Isoprene emissions from a tundra ecosystem

Biogeosciences

Volumn 10, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 871-889

  Potosnak, M J ^a   Baker, B M ^b   Lestourgeon, L ^a   Disher, S M ^b   Griffin, K L ^c   Bret Harte, M S ^d   Starr, G ^e  

^a DEPAUL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c International Research Institute for Climate and Society   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF ALASKA FAIRBANKS   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALGORITHM; ARCTIC ENVIRONMENT; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; BIOGENIC EMISSION; BIOGEOCHEMISTRY; CLIMATE CHANGE; DECIDUOUS TREE; GLOBAL CLIMATE; HYDROXYL RADICAL; ISOPRENE; PHOTOSYNTHETICALLY ACTIVE RADIATION; TUNDRA;

ALASKA; ARCTIC; BROOKS RANGE; TOOLIK FIELD STATION; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84874402086     PISSN: 17264170     EISSN: 17264189     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/bg-10-871-2013     Document Type: Article

References (124)

1. Andreae, M. O. and Crutzen, P. J.: Atmospheric aerosols: Biogeo-chemical sources and role in atmospheric chemistry, Science, 276, 1052-1058, 1997.
2. Arneth, A., Miller, P. A., Scholze, M., Hickler, T., Schurg-ers, G., Smith, B., and Prentice, I. C.: CO2 inhibition of global terrestrial isoprene emissions: Potential implications for atmospheric chemistry, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L18813, doi:10.1029/2007gl030615, 2007. (Pubitemid 350186733)
3. Arneth, A., Monson, R. K., Schurgers, G., Niinemets, Ü ., and Palmer, P. I.: Why are estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions so similar (and why is this not so for monoterpenes)?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 4605-4620, doi:10.5194/acp-8-4605-2008, 2008.
4. Arneth, A., Schurgers, G., Lathiere, J., Duhl, T., Beerling, D. J., Hewitt, C. N., Martin, M., and Guenther, A.: Global terrestrial isoprene emission models: sensitivity to variability in climate and vegetation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 8037-8052, doi:10.5194/acp-11-8037-2011, 2011.
5. Aubinet, M., Grelle, A., Ibrom, A., Rannik, U., Moncrieff, J., Fo-ken, T., Kowalski, A. S., Martin, P. H., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C., Clement, R., Elbers, J., Granier, A., Grunwald, T., Morgen-stern, K., Pilegaard, K., Rebmann, C., Snijders, W., Valentini, R., and Vesala, T.: Estimates of the annual net carbon and water exchange of forests: The EUROFLUX methodology, Adv. Ecol. Res., 30, 113-175, 2000.
6. Bakwin, P. S., Wofsy, S. C., Fan, S. M., and Fitzjarrald, D. R.: Measurements of Nox and Noy Concentrations and Fluxes over Arctic Tundra, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 97, 16545-16557, 1992.
7. Baldocchi, D., Guenther, A., Harley, P., Klinger, L., Zimmerman, P., Lamb, B., and Westberg, H.: The Fluxes and Air Chemistry of Isoprene above a Deciduous Hardwood Forest, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 351, 279-296, 1995.
8. Baldocchi, D. D., Fuentes, J. D., Bowling, D. R., Turnipseed, A. A., and Monson, R. K.: Scaling isoprene fluxes from leaves to canopies: Test cases over a boreal aspen and a mixed species temperate forest, J. Appl. Meteorol., 38, 885-898, 1999.
9. Baldocchi, D., Falge, E., Gu, L. H., Olson, R., Hollinger, D., Running, S., Anthoni, P., Bernhofer, C., Davis, K., Evans, R., Fuentes, J., Goldstein, A., Katul, G., Law, B., Lee, X. H., Malhi, Y., Meyers, T., Munger, W., Oechel, W., U, K. T. P., Pilegaard, K., Schmid, H. P., Valentini, R., Verma, S., Vesala, T., Wilson, K., and Wofsy, S.: FLUXNET: A new tool to study the temporal and spatial variability of ecosystem-scale carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy flux densities, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 82, 2415-2434, 2001. (Pubitemid 33642006)
10. Baldocchi, D. D.: Assessing the eddy covariance technique for evaluating carbon dioxide exchange rates of ecosystems: past, present and future, Glob. Change Biol., 9, 479-492, 2003. (Pubitemid 36540251)
11. Barrie, L. A., Bottenheim, J. W., Schnell, R. C., Crutzen, P. J., and Rasmussen, R. A.: Ozone Destruction and Photochemical-Reactions at Polar Sunrise in the Lower Arctic Atmosphere, Nature, 334, 138-141, 1988. (Pubitemid 19296595)
12. Bartlett, K. B., Crill, P. M., Sass, R. L., Harriss, R. C., and Dise, N. B.: Methane Emissions from Tundra Environments in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 97, 16645-16660, 1992.
