Emissions of isoprenoids and oxygenated biogenic volatile organic compounds from a New England mixed forest

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 11, Issue 10, 2011, Pages 4807-4831

  McKinney, K A ^a   Lee, B H ^b   Vasta, A ^a   Pho, T V ^a,c   Munger, J W ^b  

^a AMHERST COLLEGE   (United States)

^b HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOGENIC EMISSION; EDDY COVARIANCE; EMISSION INVENTORY; FOREST CANOPY; GROWING SEASON; ISOPRENE; ISOPRENOID; METHANOL; MIXED FOREST; MONOTERPENE; OBSERVATIONAL METHOD; SEASONAL VARIATION; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND;

NEW ENGLAND; UNITED STATES;

EID: 79957474772     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-11-4807-2011     Document Type: Article

References (129)

1. Ammann, C., Spirig, C., Neftel, A., Steinbacher, M., Komenda, M., and Schaub, A.: Application of ptr-ms for measurements of biogenic voc in a deciduous forest, Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 239, 87-101, 2004.
2. Andreae, M. O., Artaxo, P., Brandão, C., Carswell, F. E., Cicci-oli, P., da Costa, A. L., Culf, A. D., Esteves, J. L., Gash, J. H. C., Grace, J., Kabat, P., Lelieveld, J., Malhi, Y., Manzi, A. O., Meixner, F. X., Nobre, A. D., Nobre, C., Ruivo, M. d. L. P., Silva-Dias, M. A., Stefani, P., Valentini, R., von Jouanne, J., and Waterloo, M. J.: Biogeochemical cycling of carbon, water, energy, trace gases, and aerosols in amazonia: The lba-eustach experiments, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8066, doi:10.1029/2001jd000524, 2002.
3. Anicich, V. G.: An index of the literature for bimolecular gas phase cation-molecule reaction kinetics, JPL-Publication-03-19, 2003.
4. Atkinson, R.: Atmospheric chemistry of vocs and nox, Atmos. Environ., 34, 2063-2101, 2000.
5. Atkinson, R. and Arey, J.: Atmospheric chemistry of biogenic organic compounds, Acc. Chem. Res., 31, 574-583, 1998. (Pubitemid 128473651)
6. Atkinson, R., Baulch, D. L., Cox, R. A., Crowley, J. N., Hamp-son, R. F., Hynes, R. G., Jenkin, M. E., Rossi, M. J., Troe, J., and IUPAC Subcommittee: Evaluated kinetic and photochemical data for atmospheric chemistry: Volume II - gas phase reactions of organic species, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3625-4055, doi:10.5194/acp-6-3625-2006, 2006. (Pubitemid 44369557)
7. Baker, B., Guenther, A., Greenberg, J., and Fall, R.: Canopy level fluxes of 2-metyl-3-buten-2-ol, acetone and methanol by a portable relaxed eddy accumulation system, Environ. Sci. Tech-nol., 35, 1701-1708, 2001. (Pubitemid 32868192)
8. Blake, R. S., Monks, P. S., and Ellis, A. M.: Proton-transfer reaction mass spectrometry, Chem. Rev., 109, 861-896, doi:10.1021/cr800364q, 2009.
9. Bonn, B. and Moortgat, G. K.: Sesquiterpene ozonolysis: Origin of atmospheric new particle formation from biogenic hydrocarbons, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(4), 1585, doi:10.1029/2003gl017000, 2003.
10. Bouvier-Brown, N. C., Goldstein, A. H., Gilman, J. B., Kuster, W. C., and de Gouw, J. A.: In-situ ambient quantification of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and related oxygenated compounds during BEARPEX 2007: implications for gas- and particle-phase chemistry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5505-5518, doi:10.5194/acp-9-5505-2009, 2009.
11. Chameides, W. L., Lindsay, R. W., Richardson, J., and Kang, C. S.: The role of biogenic hydrocarbons in urban photochemical smog: Atlanta as a case study, Science, 241, 1473-1475, 1988. (Pubitemid 19301803)
12. Ciccioli, P., Fabozzi, C., Brancaleoni, E., Cecinato, A., Frattoni, M., Loreto, F., Kesselmeier, J., Schafer, L., Bode, K., Torres, L., and Fugit, J. L.: Use of the isoprene algorithm for predicting the monoterpene emission from the mediterranean holm oak quer-cus ilex l.: Performance and limits of this approach, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 102, 23319-23328, 1997.
