Approaches for quantifying reactive and low-volatility biogenic organic compound emissions by vegetation enclosure techniques - Part A

Chemosphere

Volumn 72, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 343-364

  Ortega, John ^a   Helmig, Detlev ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC); Emission rates; Isoprene; Monoterpenes; Sesquiterpenes; Vegetation enclosure

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; PARTICULATE EMISSIONS; REGULATORY COMPLIANCE; VEGETATION;

BIOGENIC VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (BVOC); EMISSION RATES; ISOPRENE; MONOTERPENES; SESQUITERPENES; VEGETATION ENCLOSURE;

VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS;

OZONE; SESQUITERPENE; TERPENE; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND;

ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; PARTICULATE EMISSIONS; REGULATORY COMPLIANCE; VEGETATION; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS;

ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; BIOGENIC EMISSION; CANOPY; ESTIMATION METHOD; FLUX MEASUREMENT; QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS; TERPENE; VEGETATION; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND;

AIR; AIR POLLUTION CONTROL; ANALYTIC METHOD; ANALYTICAL RESEARCH; BUILDING MATERIAL; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; REVIEW; SAMPLING; VAPOR PRESSURE; VEGETATION; WATER MANAGEMENT;

AIR POLLUTANTS; BUTADIENES; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; HEMITERPENES; MONOTERPENES; ORGANIC CHEMICALS; PENTANES; SESQUITERPENES; VOLATILIZATION;

EID: 43649093158     PISSN: 00456535     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.11.020     Document Type: Review

References (123)