13. Blake, D. R., Hurst, D. F., Smith, T. W., Whipple, W. J., Chen, T. Y., Blake, N. J., and Rowland, F. S.: Summertime Measurements of Selected Nonmethane Hydrocarbons in the Arctic and Sub-Arctic during the 1988 Arctic Boundary-Layer Expedition (Able-3a), J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 97, 16559-16588, 1992.
14. Boelman, N. T., Gough, L., McLaren, J. R., and Greaves, H.: Does NDVI reflect variation in the structural attributes associated with increasing shrub dominance in arctic tundra?, Environ. Res. Lett., 6, 035501, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/6/3/035501, 2011.
15. Bret-Harte, M. S., Shaver, G. R., Zoerner, J. P., Johnstone, J. F., Wagner, J. L., Chavez, A. S., Gunkelman, R. F., Lippert, S. C., and Laundre, J. A.: Developmental plasticity allows Betula nana to dominate tundra subjected to an altered environment, Ecology, 82, 18-32, 2001. (Pubitemid 32106383)
16. Chameides, W. L., Lindsay, R. W., Richardson, J., and Kiang, C. S.: The Role of Biogenic Hydrocarbons in Urban Photochemical Smog-Atlanta as a Case-Study, Science, 241, 1473-1475, 1988. (Pubitemid 19301803)
17. Chapin, F. S., Shaver, G. R., Giblin, A. E., Nadelhoffer, K. J., and Laundre, J. A.: Responses of Arctic Tundra to Experimental and Observed Changes in Climate, Ecology, 76, 694-711, 1995.
18. Chen, W. J., Zhang, Y., Cihlar, J., Smith, S. L., and Riseborough, D. W.: Changes in soil temperature and active layer thickness during the twentieth century in a region in western Canada, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4696, doi:10.1029/2002jd003355, 2003.
19. Clark, P. U., Pisias, N. G., Stocker, T. F., and Weaver, A. J.: The role of the thermohaline circulation in abrupt climate change, Nature, 415, 863-869, 2002. (Pubitemid 34174742)
20. Comiso, J. C. and Parkinson, C. L.: Satellite-Observed Changes in the Arctic, Physics Today, 57, 38-44, 2004.
21. Copeland, N., Cape, J. N., and Heal, M. R.: Volatile organic compound emissions from Miscanthus and short rotation coppice willow bioenergy crops, Atmos. Environ., 60, 327-335, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.06.065, 2012.
22. Crutzen, P. J. and Zimmermann, P. H.: The Changing Photochemistry of the Troposphere, Tellus A, 43, 136-151, 1991.
23. Di Liberto, L., Angelini, F., Pietroni, I., Cairo, F., Donfrancesco, G. D., Viola, A., Argentini, S., Fierli, F., Gobbi, G., Maturilli, M., Neuber, R., and Snels, M.: Estimate of the Arctic Convective Boundary Layer Height from Lidar Observations: A Case Study, Adv. Meteorol., 2012, 851927, doi:10.1155/2012/851927, 2012.
24. Ekberg, A., Arneth, A., Hakola, H., Hayward, S., and Holst, T.: Iso-prene emission from wetland sedges, Biogeosciences, 6, 601-613, doi:10.5194/bg-6-601- 2009, 2009.
25. Ekberg, A., Arneth, A., and Holst, T.: Isoprene emission from Sphagnum species occupying different growth positions above the water table, Boreal. Environ. Res., 16, 47-59, 2011.
26. Elmendorf, S. C., Henry, G. H. R., Hollister, R. D., Bjork, R. G., Boulanger-Lapointe, N., Cooper, E. J., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Day, T. A., Dorrepaal, E., Elumeeva, T. G., Gill, M., Gould, W. A., Harte, J., Hik, D. S., Hofgaard, A., Johnson, D. R., Johnstone, J. F., Jonsdottir, I. S., Jorgenson, J. C., Klanderud, K., Klein, J. A., Koh, S., Kudo, G., Lara, M., Levesque, E., Magnusson, B., May, J. L., Mercado-Diaz, J. A., Michelsen, A., Molau, U., Myers-Smith, I. H., Oberbauer, S. F., Onipchenko, V. G., Rixen, C., Martin Schmidt, N., Shaver, G. R., Spasojevic, M. J., orhalls-dottir, o. E., Tolvanen, A., Troxler, T., Tweedie, C. E., Villareal, S., Wahren, C.-H., Walker, X., Webber, P. J., Welker, J. M., and Wipf, S.: Plot-scale evidence of tundra vegetation change and links to recent summer warming, Nature Clim. Change, 2, 453-457, 2012.