13. Ciccioli, P., Brancaleoni, E., Frattoni, M., Palo, V. D., Valentini, R., Tirone, G., Seufert, G., Bertin, N., Hansen, U., Csiky, O., Lenz, R., and Sharma, M.: Emission of reactive terpene compounds from orange orchards and their removal by within-canopy processes, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 8077-8094, 1999. (Pubitemid 29417095)
14. Cojocariu, C., Kreuzwieser, J., and Rennenberg, H.: Correlation of short-chained carbonyls emitted from picea abies with physio-logical and environmental parameters, New Phytol., 162, 717-727, 2004. (Pubitemid 38700184)
15. Cojocariu, C., Escher, P., Haeberle, K.-H., Matyssek, R., Rennen-berg, H., and Kreuzwieser, J.: The effect of ozone on the emission of carbonyls from leaves of adult fagus sylvatica, Plant, Cell Environ., 28, 603-611, 2005. (Pubitemid 40600388)
16. De Gouw, J. and Warneke, C.: Measurements of volatile organic compounds in the earth's atmosphere using proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry, Mass Spectrom. Rev., 26, 223-257, 2007. (Pubitemid 46491712)
17. De Gouw, J. A., Howard, C. J., Custer, T. G., and Fall, R.: Emissions of volatile organic compounds from cut grass and clover are enhanced during the drying process, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 811-814, 1999. (Pubitemid 29340926)
18. De Gouw, J., Warneke, C., Karl, T., Eerdekens, G., van der Veen, C., and Fall, R.: Sensitivity and specificity of atmospheric trace gas detection by proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry, Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 223-224, 365-382, 2003a.
19. De Gouw, J. A., Goldan, P. D., Warneke, C., Kuster, W. C., Roberts, J. M., Marchewka, M., Bertman, S. B., Pszenny, A. A. P., and Keene, W. C.: Validation of proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) measurements of gas-phase organic compounds in the atmosphere during the new england air quality study (NEAQS) in 2002, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4682, doi:10.1029/ 2003JD003863, 2003b.
20. De Gouw, J. A., Warneke, C., Stohl, A., Wollny, A. G., Brock, C. A., Cooper, O. R., Holloway, J. S., Trainer, M., Fehsenfeld, F. C., Atlas, E. L., Donnelly, S. G., Stroud, V., and Lueb, A.: Volatile organic compounds composition of merged and aged forest fire plumes from alaska and western canada, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D10303, 10.1029/2005jd006175, 2006. (Pubitemid 44043253)
21. Demarcke, M., Amelynck, C., Schoon, N., Dhooghe, F., Rimetz-Planchon, J., Van Langenhove, H., and Dewulf, J.: Laboratory studies in support of the detection of biogenic unsaturated alcohols by proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry, Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 290, 14-21, 2010.
22. Di Carlo, P., Brune, W. H., Martinez, M., Harder, H., Lesher, R., Ren, X., Thornberry, T., Carroll, M. A., Young, V., Shepson, P. B., Riemer, D., Apel, E., and Campbell, C.: Missing oh reactivity in a forest: Evidence for unknown reactive biogenic vocs, Science, 304, 722-725, 2004. (Pubitemid 38560875)
23. Dindorf, T., Kuhn, U., Ganzeveld, L., Schebeske, G., Ciccioli, P., Holzke, C., Koble, R., Seufert, G., and Kesselmeier, J.: Significant light and temperature dependent monoterpene emissions from european beech (fagus sylvatica l.) and their potential impact on the european volatile organic compound budget, J. Geo-phys. Res.-Atmos., 111, 15, D16305, 10.1029/2005jd006751, 2006. (Pubitemid 46290743)
24. Fall, R.: Abundant oxygenates in the atmosphere: A biochemical perspective, Chem. Rev., 103, 4941-4951, 2003.
25. Fall, R. and Benson, A. A.: Leaf methanol - the simplest natural product from plants, Trends Plant Sci., 1, 296-301, 1996. (Pubitemid 27027664)
26. Faloona, I., Tan, D., Brune, W., Hurst, J., Jr., D. B., Couch, T. L., Shepson, P., Apel, E., Riemer, D., Thornberry, T., Carroll, M. A., Sillman, S., Keeler, G. J., Sagady, J., Hooper, D., and Pater-son, K.: Nighttime observations of anomalously high levels of hydroxyl radicals above a deciduous forest canopy, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 24315-24334, 2001.