1. Aharoni A., Giri A.P., Deuerlein S., Griepink F., de Kogel W.J., Verstappen F.W.A., Verhoeven H.A., Jongsma M.A., Schwab W., and Bouwmeester H.J. Terpenoid metabolism in wild-type and transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Plant Cell 15 (2003) 2866-2884
2. Arey J., Crowley D.E., Crowley M., Resketo M., and Lester J. Hydrocarbon emissions from natural vegetation in California's South Coast Air Basin. Atmos. Environ. 29 (1995) 2977-2988
3. 2-isoprene interaction. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7 (2007) 31-53
4. 3 with a series of terpenes. Atmos. Environ. 36 (2002) 4347-4355
5. Atkinson R., Aschmann S.M., and Pitts Jr. J.N. Rate constants for the gas-phase reactions of the OH radical with a series of monoterpenes at 294 ± 1 K. J. Chem. Kin. 18 (1986) 287-299
6. 3 with sabinene and camphene at 296 ± 2 K. Atmos. Environ. 10 (1990) 2647-2654
7. 3 with a series of terpenes. J. Geophys. Res. 97 (1992) 6065-6073
8. Baker B., Guenther A., Greenberg J., Goldstein A., and Fall R. Canopy fluxes of 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol over a ponderosa pine forest by relaxed eddy accumulation: field data and model comparison. J. Geophys. Res. 104 (1999) 26,107-26,114
9. Baker B., Guenther A., Greenberg J., and Fall R. Canopy level fluxes of 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, acetone, and methanol by a portable relaxed eddy accumulation system. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35 (2001) 1701-1708
10. 3 with monoalkenes, dialkenes, and monoterpenes. J. Phys. Chem. 94 (1990) 2413-2419
11. Bertin N., Staudt M., Hansen U., Seufert G., Ciccioli P., Foster P., Fugit J.L., and Torres L. Diurnal and seasonal coarse of monoterpene emissions from Quercus ilex L. under natural conditions: application of the light and temperature algorithms. Atmos. Environ. 31 (1997) 135-144
12. Bonn B., and Moortgat G.K. Sesquiterpene ozonolysis: origin of atmospheric new particle formation from biogenic hydrocarbons. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30 (2003) 10.1029/2003GL17000 Art. No. 1585
13. Bonn B., von Kuhlmann R., and Lawrence M.G. High contribution of biogenic hydroperoxides to secondary organic aerosol formation. Geophys. Res. Lett. (2004) 31 10.1029/2003GL019172 Art. No. L10108
14. Bouvier-Brown N.C., Holzinger R., Palitzsch K., and Goldstein A.H. Quantifying sesquiterpene and oxygenated terpene emissions from live vegetation using solid-phase microextraction fibers. J. Chromatogr. 1161 (2007) 113-120
15. Calogirou A., Larsen B.L., Brussol C., Duane M., and Kotzias D. Decomposition of terpenes by ozone during sampling on tenax. Anal. Chem. 68 (1996) 1499-1506
16. Calogirou A., Kotzias D., and Kettrup A. Product analysis of the gas-phase reaction of β-caryophyllene with ozone. Atmos. Environ. 31 (1997) 283-285
17. Cao X.L., and Hewitt C.N. Thermal desorption efficiencies for different adsorbate/adsorbent systems typically used in air monitoring programmes. Chemosphere 27 (1993) 695-705
18. Cao X.L., Boissard C., Juan A., Hewitt C.N., and Gallagher M. Biogenic emissions of volatile organic compounds from gorse (Ulex europaeus): diurnal emission fluxes at Kelling Heath, England. J. Geophys. Res. 102 (1997) 18,903-18,915
19. 14 hydrocarbons involved in photochemical smog formation. J. High Res. Chromatogr. 15 (1992) 75-84
20. Ciccioli P., Brancaleoni E., Frattoni M., Di Palo V., Valentini R., Tirone G., Seufert G., Bertin N., Hansen U., Csiky O., Lenz R., and Sharma M. Emission of reactive terpene compounds from orange orchards and their removal by within-canopy processes. J. Geophys. Res. 104 (1999) 8077-8094
21. Claeys M., Wang W., Ion A.C., Kourtchev I., Gelencsér A., and Maenhaut W. Formation of secondary organic aerosols from isoprene and its gas-phase oxidation products through reaction with hydrogen peroxide. Atmos. Environ. 38 (2004) 4093-4098
22. Coeur C., Jacob V., Denis I., and Foster P. Decomposition of α-pinene and sabinene on solid sorbents, Tenax TA and Carboxen. J. Chromatogr. A 786 (1997) 185-187
23. De Gouw J.A., Howard C.J., Custer T.G., and Fall R. Emissions of volatile organic compounds from cut grass and clover are enhanced during the drying process. Geophys. Res. Lett. 26 (1999) 811-814