27. Euskirchen, E. S., Bret-Harte, M. S., Scott, G. J., Edgar, C., and Shaver, G. R.: Seasonal patterns of carbon dioxide and water fluxes in three representative tundra ecosystems in northern Alaska, Ecosphere, 3, 4, doi:10.1890/es11-00202.1, 2012.
28. Fall, R.: Abundant oxygenates in the atmosphere: A biochemical perspective, Chem. Rev., 103, 4941-4951, doi:10.1021/Cr0206521, 2003.
29. Faubert, P., Tiiva, P., Rinnan, A., Michelsen, A., Holopainen, J. K., and Rinnan, R.: Doubled volatile organic compound emissions from subarctic tundra under simulated climate warming, New Phytol., 187, 199-208, doi:10.1111/j.1469- 8137.2010.03270.x, 2010.
30. Faubert, P., Tiiva, P., Michelsen, A., Rinnan, A ., Ro-Poulsen, H., and Rinnan, R.: The shift in plant species composition in a subarctic mountain birch forest floor due to climate change would modify the biogenic volatile organic compound emission profile, Plant. Soil, 352, 199-215, doi:10.1007/s11104-011- 0989-2, 2012.
31. Figueroa, J. A., Cabrera, H. M., Queirolo, C., and Hinojosa, L. F.: Variability of water relations and photosynthesis in Eucryphia cordifolia Cav. (Cunoniaceae) over the range of its latitudinal and altitudinal distribution in Chile, Tree. Physiol., 30, 574-585, doi:10.1093/treephys/tpq016, 2010.
32. Forbes, B. C., Fauria, M. M., and Zetterberg, P.: Russian Arctic warming and "greening" are closely tracked by tundra shrub willows, Glob. Change Biol., 16, 1542-1554, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02047.x, 2010.
33. Frauenfeld, O. W., Zhang, T. J., Barry, R. G., and Gilichin-sky, D.: Interdecadal changes in seasonal freeze and thaw depths in Russia, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D05101, doi:10.1029/2003jd004245, 2004.
34. Fuentes, J. D., Lerdau, M., Atkinson, R., Baldocchi, D., Botten-heim, J. W., Ciccioli, P., Lamb, B., Geron, C., Gu, L., Guenther, A., Sharkey, T. D., and Stockwell, W.: Biogenic hydrocarbons in the atmospheric boundary layer: A review, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 81, 1537-1575, 2000.
35. Geron, C., Guenther, A., Greenberg, J., Loescher, H. W., Clark, D., and Baker, B.: Biogenic volatile organic compound emissions from a lowland tropical wet forest in Costa Rica, Atmos. Environ., 36, 3793-3802, 2002.
36. Geron, C., Guenther, A., Greenberg, J., Karl, T., and Rasmussen, R.: Biogenic volatile organic compound emissions from desert vegetation of the southwestern US, Atmos. Environ., 40, 1645-1660, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.11. 011, 2006. (Pubitemid 43197729)
37. Goldstein, A. H., Daube, B. C., Munger, J. W., and Wofsy, S. C.: Automated in-Situ Monitoring of Atmospheric Nonmethane Hydrocarbon Concentrations and Gradients, J. Atmos. Chem., 21, 43-59, 1995. (Pubitemid 26439545)
38. Gough, L. and Hobbie, S. E.: Responses of moist non-acidic arctic tundra to altered environment: productivity, biomass, and species richness, Oikos, 103, 204-216, 2003. (Pubitemid 37293096)
39. Goulden, M. L., Munger, J. W., Fan, S.-M., Daube, B. C., and Wofsy, S. C.: Measurements of carbon sequestration by long-term eddy covariance: methods and a critical evaluation of accuracy, Glob. Change Biol., 2, 169-182, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.1996.tb00070.x, 1996.
40. Gregory, G. L., Anderson, B. E., Warren, L. S., Browell, E. V., Bagwell, D. R., and Hudgins, C. H.: Tropospheric Ozone and Aerosol Observations: The Alaskan Arctic, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 16451-16471, doi:10.1029/91jd01310, 1992.
41. Grote, R. and Niinemets, U.: Modeling volatile isoprenoid emissions-a story with split ends, Plant. Biology., 10, 8-28, doi:10.1055/s-2007-964975, 2008. (Pubitemid 351495515)
42. Guenther, A. B. and Hills, A. J.: Eddy covariance measurement of isoprene fluxes, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103, 13145-13152, 1998. (Pubitemid 28469500)
43. Guenther, A. B., Zimmerman, P. R., Harley, P. C., Monson, R. K., and Fall, R.: Isoprene and Monoterpene Emission Rate Variability-Model Evaluations and Sensitivity Analyses, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 98, 12609-12617, 1993.