27. Fehsenfeld, F., Calvert, J., Fall, R., Goldan, P., Guenther, A. B., Hewitt, Nicholas, C., Lamb, B., Liu, S., Trainer, M., Westberg, H., and Zimmermann, P.: Emissions of volatile organic compounds from vegetation and the implications for atmospheric chemistry, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 6, 351-388, 1992.
28. Filella, I., Penuelas, J., and Seco, R.: Short-chained oxygenated voc emissions in pinus halepensis in response to changes in water availability, Acta Physiol. Plant., 31, 311-318, 10.1007/s11738-008-0235-6, 2009.
29. Folkers, A., Huve, K., Ammann, C., Dindorf, T., Kesselmeier, J., Kleist, E., Kuhn, U., Uerlings, R., and Wildt, J.: Methanol emissions from deciduous tree species: Dependence on temperature and light intensity, Plant Biol., 10, 65-75, 2008. (Pubitemid 351495521)
30. Galbally, I. E., and Kirstine, W.: The production of methanol by flowering plants and the global cycle of methanol, J. Atmos. Chem., 43, 195-229, 2002. (Pubitemid 35331279)
31. Goldstein, A. H. and Galbally, I. E.: Known and unexplored organic constituents in the earth's atmosphere, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 1514-1521, 2007. (Pubitemid 46362448)
32. Goldstein, A. H. and Schade, G. W.: Quantifying biogenic and anthropogenic contributions to acetone mixing ratios in a rural environment, Atmos. Environ., 34, 4997-5006, 2000.
33. Goldstein, A. H., Goulden, M. L., Munger, J. W., Wofsy, S. C., and Geron, C. D.: Seasonal course of isoprene emissions from a midlatitude forest, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 31045-31056, 1998. (Pubitemid 128665485)
34. Goldstein, A. H., McKay, M., Kurpius, M. R., Schade, G. W., Lee, A., Holzinger, R., and Rasmussen, R. A.: Forest thinning experiment confirms ozone deposition to forest canopy is dominated by reaction with biogenic vocs, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L22106, doi:10.1029/2004GL021259, 2004. (Pubitemid 40280910)
35. Goulden, M. L., Munger, J. W., Fan, S. M., Daube, B. C., and Wofsy, S. C.: Measurements of carbon sequestration by long-term eddy covariance: Methods and a critical evaluation of accuracy, Global Change Biol., 2, 169-182, 1996.
36. Grabmer, W., Graus, M., Lindinger, C., Wisthaler, A., Rap-pengluck, B., Steinbrecher, R., and Hansel, A.: Disjunct eddy covariance measurements of monoterpene fluxes from a norway spruce forest using ptr-ms, Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 239, 111-115, 2004.