24. Dettmer K., and Engewald W. Adsorbent materials commonly used in air analysis for adsorptive enrichment and thermal desorption of volatile organic compounds. Anal. Bional. Chem. 373 (2002) 490-500
25. Di Carlo P., Brune W.H., Martinez M., Harder H., Lesher R., Ren X., Thornberry T., Carroll M.A., Young V., Shepson P.B., Riemer D., Apel E., and Campbell C. Missing OH reactivity in a forest: evidence of unknown reactive biogenic VOCs. Science 304 (2004) 722-725
26. Dindorf T., Kuhn U., Ganzeveld L., Schebeske G., Ciccioli P., Holzke C., Köble R., Seufert G., and Kesselmeier J. Significant light and temperature dependent monoterpene emissions from European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and their potential impact on the European volatile organic compound budget. J. Geophys. Res. 111 (2006) 10.1029/2005JD006751 Art. No. D16305
27. Duhl T.R., Helmig D., and Guenther A. Sesquiterpene emissions from vegetation: a review. Biogeosci. Discuss 4 (2007) 3987-4023
28. Fabbri A., Crescentini G., Mangani F., Mastrogiacomo A.R., and Bruner F. Advances in the determination of volatile organic solvents and other organic pollutants by gas chromatography with thermal desorption sampling and injection. Chromatographia 23 (1987) 856-860
29. Faloona I., Tan D., Brune W., Hurst J., Barket Jr. D., Couch T., Shepson P., Apel E., Riemer D., Thornberry T., Carroll M.A., Sillman S., Keeler G.J., Sagady J., Hooper D., and Paterson K. Nighttime observations of anomalously high levels of hydroxyl radicals above a deciduous forest canopy. J. Geophys. Res. 106 (2001) 24,315-24,333
30. Fehsenfeld F., Calvert J., Fall R., Goldan P., Guenther A.B., Hewitt C.N., Lamb B., Shaw L., Trainer M., Westberg H., and Zimmerman P. Emissions of volatile organic compounds from vegetation and the implications for atmospheric chemistry. Global Biogeochem. Cy. 6 (1992) 389-430
31. Fick J., Pommer L., Andersson B., and Nilsson C. Ozone removal in the sampling of parts per billion levels of terpenoid compounds: an evaluation of different scrubber materials. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35 (2001) 1458-1462
32. Funk J.L., Jones C.G., Gray D.W., Throop H.L., Hyatt L.A., and Lerdau M.T. Variation in isoprene emission from Quercus rubra: sources, causes, and consequences for estimating fluxes. J. Geophys. Res. 110 (2005) 10.1029/2004JD005229 Art. No. DO4301
33. Gawlowski J., Gierczak T., Pietruszynska Z., Gawrys M., and Niedzielski J. Dry purge for the removal of water from the solid sorbents used to sample volatile organic compounds from the atmospheric air. Analyst 125 (2000) 2112-2117
34. Geron C., Guenther A., Sharkey T., and Arnts R.R. Temporal variability in basal isoprene emission factor. Tree Physiol. 20 (2000) 799-805
35. Goldstein, A.H., McKay, M., Kurpius, M.R., Schade, G.W., Lee, A., Holzinger, R., Rasmussen, R.A., 2004. Forest thinning experiment confirms ozone deposition to forest canopy is dominated by reaction with biogenic VOCs. Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, 22, L22106. doi:10.1029/2004GL021259.
36. Graus M., Schnitzler J.P., Hansel A., Cojocariu C., Rennenberg H., Wisthaler A., and Kreuzwieser J. Transient release of oxygenated volatile organic compounds during light-dark transitions in grey poplar leaves. Plant Physiol. 135 (2004) 1967-1975
37. Guenther A.B., Monson R.K., and Fall R. Isoprene and monoterpene emission rate variability: observations with eucalyptus and emission rate algorithm development. J. Geophys. Res. 96 (1991) 10799-10808
38. Guenther A., Zimmerman P., and Wildermuth M. Natural volatile organic compound emission rate estimates for U.S. woodland landscapes. Atmos. Environ. 28 (1994) 1197-1210
39. Guenther A., Hewitt C., Erickson D., Fall R., Geron C., Graedel T., Harley P., Klinger L., Lerdau M., McKay W., Pierce T., Scholes B., Steinbrecher R., Tallamraju R., Taylor J., and Zimmerman P. A global model of natural volatile organic compound emissions. J. Geophys. Res. 100 (1995) 8873-8892
40. Guenther A., Baugh W., Davis K., Hampton G., Harley P., Klinger L., Vierling L., Zimmerman P., Allwine E., Dilts S., Lamb B., Westberg H., Baldocchi D., Geron C., and Pierce T. Isoprene fluxes measured by enclosure, relaxed eddy accumulation, surface layer gradient, mixed layer gradient, and mixed layer mass balance techniques. J. Geophys. Res. 101 (1996) 18,555-18,567