44. Guenther, A., Otter, L., Zimmerman, P., Greenberg, J., Scholes, R., and Scholes, M.: Biogenic hydrocarbon emissions from southern African savannas, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 101, 25859-25865, 1996.
45. Guenther, A., Baugh, B., Brasseur, G., Greenberg, J., Harley, P., Klinger, L., Serca, D., and Vierling, L.: Isoprene emission estimates and uncertainties for the Central African EXPRESSO study domain, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104, 30625-30639, doi:10.1029/1999jd900391, 1999.
46. Guenther, A., Karl, T., Harley, P., Wiedinmyer, C., Palmer, P. I., and Geron, C.: Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3181-3210, doi:10.5194/acp-6-3181-2006, 2006. (Pubitemid 44197400)
47. Haapanala, S., Ekberg, A., Hakola, H., Tarvainen, V., Rinne, J., Hellén, H., and Arneth, A.: Mountain birch-potentially large source of sesquiterpenes into high latitude atmosphere, Biogeo-sciences, 6, 2709-2718, doi:10.5194/bg-6-2709-2009, 2009.
48. Harley, P. C., Litvak, M. E., Sharkey, T. D., and Monson, R. K.: Iso-prene Emission from Velvet Bean-Leaves-Interactions among Nitrogen Availability, Growth Photon Flux-Density, and Leaf Development, Plant. Physiol., 105, 279-285, 1994.
49. Harley, P., Guenther, A., and Zimmerman, P.: Effects of light, temperature and canopy position on net photosynthesis and isoprene emission from sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) leaves, Tree. Physiol., 16, 25-32, 1996. (Pubitemid 126520727)
50. Harrison, S. P., Morfopoulos, C., Dani, K. G. S., Prentice, I. C., Ar-neth, A., Atwell, B. J., Barkley, M. P., Leishman, M. R., Loreto, F., Medlyn, B. E., Niinemets, Ü ., Possell, M., Peñuelas, J., and Wright, I. J.: Volatile isoprenoid emissions from plastid to planet, New Phytol., 197, 49-57, doi:10.1111/nph.12021, 2013.
51. Harriss, R. C., Sachse, G. W., Hill, G. F., Wade, L., Bartlett, K. B., Collins, J. E., Steele, L. P., and Novelli, P. C.: Carbon Monoxide and Methane in the North American Arctic and Subarctic Troposphere: July and August 1988, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 16589-16599, doi:10.1029/91jd02037, 1992a.
52. Harriss, R. C., Wofsy, S. C., Bartlett, D. S., Shipham, M. C., Jacob, D. J., Hoell, J. M., Bendura, R. J., Drewry, J. W., Mcneal, R. J., Navarro, R. L., Gidge, R. N., and Rabine, V. E.: The Arctic Boundary-Layer Expedition (Able-3a)-July August 1988, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 97, 16383-16394, 1992b.
53. Helmig, D., Oltmans, S. J., Carlson, D., Lamarque, J. F., Jones, A., Labuschagne, C., Anlauf, K., and Hayden, K.: A review of surface ozone in the polar regions, Atmos. Environ., 41, 5138-5161, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.09. 053, 2007. (Pubitemid 47049686)
54. Hobbie, S. E. and Chapin, F. S.: Response of tundra plant biomass, aboveground production, nitrogen, and CO2 flux to experimental warming, Ecology, 79, 1526-1544, 1998. (Pubitemid 28382434)
55. Holopainen, J. K. and Gershenzon, J.: Multiple stress factors and the emission of plant VOCs, Trends. Plant. Sci., 15, 176-184, doi:10.1016/j.tplants. 2010.01.006, 2010.
56. Holst, T., Arneth, A., Hayward, S., Ekberg, A., Mastepanov, M., Jackowicz-Korczynski, M., Friborg, T., Crill, P. M., and Bäckstrand, K.: BVOC ecosystem flux measurements at a high latitude wetland site, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 1617-1634, doi:10.5194/acp-10-1617-2010, 2010.
57. IPCC: Climate Change 2007-The Physical Science Basis: Working Group I Contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC, edited by: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H. L., Cambridge University Press, NY, USA, 2007.
58. Jacob, D. J., Fan, S. M., Wofsy, S. C., Spiro, P. A., Bakwin, P. S., Ritter, J. A., Browell, E. V., Gregory, G. L., Fitzjarrald, D. R., and Moore, K. E.: Deposition of Ozone to Tundra, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 97, 16473-16479, 1992.
59. Kade, A., Bret-Harte, M. S., Euskirchen, E. S., Edgar, C., and Fulweber, R. A.: Upscaling of CO2 fluxes from heterogeneous tundra plant communities in Arctic Alaska, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo, 117, G04007, doi:10.1029/2012jg002065, 2012.