37. Grabmer, W., Kreuzwieser, J., Wisthaler, A., Cojocariu, C., Graus, M., Rennenberg, H., Steigner, D., Steinbrecher, R., and Hansel, A.: Voc emissions from norway spruce (picea abies l. [karst]) twigs in the field-results of a dynamic enclosure study, Atmos. Environ., 40, 128-137, 2006. (Pubitemid 44314106)
38. Graus, M., Hansel, A., Wisthaler, A., Lindinger, C., Forkel, R., Hauff, K., Klauer, M., Pfichner, A., Rappenglück, B., Steigner, D., and Steinbrecher, R.: A relaxed-eddy-accumulation method for the measurement of isoprenoid canopy-fluxes using an online gas-chromatographic technique and ptr-ms simultaneously, Atmos. Environ., 40, 43-54, 2006. (Pubitemid 44301949)
39. Griffin, R. J., Cocker, D. R., III, Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Organic aerosol formation from the oxidation of biogenic hydrocarbons, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 3555-3567, 1999. (Pubitemid 29298432)
40. Grote, R. and Niinemets, U.: Modeling volatile isoprenoid emissions - a story with split ends, Plant Biol., 10, 8-28, doi:10.1055/s-2007-964975, 2008. (Pubitemid 351495515)
41. Guenther, A.: The contribution of reactive carbon emissions from vegetation to the carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems, Chemosphere, 49, 837-844, 2002. (Pubitemid 35167967)
42. Guenther, A., Hewitt, C. N., Erickson, D., Fall, R., Geron, C., Graedel, T., Harley, P., Klinger, L., Lerdau, M., McKay, W. A., Pierce, T., Scholes, B., Steinbrecher, R., Tallamraju, R., Taylor, J., and Zimmerman, P.: A global model of natural volatile organic compound emissions, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 8873-8892, 1995. (Pubitemid 26439580)
43. Guenther, A., Geron, C., Pierce, T., Lamb, B., Harley, P., and Fall, R.: Natural emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen from north america, Atmos. Environ., 34, 2205-2230, 2000. (Pubitemid 30151072)
44. Guenther, A., Karl, T., Harley, P., Wiedinmyer, C., Palmer, P. I., and Geron, C.: Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3181-3210, doi:10.5194/acp-6-3181-2006, 2006. (Pubitemid 44197400)
45. Guenther, A. B., Zimmerman, P. R., Harley, P. C., Monson, R. K., and Fall, R.: Isoprene and monoterpene emission rate variability - model evaluations and sensitivity analyses, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 98, 12609-12617, 1993.
46. Hanson, D. R., Koppes, M., Stoffers, A., Harsdorf, R., and Edelen, K.: Proton transfer mass spectrometry at 11 hpa with a circular glow discharge: Sensitivities and applications, Int. J. Mass Spec-trom., 282, 28-37, 2009.
47. Harley, P., Fridd-Stroud, V., Greenberg, J., Guenther, A., and Vas-concellos, P.: Emission of 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol by pines: A potentially large natural source of reactive carbon to the atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 25479-25486, 1998. (Pubitemid 128700095)
48. Harley, P., Greenberg, J., Niinemets, ., and Guenther, A.: Environmental controls over methanol emission from leaves, Biogeo-sciences, 4, 1083-1099, doi:10.5194/bg-4-1083-2007, 2007. (Pubitemid 350275558)
49. Helmig, D., Ortega, J., Guenther, A., Herrick, J. D., and Geron, C.: Sesquiterpene emissions from loblolly pine and their potential contribution to biogenic aerosol formation in the southeastern us, Atmos. Environ., 40, 4150-4157, 2006. (Pubitemid 43903330)
50. Holzinger, R., Sandoval-Soto, L., Rottenberger, S., Crutzen, P. J., and Kesselmeier, J.: Emissions of volatile organic compounds from quercus ilex l. Measured by proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry under different environmental conditions, J. Geo-phys. Res.-Atmos., 105, 20573-20579, 2000.
51. Holzinger, R., Lee, A., Paw, K. T., and Goldstein, U. A. H.: Observations of oxidation products above a forest imply biogenic emissions of very reactive compounds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 67-75, doi:10.5194/acp-5-67-2005, 2005. (Pubitemid 40335293)
52. Holzinger, R., Lee, A., McKay, M., and Goldstein, A. H.: Seasonal variability of monoterpene emission factors for a ponderosa pine plantation in California, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1267-1274, doi:10.5194/acp-6-1267-2006, 2006. (Pubitemid 44198607)
53. Huve, K., Christ, M. M., Kleist, E., Uerlings, R., Niinemets, U., Walter, A., and Wildt, J.: Simultaneous growth and emission measurements demonstrate an interactive control of methanol release by leaf expansion and stomata, J. Exp. Bot., 58, 1783-1793, doi:10.1093/jxb/erm038, 2007. (Pubitemid 47356018)
54. Janson, R. and de Serves, C.: Acetone and monoterpene emissions from the boreal forest in northern europe, Atmos. Environ., 35, 4629-4637, 2001. (Pubitemid 32706367)
55. Kanakidou, M., Seinfeld, J. H., Pandis, S. N., Barnes, I., Dentener, F. J., Facchini, M. C., Van Dingenen, R., Ervens, B., Nenes, A., Nielsen, C. J., Swietlicki, E., Putaud, J. P., Balkanski, Y., Fuzzi, S., Horth, J., Moortgat, G. K., Winterhalter, R., Myhre, C. E. L., Tsigaridis, K., Vignati, E., Stephanou, E. G., and Wilson, J.: Organic aerosol and global climate modelling: a review, At-mos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1053-1123, doi:10.5194/acp-5-1053-2005, 2005. (Pubitemid 40560480)
56. Karl, T., Fall, R., Crutzen, P. J., Jordan, A., and Lindinger, W.: High concentrations of reactive biogenic vocs at a high altitude site in late autumn, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 507-510, doi:10.1029/2000gl012255, 2001a.