41. Guenther A., Greenberg J., Harley P., Helmig D., Klinger L., Vierling L., Zimmerman P., and Geron C. Leaf, branch, stand, and landscape scale measurements of volatile organic compound fluxes from U.S. woodlands. Tree Physiol. 16 (1996) 17-24
42. Guenther A., Karl T., Harley P., Wiedinmyer C., Palmer P.I., and Geron C. Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature). Atmos. Chem. Phys. 6 (2006) 3181-3210
43. Hakola H., Laurila T., Lindfors V., Hellen H., Gaman A., and Rinne J. Variation of the VOC emission rates of birch species during the growing season. Boreal Environ. Res. 6 (2001) 237-249
44. Hakola H., Tarvainen V., Bäck J., Hanta H., Bonn B., Rinne J., and Kulmala M. Seasonal variation of mono- and sesquiterpene emission rates of Scots pine. Biogeosciences 3 (2005) 93-101
45. Hansen U., and Seufert G. Terpenoid emission from Citrus sinensis (L.) OSBECK under drought stress. Phys. Chem. Earth (B) 24 (1999) 681-687
46. Hansen U., and Seufert G. Temperature and light dependence of β-caryophyllene emission rates. J. Geophys. Res. 108 (2003) 10.1029/2003JD003853 Art. No. 4801
47. Harley P., Guenther A., and Zimmerman P. Effects of light, temperature and canopy position on net photosynthesis and isoprene emission from sweetgum (Liquidamber styraciflua) leaves. Tree Physiol. 16 (1996) 25-32
48. Harper M. Sorbent trapping of volatile organic compounds from air. J. Chromatogr. 885 (2000) 129-151
49. Heath R.R., and Manukian A. An automated system for use in collecting volatile chemicals released from plants. J. Chem. Ecol. 20 (1994) 593-608
50. Helmig D. Review article: ozone removal techniques in the sampling of atmospheric volatile organic trace gases. Atmos. Environ. 31 (1997) 3635-3651
51. Helmig D., and Greenberg J. Automated in-situ gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis of ppt level volatile organic trace gases using multistage solid adsorbent trapping. J. Chromatogr. 677 (1994) 123-132
52. Helmig D., and Vierling L. Water adsorption capacity of the solid adsorbents Tenax TA, Tenax GR, Carbotrap, Carbotrap C, Carbosieve SIII, and Carboxen 569 and Water management techniques for the atmospheric sampling of volatile organic trace gases. Anal. Chem. 67 (1995) 4380-4386
53. Helmig D., Schwarzer N., and Steinhanses J. Flame control accessory for GC-FID operation with autosampler injection. J. High Res. Chromatogr. 13 (1990) 849-851
54. Helmig D., Klinger L.F., Guenther A., Vierling L., Geron C., and Zimmerman P. Biogenic volatile organic compound emissions (BVOCs) II. Flux potentials from three sites in the U.S. Chemosphere 38 (1999) 2189-2204
55. Helmig D., Klinger L.F., Guenther A., Vierling L., Geron C., and Zimmerman P. Biogenic volatile organic compound emissions (BVOCs) I. Identifications from three continental sites in the US. Chemosphere 38 (1999) 2163-2187
56. Helmig D., Bocquet F., Pollmann J., and Revermann T. Analytical techniques for sesquiterpene emission rate studies in vegetation enclosure experiments. Atmos. Environ. 38 (2004) 557-572
57. Helmig D., Ortega J., Guenther A., Herrick J.D., and Geron C. Sesquiterpene emissions from loblolly pine and their potential contribution to biogenic aerosol formation in the Southeastern US. Atmos. Environ. 40 (2006) 4150-4157
58. Helmig D., Ortega J., Duhl T., Tanner D., Guenther A., Harley P., Wiedinmyer C., Milford J., and Sakulyanontvittaya T. Sesquiterpene emissions from pine trees - identifications, emission rates and flux estimates for the contiguous United States. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41 (2007) 1545-1553
59. Hoffmann T. Adsorptive preconcentration technique including oxidant scavenging for the measurement of reactive natural hydrocarbons in ambient air. Fresen. J. Anal. Chem. 351 (1995) 41-47
60. Holzinger R., Lee A., McKay M., and Goldstein A. Observations of oxidation products above a forest imply biogenic emissions of very reactive compounds. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 5 (2005) 67-75
61. Holzke C., Dindorf T., Kesselmeier J., Kuhn U., and Koppmann R. Terpene emissions from European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.): pattern and emission behaviour over two vegetation periods. J. Atmos. Chem. 55 (2006) 81-102