60. Karl, T., Potosnak, M., Guenther, A., Clark, D., Walker, J., Her-rick, J. D., and Geron, C.: Exchange processes of volatile organic compounds above a tropical rain forest: Implications for modeling tropospheric chemistry above dense vegetation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D18306, doi:10.1029/ 2004jd004738, 2004. (Pubitemid 39621657)
61. Karl, M., Guenther, A., Köble, R., Leip, A., and Seufert, G.: A new European plant-specific emission inventory of biogenic volatile organic compounds for use in atmospheric transport models, Bio-geosciences, 6, 1059-1087, doi:10.5194/bg-6-1059-2009, 2009.
62. Keller, M. and Lerdau, M.: Isoprene emission from tropical forest canopy leaves, Global. Biogeochem. Cy., 13, 19-29, 1999. (Pubitemid 29365961)
63. Kwok, R., Cunningham, G. F., Wensnahan, M., Rigor, I., Zwally, H. J., and Yi, D.: Thinning and volume loss of the Arctic Ocean sea ice cover: 2003-2008, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans., 114, C07005, doi:10.1029/2009jc005312, 2009.
64. Langford, B., Misztal, P. K., Nemitz, E., Davison, B., Helfter, C., Pugh, T. A. M., MacKenzie, A. R., Lim, S. F., and Hewitt, C. N.: Fluxes and concentrations of volatile organic compounds from a South-East Asian tropical rainforest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 8391-8412, doi:10.5194/acp-10-8391-2010, 2010.
65. Laothawornkitkul, J., Taylor, J. E., Paul, N. D., and Hewitt, C. N.: Biogenic volatile organic compounds in the Earth system, New Phytologist, 183, 27-51, doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02859.x, 2009.
66. Lathiere, J., Hewitt, C. N., and Beerling, D. J.: Sensitivity of isoprene emissions from the terrestrial biosphere to 20th century changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration, climate, and land use, Global. Biogeochem. Cy., 24, GB1004, doi:10.1029/2009gb003548, 2010.
67. Loreto, F., Mannozzi, M., Maris, C., Nascetti, P., Ferranti, F., and Pasqualini, S.: Ozone quenching properties of isoprene and its antioxidant role in leaves, Plant. Physiol., 126, 993-1000, 2001. (Pubitemid 32656788)
68. Ma, J., Hung, H., Tian, C., and Kallenborn, R.: Revolatilization of persistent organic pollutants in the Arctic induced by climate change, Nature Clim. Change, 1, 255-260, 2011.
69. Macias-Fauria, M., Forbes, B. C., Zetterberg, P., and Kumpula, T.: Eurasian Arctic greening reveals teleconnections and the potential for structurally novel ecosystems, Nature Clim. Change, 2, 613-618, doi:10.1038/nclimate1558, 2012.
70. McCormick, A. C., Unsicker, S. B., and Gershenzon, J.: The specificity of herbivore-induced plant volatiles in attracting herbivore enemies, Trends. Plant. Sci., 17, 303-310, doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2012.03.012, 2012.
71. McKinney, K. A., Lee, B. H., Vasta, A., Pho, T. V., and Munger, J. W.: Emissions of isoprenoids and oxygenated biogenic volatile organic compounds from a New England mixed forest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 4807-4831, doi:10.5194/acp-11-4807-2011, 2011.
72. Monson, R. K. and Fall, R.: Isoprene Emission from Aspen Leaves-Influence of Environment and Relation to Photosynthesis and Photorespiration, Plant. Physiol., 90, 267-274, 1989.
73. Monson, R. K., Trahan, N., Rosenstiel, T. N., Veres, P., Moore, D., Wilkinson, M., Norby, R. J., Volder, A., Tjoelker, M. G., Briske, D. D., Karnosky, D. F., and Fall, R.: Isoprene emission from ter restrial ecosystems in response to global change: minding the gap between models and observations, Philos. T. R. Soc. A, 365, 1677-1695, doi:10.1098/rsta.2007.2038, 2007.
74. Monson, R. K., Grote, R., Niinemets, U., and Schnitzler, J. P.: Modeling the isoprene emission rate from leaves, New Phytol., 195, 541-559, doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04204.x, 2012.
75. Myneni, R. B., Keeling, C. D., Tucker, C. J., Asrar, G., and Nemani, R. R.: Increased plant growth in the northern high latitudes from 1981 to 1991, Nature, 386, 698-702, 1997.
76. Nay, S. M., Mattson, K. G., and Bormann, B. T.: Biases of Chamber Methods for Measuring Soil CO2 Efflux Demonstrated with a Laboratory Apparatus, Ecology, 75, 2460-2463, 1994.