57. Karl, T., Guenther, A., Lindinger, C., Jordan, A., Fall, R., and W. Lindinger: Eddy covariance measurements of oxygenated volatile organic compound fluxes from crop harvesting using a redesigned proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometer, J. Geo-phys. Res., 106, 24157-24167, 2001b.
58. Karl, T., Spirig, C., Rinne, J., Stroud, C., Prevost, P., Greenberg, J., Fall, R., and Guenther, A.: Virtual disjunct eddy covariance measurements of organic compound fluxes from a subalpine forest using proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2, 279-291, 2002, http://www.atmos-chem- phys.net/2/279/2002/.
59. Karl, T., Guenther, A., Spirig, C., Hansel, A., and Fall, R.: Seasonal variation of biogenic voc emissions above a mixed hardwood forest in northern michigan, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2186, doi:10.1029/2003GL018432, 2003.
60. Karl, T., Potosnak, M., Guenther, A., Clark, D., Walker, J., Her-rick, J. D., and Geron, C.: Exchange processes of volatile organic compounds above a tropical rain forest: Implications for modeling tropospheric chemistry above dense vegetation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D18306, doi:10.1029/ 2004JD004738, 2004. (Pubitemid 39621657)
61. Karl, T., Harley, P., Guenther, A., Rasmussen, R., Baker, B., Jar-dine, K., and Nemitz, E.: The bi-directional exchange of oxygenated VOCs between a loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantation and the atmosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 3015-3031, doi:10.5194/acp-5-3015-2005, 2005. (Pubitemid 43078189)
62. Karl, T., Guenther, A., Yokelson, R. J., Greenberg, J., Poto-snak, M., Blake, D. R., and Artaxo, P.: The tropical forest and fire emissions experiment: Emission, chemistry, and transport of biogenic volatile organic compounds in the lower atmosphere over amazonia, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D18302, doi:10.1029/2007JD008539, 2007.
63. Karl, T., Guenther, A., Turnipseed, A., Patton, E. G., and Jardine, K.: Chemical sensing of plant stress at the ecosystem scale, Bio-geosciences, 5, 1287-1294, doi:10.5194/bg-5-1287-2008, 2008.
64. Karl, T., Harley, P., Emmons, L., Thornton, B., Guenther, A., Basu, C., Turnipseed, A., and Jardine, K.: Efficient atmospheric cleansing of oxidized organic trace gases by vegetation, Science, 330, 816-819, doi:10.1126/science. 1192534, 2010.
65. Kavouras, I. G., Mihalopoulos, N., and Stephanou, E. G.: Formation of atmospheric particles from organic acids produced by forests, Nature, 395, 683-686, 1998. (Pubitemid 28475962)
66. Keenan, T., Niinemets, U., Sabate, S., Gracia, C., and Penuelas, J.: Process based inventory of isoprenoid emissions from european forests: Model comparisons, current knowledge and uncertainties, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 4053-4076, 2009, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/4053/2009/.