62. Juuti S., Arey J., and Atkinson R. Monoterpene emission rate measurements from a monterey pine. J. Geophys. Res. 95 (1990) 7515-7519
63. Karbiwnyk C.M., Mills C.S., Helmig D., and Birks J.W. Minimization of water vapor interference in the analysis of non-methane volatile organic compounds by solid adsorbent sampling. J. Chromatog. A 958 (2002) 219-229
64. Karl T., Guenther A., Lindinger C., Jordan A., Fall R., and Lindinger W. Eddy covariance measurements of oxygenated volatile organic compound fluxes from crop harvesting using a redesigned proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometer. J. Geophys. Res. 106 (2001) 24,157-24,167
65. Karl T., Potosnak M., Guenther A., Clark D., Walker J., Herrick J.D., and Geron C. Exchange processes of volatile organic compounds above a tropical rain forest: implications for modeling tropospheric chemistry above dense vegetation. J. Geophys. Res. (2004) 109 10.1029/2004JD004738 Art. No. D18306
66. Karlik J.F., and Winer A.M. Measured isoprene emission rates of plants in California landscapes: comparison to estimates from taxonomic relationships. Atmos. Environ. 35 (2001) 1123-1131
67. Keller M., and Lerdau M. Isoprene emission from tropical forest canopy leaves. Global Biogeochem. Cy. 13 (1999) 19-29
68. Kempf K., Allwine E., Westberg H., Claiborn C., and Lamb B. Hydrocarbon emissions from spruce species using environmental chamber and branch enclosure methods. Atmos. Environ. 30 (1996) 1381-1389
69. Kim J.C. Factors controlling natural VOC emissions in a southeastern US pine forest. Atmos. Environ. 35 (2001) 3279-3292
70. Kim J.C., Kim K.J., Kim D.S., and Han J.S. Seasonal variations of monoterpene emissions from coniferous trees of different ages in Korea. Chemosphere 59 (2005) 1685-1696
71. Komenda M., and Koppmann R. Monoterpene emissions from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris): field studies of emission rate variabilities. J. Geophys. Res. (2002) 107 10.1029/2001JD000691 Art. No. 4161
72. Komenda M., Parusel E., Wedel A., and Koppmann R. Measurements of biogenic VOC emissions: sampling, analysis and calibration. Atmos. Environ. 35 (2001) 2069-2080
73. Kunert M., Biedermann A., Koch T., and Boland W. Ultrafast sampling and analysis of plant volatiles by a hand-held miniaturised GC with pre-concentration unit: Kinetic and quantitative aspects of plant volatile production. J. Sep. Sci. 25 (2002) 677-684
74. Lamb B., Gay D., Westberg H., and Pierce T. A biogenic hydrocarbon emission inventory for the USA using a simple forest canopy model. Atmos. Environ. 27 (1993) 1673-1690
75. Larsen B., Bomboi-Minagro T., Brancaleoni E., Calogirou A., Cecinato A., and and 15 further authors. Sampling and analysis of terpenes in air. An interlaboratory comparison. Atmos. Environ. 31 (1997) 35-49
76. Lee A., Goldstein A.H., Keywood M.D., Gao S., Varutbangkul V., Bahreini R., Ng N.L., Flagan R.C., and Seinfeld J.H. Gas-phase products and secondary aerosol yields from the ozonoloysis of ten different terpenes. J. Geophys. Res. 111 (2006) 10.1029/2005JD006437 Art. No. D07302
77. Lee, A., Goldstein, A.H., Kroll, J.H., Ng, N.L., Varutbangkul, V., Flagan, R.C., Seinfeld, J.H., 2006b. Gas-phase products and secondary aerosol yields from the photooxidation of 16 different terpenes. J. Geophys. Res. 111. doi:10.1029/2006JD007050, Art. No. D17305.
78. Lee J.H., Battermann S.A., Jia C., and Chernyak S. Ozone artifacts and carbonyl measurements using Tenax GR, Tenax TA, Carbopack B, and Carbopack X adsorbents. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 56 (2006) 1503-1517
79. Lerdau M., Dilts S.B., Westberg H., Lamb B.K., and Allwine E.J. Monoterpene emission from ponderosa pine. J. Geophys. Res. 99 (1994) 16,609-16,615
80. Lim H.J., Carlton A.G., and Turpin B.J. Isoprene forms secondary organic aerosol through cloud processing: model simulations. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39 (2005) 4441-4446
81. Neeb, P., Bode, K., Beck, L., Schafer, L., Kesselmeier, J., Moortgat, K.J. 1997. Influence of gas-phase oxidation on estimated emission rates of biogenic hydrocarbons. In: Larsen, B., Versino, B., Angeleti, G. (Eds.), The Oxidizing Capacity of the Atmosphere, Proceedings of the Seventh European Symposium on the Physico-Chemical Behaviour of Atmospheric Pollutants. Brussels, Belgium: Eur, Comm. DGXII, pp. 295-299.