77. Niinemets, U.: Mild versus severe stress and BVOCs: thresholds, priming and consequences, Trends. Plant. Sci., 15, 145-153, doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2009. 11.008, 2010.
78. O'Dowd, C. D., Aalto, P., Hameri, K., Kulmala, M., and Hoffmann, T.: Aerosol formation-Atmospheric particles from organic vapours, Nature, 416, 497-498, 2002. (Pubitemid 34288843)
79. Olofsson, M., Ek-Olausson, B., Jensen, N. O., Langer, S., and Ljungstrom, E.: The flux of isoprene from a willow coppice plan-tation and the effect on local air quality, Atmos. Environ, 39, 2061-2070, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004. 12.015, 2005. (Pubitemid 40470369)
80. Ortega, J. and Helmig, D.: Approaches for quantifying reactive and low-volatility biogenic organic compound emissions by vegetation enclosure techniques-Part A, Chemosphere, 72, 343-364, doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.11. 020, 2008.
81. Otter, L., Guenther, A., Wiedinmyer, C., Fleming, G., Harley, P., and Greenberg, J.: Spatial and temporal variations in biogenic volatile organic compound emissions for Africa south of the equator, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 8505, doi:10.1029/2002jd002609, 2003.
82. Overpeck, J., Hughen, K., Hardy, D., Bradley, R., Case, R., Douglas, M., Finney, B., Gajewski, K., Jacoby, G., Jennings, A., Lamoureux, S., Lasca, A., MacDonald, G., Moore, J., Retelle, M., Smith, S., Wolfe, A., and Zielinski, G.: Arctic environmental change of the last four centuries, Science, 278, 1251-1256, 1997. (Pubitemid 27495731)
83. Papiez, M. R., Potosnak, M. J., Goliff, W. S., Guenther, A. B., Matsunaga, S. N., and Stockwell, W. R.: The impacts of reactive terpene emissions from plants on air quality in Las Vegas, Nevada, Atmos. Environ., 43, 4109-4123, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.05.048, 2009.
84. Peñuelas, J., and Llusià, J.: BVOCs: plant defense against climate warming?, Trends. Plant. Sci., 8, 105-109, doi:10.1016/s1360-1385(03) 00008-6, 2003. (Pubitemid 36726465)
85. Peñuelas, J. and Staudt, M.: BVOCs and global change, Trends Plant Sci, 15, 133-144, doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2009.12.005, 2010.
86. Petron, G., Harley, P., Greenberg, J., and Guenther, A.: Seasonal temperature variations influence isoprene emission, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1707-1710, 2001. (Pubitemid 32575900)
87. Pinto, D. M., Blande, J. D., Souza, S. R., Nerg, A. M., and Holopainen, J. K.: Plant Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Ozone (O-3) Polluted Atmospheres: The Ecological Effects, J. Chem. Ecol., 36, 22-34, doi:10.1007/s10886-009-9732-3, 2010.
88. Pressley, S., Lamb, B., Westberg, H., Flaherty, J., Chen, J., and Vo-gel, C.: Long-term isoprene flux measurements above a northern hardwood forest, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D07301, doi:10.1029/2004jd005523, 2005. (Pubitemid 43066293)
89. Rasmussen, R. A. and Khalil, M. A. K.: Atmospheric benzene and toluene, Geophys. Res. Lett., 10, 1096-1099, doi:10.1029/GL010i011p01096, 1983.
90. Rastetter, E. B., Williams, M., Griffin, K. L., Kwiatkowski, B. L., Tomasky, G., Potosnak, M. J., Stoy, P. C., Shaver, G. R., Stieglitz, M., Hobbie, J. E., and Kling, G. W.: Processing arctic eddy-flux data using a simple carbon-exchange model embedded in the ensemble Kalman filter, Ecol. Appl., 20, 1285-1301, 2010.
91. Rawlins, M. A., Steele, M., Holland, M. M., Adam, J. C., Cherry, J. E., Francis, J. A., Groisman, P. Y., Hinzman, L. D., Hunt-ington, T. G., Kane, D. L., Kimball, J. S., Kwok, R., Lam-mers, R. B., Lee, C. M., Lettenmaier, D. P., McDonald, K. C., Podest, E., Pundsack, J. W., Rudels, B., and Serreze, M. C.: Analysis of the Arctic System for Freshwater Cycle Intensification: Observations and Expectations, J. Clim., 23, 5715-5737, doi:10.1175/2010jcli3421.1, 2010.
92. Rinnan, R., Rinnan, A., Faubert, P., Tiiva, P., Holopainen, J. K., and Michelsen, A.: Few long-term effects of simulated climate change on volatile organic compound emissions and leaf chemistry of three subarctic dwarf shrubs, Environ. Exp. Bot., 72, 377-386, doi:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2010.11.006, 2011.
