis factor alpha polymorphism correlates with deleterious effects of ultraviolet B light on cutaneous immunity. Cancer Research. 1993, 53(4): 728-732.
75. Dougherty GJ, Thacker JD, Lavey RS, Belldegrun A, McBride WH. Inhibitory effect of locally produced and exogenous interleukin-6 on tumor growth in vivo. Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy. 1994, 38(5): 339-345.
76. Mullen CA, Coale MM, Levy AT, Stetler-Stevenson WG, Liotta LA, Brandt S, Blaese RM. Fibrosarcoma cells transduced with the IL-6 gene exhibited reduced tumorigenicity, increased immunogenicity, and decreased metastatic potential. Cancer Research. 1992, 52(21): 6020-6024.
77. Brackett CM, Owczarczak B, Ramsey K, Maier PG, Gollnick SO. IL-6 potentiates tumor resistance to photodynamic therapy (PDT). Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 2011, 43(7): 676-685.
78. Luna MC, Wong S, Gomer CJ. Photodynamic therapy mediated induction of early response genes. Cancer Research. 1994, 54(5): 1374-1380.
79. Kick G, Messer G, Plewig G, Kind P, Goetz AE. Strong and prolonged induction of c-jun and c-fos proto-oncogenes by photodynamic therapy. British Journal of Cancer. 1996, 74(1): 30-36.
80. Tracy EC, Bowman MJ, Henderson BW, Baumann H. Interleukin-1alpha is the major alarmin of lung epithelial cells released during photodynamic therapy to induce inflammatory mediators in fibroblasts. British Journal of Cancer. 2012.
81. Belicha-Villanueva A, Riddell J, Bangia N, Gollnick SO. The effect of photodynamic therapy on tumor cell expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and MHC class I-related molecules. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 2012, 44(1): 60-68.
82. Korbelik M, Sun J. Photodynamic therapy-generated vaccine for cancer therapy. Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy. 2006, 55(8): 900-909.
83. Stott B, Korbelik M. Activation of complement C3, C5, and C9 genes in tumors treated by photodynamic therapy. Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy. 2007, 56(5): 649-658.
84. Li F, Cheng Y, Lu J, Hu R, Wan Q, Feng H. Photodynamic therapy boosts anti-glioma immunity in mice: a dependence on the activities of T cells and complement C3. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 2011, 112(10): 3035-3043.
85. Giomi B, Pagnini F, Cappuccini A, Bianchi B, Tiradritti L, Zuccati G. Immunological activity of photodynamic therapy for genital warts. British Journal of Dermatology. 2011, 164(2): 448-451.
86. Yusuf N, Katiyar SK, Elmets CA. The immunosuppressive effects of phthalocyanine photodynamic therapy in mice are mediated by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and can be adoptively transferred to naive recipients. Photochemistry and Photobiology. 2008, 84(2): 366-370.
87. Mroz P, Szokalska A, Wu MX, Hamblin MR. Photodynamic therapy of tumors can lead to development of systemic antigen-specific immune response. PLoS One. 2010, 5(12): e15194.
88. Thong PS, Ong KW, Goh NS, Kho KW, Manivasager V, Bhuvaneswari R, Olivo M, Soo KC. Photodynamic-therapy-activated immune response against distant untreated tumours in recurrent angiosarcoma. Lancet Oncol. 2007, 8(10): 950-952.
89. Kabingu E, Vaughan L, Owczarczak B, Ramsey KD, Gollnick SO. CD8+ T cell-mediated control of distant tumours following local photodynamic therapy is independent of CD4+ T cells and dependent on natural killer cells. British Journal of Cancer. 2007, 96(12): 1839-1848.
90. van Duijnhoven FH, Aalbers RI, Rovers JP, Terpstra OT, Kuppen PJ. Immunological aspects of photodynamic therapy of liver tumors in a rat model for colorectal cancer. Photochemistry and Photobiology. 2003, 78(3): 235-240.
91. Banchereau J, Schuler-Thurner B, Palucka AK, Schuler G. Dendritic cells as vectors for therapy. Cell. 2001, 106(3): 271-274.
92. Sinkovics JG, Horvath JC. Vaccination against human cancers (review). International Journal of Oncology. 2000, 16(1): 81-96.
93. Korbelik M. Photodynamic therapy-generated cancer vaccines. Methods in Molecular Biology. 2010, 635, 147-153.
94. Korbelik M. Cancer vaccines generated by photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2011, 10(5): 664-669.
95. Canti G, Calastretti A, Bevilacqua A, Reddi E, Palumbo G, Nicolin A. Combination of photodynamic therapy + immunotherapy + chemotherapy in murine leukiemia. Neoplasma. 2010, 57(2): 184-188.
96. Wang XL, Wang HW, Yuan KH, Li FL, Huang Z. Combination of photodynamic therapy and immunomodulation for skin diseases-update of clinical aspects. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2011, 10(5): 704-711.
97. Korbelik M, Merchant S, Huang N. Exploitation of immune response-eliciting properties of hypocrellin photosensitizer SL052-based photodynamic therapy for eradication of malignant tumors. Photochemistry and Photobiology. 2009, 85(6): 1418-1424.
98. St Denis TG, Aziz K, Waheed AA, Huang YY, Sharma SK, Mroz P, Hamblin MR. Combination approaches to potentiate immune response after photodynamic therapy for cancer. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2011, 10(5): 792-801.
99. Garg AD, Nowis D, Golab J, Agostinis P. Photodynamic therapy: illuminating the road from cell death towards anti-tumour immunity. Apoptosis. 2010, 15(9): 1050-1071.
100. Preise D, Scherz A, Salomon Y. Antitumor immunity promoted by vascular occluding therapy: lessons from vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy (VTP). Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2011, 10(5): 681-688.
101. Snyder JW, Greco WR, Bellnier DA, Vaughan L, Henderson BW. Photodynamic therapy: a means to enhanced drug delivery to tumors. Cancer Research. 2003, 63(23): 8126-8131.
102. Kirveliene V, Grazeliene G, Dabkeviciene D, Micke I, Kirvelis D, Juodka B, Didziapetriene J. Schedule-dependent interaction between Doxorubicin and mTHPC-mediated photodynamic therapy in murine hepatoma in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 2006, 57(1): 65-72.
103. Baas P, van Geel IP, Oppelaar H, Meyer M, Beynen JH, van Zandwijk N, Stewart FA. Enhancement of photodynamic therapy by mitomycin C: a preclinical and clinical study. British Journal of Cancer. 1996, 73(8): 945-951.
104. Chen B, Ahmed B, Landuyt W, Ni Y, Gaspar R, Roskams T, de Witte PA. Potentiation of photodynamic therapy with hypericin by mitomycin C in the radiation-induced fibrosarcoma-1 mouse tumor model. Photochemistry and Photobiology. 2003, 78(3): 278-282.
105. Zhou Q, Olivo M, Lye KY, Moore S, Sharma A, Chowbay B. Enhancing the therapeutic responsiveness of photodynamic therapy with the antiangiogenic agents SU5416 and SU6668 in murine nasopharyngeal carcinoma models. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 2005, 56(6): 569-577.
106. Ferrario A, Fisher AM, Rucker N, Gomer CJ. Celecoxib and NS-398 enhance photodynamic therapy by increasing in vitro apoptosis and decreasing in vivo inflammatory and angiogenic factors. Cancer Research. 2005, 65(20): 9473-9478.