82. Ng N.L., Kroll J.H., Keywood M.D., Bahreini R., Varutbangkul V., Flagan R.C., and Seinfeld J.H. Contribution of first- versus second-generation products to secondary organic aerosols formed in the oxidation of biogenic hydrocarbons. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40 (2006) 2283-2297
83. Ortega J., Helmig D., Guenther A., Harley P., Pressley S., and Vogel C. Flux estimates and OH reaction potential of reactive biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) from a mixed northern hardwood forest. Atmos. Environ. 41 (2007) 5479-5495
84. Ortega, J., Helmig, D., Daly, R.W., Tanner, D.M., Guenther, A.B., Herrick, J.D. 2008. Approaches for quantifying reactive and low volatility biogenic organic compound (BVOC) emissions by vegetation enclosure techniques - Part B: applications for Quantifying Monoterpene and Sesquiterpene Emission Rates. Chemosphere, submitted for publication.
85. Owen S.M., Harley P., Guenther A., and Hewitt C.N. Light dependency of VOC emissions from selected Mediterranean plant species. Atmos. Environ. 36 (2002) 3147-3159
86. x in the boundary layer. Geophys. Res. Lett. 23 (1996) 3727-3730
87. Pétron G., Harley P., Greenberg J., and Guenther A. Seasonal temperature variations influence isoprene emission. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28 (2001) 1707-1710
88. Pierce, T., Lamb, B., Van Meter, A. 1990 Development of a biogenic emissions inventory system of regional scale air pollution models. In: 83rd Annu. Meet. Air Waste Manag. Assoc., Pittsburgh, PA, p. 16.
89. Pierce T., Geron C., Bender L., Dennis R., Tonnesen G., and Guenther A. Influence of increased isoprene emissions on regional ozone modeling. J. Geophys. Res. 103 (1998) 25611-25629
90. Pio C.A., Silva P.S., Cerqueira M.A., and Nunes T.V. Diurnal and seasonal emissions of volatile organic compounds from cork oak (Quercus suber) trees. Atmos. Environ. 39 (2005) 1817-1827
91. Pollmann J., Ortega J., and Helmig D. Sampling of atmospheric sesquiterpenes: sampling losses and mitigation of ozone interference. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39 (2005) 9620
92. Pollmann J., Helmig D., Hueber J., Tanner D., and Tans P.P. Evaluation of solid adsorbent materials for cryogen-free trapping - gas chromatographic analysis of atmospheric C2-C6 non-methane hydrocarbons. J. Chromatogr. 1134 (2006) 1-15
93. Pressley S., Lamb B., Westberg H., Guenther A., Chen J., and Allwine E. Monoterpene emissions from a Pacific Northwest old-growth forest and impact on regional biogenic VOC emission estimates. Atmos. Environ. 38 (2004) 3089-3098
94. Pressley S., Lamb B., Westberg H., Flaherty J., Chen J., and Vogel C. Long-term isoprene flux measurements above a northern hardwood forest. J. Geophys. Res. (2005) 110 10.1029/2004JD005523 Art. No. D070301
95. 2 uncouples growth from isoprene emission in an agriforest ecosystem. Nature 421 (2003) 256-259
96. Ryerson T.B., Trainer M., Holloway J.S., Parrish D.D., Huey L.G., Sueper D.T., Frost G.J., Donnelly S.G., Schauffler S., Atlas E.L., Kuster W.C., Goldan P.D., Hubler G., Meagher J.F., and Fehsenfeld F.C. Observations of ozone formation in power plant plumes and implications for ozone control strategies. Science 292 (2001) 719-723
97. Schade G.W., and Goldstein A.H. Fluxes of oxygenated volatile organic compounds from a ponderosa pine plantation. J. Geophys. Res. 106 (2001) 3111-3123
98. Schade G.W., Goldstein A.H., Gray D.W., and Lerdau M.T. Canopy and leaf level 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol fluxes from a ponderosa pine plantation. Atmos. Environ. 34 (2000) 3535-3544
99. Schäfer, L., Kesselmeier, J., Helas, G. 1992. Formic and Acetic acid emission from conifers measured with a cuvette technique, in CeC air pollution research 39: field measurements and interpretation of species related to photooxidants and acid deposition. In: Angeletti, G., Beilke, S., Slanina, J. (Eds.), Eur. Comm., Brussels, pp. 319-323.