93. Rinne, J., Hakola, H., Laurila, T., and Rannik, U.: Canopy scale monoterpene emissions of Pinus sylvestris dominated forests, Atmos. Environ., 34, 1099-1107, 2000. (Pubitemid 30083976)
94. Rinne, H. J. I., Guenther, A. B., Greenberg, J. P., and Harley, P. C.: Isoprene and monoterpene fluxes measured above Amazonian rainforest and their dependence on light and temperature, Atmos. Environ., 36, 2421-2426, 2002. (Pubitemid 34626270)
95. Rosenstiel, T. N., Ebbets, A. L., Khatri, W. C., Fall, R., and Monson, R. K.: Induction of poplar leaf nitrate reductase: A test of extra-chloroplastic control of isoprene emission rate, Plant. Biology., 6, 12-21, doi:10.1055/S-2003-44722, 2004. (Pubitemid 38285687)
96. Sandholm, S. T., Bradshaw, J. D., Chen, G., Singh, H. B., Talbot, R. W., Gregory, G. L., Blake, D. R., Sachse, G. W., Browell, E. V., Barrick, J. D. W., Shipham, M. A., Bachmeier, A. S., and Owen, D.: Summertime Tropospheric Observations Related to NxOy Distributions and Partitioning Over Alaska: Arctic Boundary Layer Expedition 3A, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 16481-16509, doi:10.1029/92jd01491, 1992.
97. Serreze, M. C., Walsh, J. E., Chapin, F. S., Osterkamp, T., Dyurg-erov, M., Romanovsky, V., Oechel, W. C., Morison, J., Zhang, T., and Barry, R. G.: Observational evidence of recent change in the northern high-latitude environment, Clim. Change, 46, 159-207, 2000. (Pubitemid 30427505)
98. Sharkey, T. D. and Singsaas, E. L.: Why Plants Emit Isoprene, Nature, 374, 769-769, 1995.
99. Sharkey, T. D. and Yeh, S. S.: Isoprene emission from plants, Annu. Rev. Plant. Phys., 52, 407-436, 2001. (Pubitemid 33720043)
100. Sharkey, T. D., Singsaas, E. L., Lerdau, M. T., and Geron, C. D.: Weather effects on isoprene emission capacity and applications in emissions algorithms, Ecol. Appl., 9, 1132-1137, 1999. (Pubitemid 29536890)
101. Sharkey, T. D., Wiberley, A. E., and Donohue, A. R.: Isoprene emission from plants: Why and how, Ann. Bot.-London, 101, 5-18, doi:10.1093/Aob/Mcm240, 2008. (Pubitemid 350274502)
102. Shaver, G. R., Bret-Harte, S. M., Jones, M. H., Johnstone, J., Gough, L., Laundre, J., and Chapin, F. S.: Species composition interacts with fertilizer to control long-term change in tundra productivity, Ecology, 82, 3163-3181, 2001. (Pubitemid 34010159)
103. Singh, H. B., O'Hara, D., Herlth, D., Bradshaw, J. D., Sandholm, S. T., Gregory, G. L., Sachse, G. W., Blake, D. R., Crutzen, P. J., and Kanakidou, M. A.: Atmospheric Measurements of Per-oxyacetyl Nitrate and other Organic Nitrates at High Latitudes: Possible Sources and Sinks, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 16511-16522, doi:10.1029/91jd00889, 1992.
104. Spirig, C., Guenther, A., Greenberg, J. P., Calanca, P., and Tar-vainen, V.: Tethered balloon measurements of biogenic volatile organic compounds at a Boreal forest site, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 215-229, doi:10.5194/acp-4-215-2004, 2004. (Pubitemid 39073758)
105. Stockwell, W. R. and Goliff, W. S.: Measurement of actinic flux and the calculation of photolysis rate parameters for the Central California Ozone Study, Atmos. Environ., 38, 5169-5177, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.05.048, 2004. (Pubitemid 39490274)
106. Sturm, M., McFadden, J. P., Liston, G. E., Chapin, F. S., Racine, C. H., and Holmgren, J.: Snow-shrub interactions in Arctic tundra: A hypothesis with climatic implications, J. Clim., 14, 336-344, 2001. (Pubitemid 33053103)
107. Sumner, A. L. and Shepson, P. B.: Snowpack production of formaldehyde and its effect on the Arctic troposphere, Nature, 398, 230-233, 1999.