67. Kesselmeier, J. and Staudt, M.: Biogenic volatile organic compounds (voc): An overview on emission, physiology and ecology, J. Atmos. Chem., 33, 23-88, 1999. (Pubitemid 29151350)
68. Kesselmeier, J., Schafer, L., Ciccioli, P., Brancaleoni, E., Cecinato, A., Frattoni, M., Foster, P., Jacob, V., Denis, J., Fugit, J. L., Du-taur, L., and Torres, L.: Emission of monoterpenes and isoprene from a mediterranean oak species quercus ilex l measured within the bema (biogenic emissions in the mediterranean area) project, Atmos. Environ., 30, 1841-1850, 1996. (Pubitemid 26130365)
69. Kesselmeier, J., Bode, K., Hofmann, U., Müller, H., Schäfer, L., Wolf, A., Ciccioli, P., Brancaleoni, E., Cecinato, A., Frattoni, M., Foster, P., Ferrari, C., Jacob, V., Fugit, J. L., Dutaur, L., Simon, V., and Torres, L.: Emission of short chained organic acids, aldehydes and monoterpenes from quercus ilex l. And pinus pinea l. In relation to physiological activities, carbon budget and emission algorithms, Atmos. Environ., 31, 119-133, 1997. (Pubitemid 28024988)
70. Kesselmeier, J., Ciccioli, P., Kuhn, U., Stefani, P., Biesenthal, T., Rottenberger, S., Wolf, A., Vitullo, M., Valentini, R., No-bre, A., Kabat, P., and Andreae, M. O.: Volatile organic compound emissions in relation to plant carbon fixation and the terrestrial carbon budget, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 16, 1126, 10.1029/2001gb001813, 2002.
71. Kim, S., Karl, T., Helmig, D., Daly, R., Rasmussen, R., and Guen-ther, A.: Measurement of atmospheric sesquiterpenes by proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry (ptr-ms), Atmos. Meas. Tech., 2, 99-112, doi:10.5194/amt-2-99-2009, 2009.
72. Kim, S., Karl, T., Guenther, A., Tyndall, G., Orlando, J., Harley, P., Rasmussen, R., and Apel, E.: Emissions and ambient distributions of Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (BVOC) in a pon-derosa pine ecosystem: interpretation of PTR-MS mass spectra, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 1759-1771, doi:10.5194/acp-10- 1759-2010, 2010.
73. Kirstine, W., Galbally, I., Ye, Y., and Hooper, M.: Emissions of volatile organic compounds (primarily oxygenated species) from pasture, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 10605-10619, 1998. (Pubitemid 128718578)
74. 2 causes seasonal changes in carbonyl emissions from quercus ilex, New Phytol., 154, 327-333, 2002. (Pubitemid 34458304)
75. Kuhn, U., Rottenberger, S., Biesenthal, T., Wolf, A., Schebeske, G., Ciccioli, P., Brancaleoni, E., Frattoni, M., Tavares, T. M., and Kesselmeier, J.: Isoprene and monoterpene emissions of amazonian tree species during the wet season: Direct and indirect investigations on controlling environmental functions, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 8071, doi:10.1029/2001jd000978, 2002.
76. Kuhn, U., Rottenberger, S., Biesenthal, T., Wolf, A., Schebeske, G., Ciccioli, P., Brancaleoni, E., Frattoni, M., Tavares, T. M., and Kesselmeier, J.: Seasonal differences in isoprene and light-dependent monoterpene emission by amazonian tree species, Global Change Biol., 10, 663-682, 10.1111/j.1529-8817. 2003.00771.x, 2004. (Pubitemid 38727997)
77. Kulmala, M., Suni, T., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Dal Maso, M., Boy, M., Reissell, A., Rannik, U., Aalto, P., Keronen, P., Hakola, H., Back, J. B., Hoffmann, T., Vesala, T., and Hari, P.: A new feedback mechanism linking forests, aerosols, and climate, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 557-562, doi:10.5194/acp-4-557-2004, 2004. (Pubitemid 38964718)
78. Laothawornkitkul, J., Taylor, J. E., Paul, N. D., and Hewitt, C. N.: Biogenic volatile organic compounds in the earth system, New Phytol., 183, 27-51, 2009.
79. Lathiere, J., Hauglustaine, D. A., Friend, A. D., De Noblet-Ducoudre, N., Viovy, N., and Folberth, G. A.: Impact of climate variability and land use changes on global biogenic volatile organic compound emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2129-2146, doi:10.5194/acp-6-2129-2006, 2006. (Pubitemid 43980740)
80. Lee, A., Schade, G. W., Holzinger, R., and Goldstein, A. H.: A comparison of new measurements of total monoterpene flux with improved measurements of speciated monoterpene flux, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 505-513, doi:10.5194/acp-5- 505-2005, 2005. (Pubitemid 40405301)
81. Lindinger, W., Hansel, A., and Jordan, A.: On-line monitoring of volatile organic compounds at pptv levels by means of proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (ptr-ms) - medical applications, food control and environmental research, Int. J. Mass Spec-trom. Ion Proc., 173, 191-241, 1998.