100. Schuh G., Heiden A.C., Hoffmann T., Kahl J., Rockel P., Rudolph J., and Wildt J. Emissions of volatile organic compounds from sunflower and beech: dependence on temperature and light intensity. J. Atmos. Chem. 27 (1997) 291-318
101. Sharkey T.D., and Yeh S. Isoprene emission from plants. Annu. Rev. Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 52 (2001) 407-436
102. Sharkey T.D., Singsaas E.L., Vanderveer P.J., and Geron C. Field measurements of isoprene emission from trees in response to temperature and light. Tree Physiol. 16 (1996) 649-654
103. Shu Y., and Atkinson R. Atmospheric lifetimes and fate of a series of sesquiterpenes. J. Geophys. Res. 100 (1995) 7275-7281
104. Simon V., Riba M.-L., Waldhart A., and Torres L. Breakthrough volume of monoterpenes on Tenax TA: influence of temperature and concentration for α-pinene. J. Chromatogr. 704 (1995) 465-471
105. Simon V., Riba M.L., Fugit J.L., Dutaur L., and Torres L. Study of isoprene and alpha-pinene breakthrough volume on Tenax TA. Chem. Anal. 41 (1996) 233-240
106. Simon V., Luchetta L., and Torres L. Estimating the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from the French forest ecosystem. Atmos. Environ. 35 Suppl. 1 (2001) S115-S126
107. Singsaas E.L., and Sharkey T.D. The effects of high temperature on isoprene synthesis in oak leaves. Plant Cell Environ. 23 (2000) 751-757
108. Staudt M., Joffre R., and Rambal S. How growth conditions affect the capacity of Quercus ilex leaves to emit monoterpenes. New Phytol. 158 (2003) 61-73
109. Steeghs M., Bais H.P., de Gouw J., Goldan P., Kuster W., Northway M., Fall R., and Vivanco J.M. Proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry as a new tool for real time analysis of root-secreted volatile organic compounds in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 135 (2004) 47-58
110. Steinbrecher R., Hauff K., Rabong R., and Steinbrecher J. Isoprenoid emission of oak species typical for the Mediterranean area: source strength and controlling variables. Atmos. Environ. 31 (1997) 79-88
111. Stewart-Jones A., and Poppy G. Comparison of glass vessels and plastic bags for enclosing living plant parts for headspace analysis. J. Chem. Ecol. 32 (2006) 842-864
112. Strömvall A.M., and Peterson G. Protection of terpenes against oxidative and acid decomposition on adsorbent cartridges. J. Chromatogr. 589 (1992) 385-389
113. Tani A., Hayward S., and Hewitt C.N. Measurement of monoterpenes and related compounds by proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry (PTR-MS). Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 223 (2003) 561-578
114. Tarvainen V., Hakola H., Hellén H., Bäck J., Hari P., and Kulmala M. Temperature and light dependence of the VOC emissions of Scots pine. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 5 (2005) 989-998
115. Tholl D., Boland W., Hansel A., Loreto F., Röse U.S.R., and Schnitzler J.-P. Practical approaches to plant volatile analysis. Plant J. 45 (2006) 540-560
116. VanReken T.M., Greenberg J.P., Harley P.C., Guenther A.B., and Smith J.N. Direct measurement of particle formation and growth from the oxidation of biogenic emissions. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 6 (2006) 4403-4413
117. Vercammen J., Pham-Tuan H., and Sandra P. Automated dynamic sampling system for the on-line monitoring of biogenic emissions from living organisms. J. Chromatogr. A 930 (2001) 39-51
118. Vizuete W., Junquera V., and Allen D.T. Sesquiterpene emissions and secondary organic aerosol formation potentials for Southeast Texas. Aerosol Sci.Technol. 38 (2004) 167-181
119. 3 concentrations. Atmos. Environ. 39 (2005) 1185-1197
120. Winer A.M., Arey J., Atkinson R., and Aschmann S.M. Emission rates of organics from vegetation in California's Central Valley. Atmos. Environ. 26 (1992) 2647-2659
121. Wood G.O. A model for adsorption capacities of charcoal beds. I. Relative humidity effects. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 48 (1987) 622-625
122. Yassaa N., and Williams J. Enantiomeric monoterpene emissions from natural and damaged Scots pine in a boreal coniferous forest measured using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. 1141 (2007) 138-144
123. 2 from the oxidation of hydrocarbon emissions from vegetation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 5 (1978) 679-682