108. Sumner, A. L., Shepson, P. B., Grannas, A. M., Bottenheim, J. W., Anlauf, K. G., Worthy, D., Schroeder, W. H., Steffen, A., Domine, F., Perrier, S., and Houdier, S.: Atmospheric chemistry of formaldehyde in the Arctic troposphere at Polar Sunrise, and the influence of the snowpack, Atmos. Environ., 36, 2553-2562, 2002. (Pubitemid 34628350)
109. Talbot, R. W., Vijgen, A. S., and Harriss, R. C.: Soluble Species in the Arctic Summer Troposphere: Acidic Gases, Aerosols, and Precipitation, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 16531-16543, doi:10.1029/91jd00118, 1992.
110. Tape, K., Sturm, M., and Racine, C.: The evidence for shrub expansion in Northern Alaska and the Pan-Arctic, Glob. Change Biol., 12, 686-702, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01128.x, 2006.
111. Tarvainen, V., Hakola, H., Rinne, J., Hellen, H., and Haapanala, S.: Towards a comprehensive emission inventory of terpenoids from boreal ecosystems, Tellus B, 59, 526-534, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2007.00263.x, 2007. (Pubitemid 47193295)
112. Tiiva, P., Rinnan, R., Faubert, P., Rasanen, J., Holopainen, T., Kyro, E., and Holopainen, J. K.: Isoprene emission from a subarctic peatland under enhanced UV-B radiation, New Phytol., 176, 346-355, doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137. 2007.02164.x, 2007. (Pubitemid 47480872)
113. Tiiva, P., Faubert, P., Michelsen, A., Holopainen, T., Holopainen, J. K., and Rinnan, R.: Climatic warming increases isoprene emission from a subarctic heath, New Phytol., 180, 853-863, doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02587.x, 2008.
114. Tiiva, P., Faubert, P., Raty, S., Holopainen, J. K., Holopainen, T., and Rinnan, R.: Contribution of vegetation and water table on iso-prene emission from boreal peatland microcosms, Atmos. Environ., 43, 5469-5475, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.07.026, 2009.
115. Trapp, S. and Croteau, R.: Defensive resin biosynthesis in conifers, Annu. Rev. Plant. Phys., 52, 689-724, 2001. (Pubitemid 33720052)
116. Turnipseed, A. A., Anderson, D. E., Blanken, P. D., Baugh, W. M., and Monson, R. K.: Airflows and turbulent flux measurements in mountainous terrain Part 1, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 119, 1-21, doi:10.1016/S0168-1923(03)00136-9, 2003. (Pubitemid 37491834)
117. van Wijk, M. T., Clemmensen, K. E., Shaver, G. R., Williams, M., Callaghan, T. V., Chapin, F. S., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Gough, L., Hobbie, S. E., Jonasson, S., Lee, J. A., Michelsen, A., Press, M. C., Richardson, S. J., and Rueth, H.: Long-term ecosystem level experiments at Toolik Lake, Alaska, and at Abisko, Northern Sweden: generalizations and differences in ecosystem and plant type responses to global change, Glob. Change Biol., 10, 105-123, 2004. (Pubitemid 38162544)
118. Walker, M. D., Walker, D. A., Welker, J. M., Arft, A. M., Bards-ley, T., Brooks, P. D., Fahnestock, J. T., Jones, M. H., Losleben, M., Parsons, A. N., Seastedt, T. R., and Turner, P. L.: Long-term experimental manipulation of winter snow regime and summer temperature in arctic and alpine tundra, Hydrol. Process., 13, 2315-2330, 1999. (Pubitemid 30061774)
119. Webb, E. K., Pearman, G. I., and Leuning, R.: Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 106, 85-100, doi:10.1002/qj.49710644707, 1980.
120. Wiedinmyer, C., Guenther, A., Harley, P., Hewitt, C.N., Geron, C., Artaxo, P., Steinbrecher, R., Rasmussen: Global organic emissions from vegetation, in: Emissions Of Atmospheric Trace Compounds, edited by: Granier, C., Artaxo, P. E., and Reeves, C. E., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 115-170, 2004.
121. Wilczak, J. M., Oncley, S. P., and Stage, S. A.: Sonic anemometer tilt correction algorithms, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 99, 127-150, 2001. (Pubitemid 32232644)
122. Williams, M., Street, L. E., van Wijk, M. T., and Shaver, G. R.: Identifying differences in carbon exchange among arctic ecosystem types, Ecosystems, 9, 288-304, doi:10.1007/s10021-005-0146-y, 2006.
123. Wilson, J. W.: Observations on the Temperatures of Arctic Plants and Their Environment, J. Ecol., 45, 499-531, doi:10.2307/2256933, 1957.
124. Yuan, J. S., Himanen, S. J., Holopainen, J. K., Chen, F., and Stewart, C. N.: Smelling global climate change: mitigation of function for plant volatile organic compounds, Trends in ecology and evolution (Personal edition), 24, 323-331, 2009.