82. Loreto, F. and Schnitzler, J.-P.: Abiotic stresses and induced bvocs, Trends Plant Sci., 15, 154-166, 2010.
83. Macdonald, R. C. and Fall, R.: Detection of substantial emissions of methanol from plants to the atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., Part A, 27, 1709-1713, 1993.
84. McMillen, R. T.: An eddy-correlation technique with extended applicability to non-simple terrain, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 43, 231-245, 1988.
85. Moody, J. L., Munger, J. W., Goldstein, A. H., Jacob, D. J., and Wofsy, S. C.: Harvard forest regional-scale air mass composition by patterns in atmospheric transport history (path), Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, 13181-13194, 1998. (Pubitemid 28469503)
86. Moore, K. E., Fitzjarrald, D. R., Sakai, R. K., Goulden, M. L., Munger, J. W., and Wofsy, S. C.: Seasonal variation in radiative and turbulent exchange at a deciduous forest in central massachusetts, J. Appl. Meteorol., 35, 122-134, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1996)035¡0122:SVIRAT¿2.0.CO;2, 1996.
87. Muller, J. F., Stavrakou, T., Wallens, S., De Smedt, I., Van Roozen-dael, M., Potosnak, M. J., Rinne, J., Munger, B., Goldstein, A., and Guenther, A. B.: Global isoprene emissions estimated using megan, ecmwf analyses and a detailed canopy environment model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1329-1341, doi:10.5194/acp-8- 1329-2008, 2008.
88. Munger, J. W., Wofsy, S. C., Bakwin, P. S., Fan, S. M., Goulden, M. L., Daube, B. C., Goldstein, A. H., Moore, K. E., and Fitz-jarrald, D. R.: Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen oxides and ozone in a temperate deciduous forest and a subarctic woodland .1. Measurements and mechanisms, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 101, 12639-12657, 1996. (Pubitemid 27119193)
89. Munger, J. W., Fan, S.-M., Bakwin, P. S., Goulden, M. L., Goldstein, A. H., Colman, A. S., and Wofsy, S. C.: Regional budgets for nitrogen oxides from continental sources: Variations of rates for oxidation and deposition with season and distance from source regions, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 8355-8368, doi:10.1029/98jd00168, 1998. (Pubitemid 28388673)
90. Munger, W. and Wofsy, S.: Ems - biomass inventories: Hf069, in, Harvard Forest Data Archive, 1999.
91. Nemecek Marshall, M., Macdonald, R. C., Franzen, F. J., Woj-ciechowski, C. L., and Fall, R.: Methanol emission from leaves - enzymatic detection of gas-phase methanol and relation of methanol fluxes to stomatal conductance and leaf development, Plant Physiol., 108, 1359-1368, 1995.
92. Ng, N. L., Kroll, J. H., Keywood, M. D., Bahreini, R., Varut-bangkul, V., Flagan, R. C., Seinfeld, J. H., Lee, A., and Goldstein, A. H.: Contribution of first- versus second-generation products to secondary organic aerosols formed in the oxidation of biogenic hydrocarbons, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 2283-2297, doi:10.1021/es052269u, 2006.
93. Niinemets, U. and Reichstein, M.: Controls on the emission of plant volatiles through stomata: Differential sensitivity of emission rates to stomatal closure explained, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4208, doi:10.1029/2002jd002620, 2003a.
94. Niinemets, U. and Reichstein, M.: Controls on the emission of plant volatiles through stomata: A sensitivity analysis, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4211, doi:10.1029/2002jd002626, 2003b.
95. Niinemets, U., Reichstein, M., Staudt, M., Seufert, G., and Ten-hunen, J. D.: Stomatal constraints may affect emission of oxygenated monoterpenoids from the foliage of pinus pinea, Plant Physiol., 130, 1371-1385, doi:10.1104/pp. 009670, 2002. (Pubitemid 35352962)
96. Niinemets, U., Loreto, F., and Reichstein, M.: Physiological and physicochemical controls on foliar volatile organic compound emissions, Trends Plant Sci., 9, 180-186, doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2004.02.006, 2004. (Pubitemid 38448757)
97. O'Keefe, J.: Phenology of woody species: Hf003, in, Harvard Forest Data Archive, 2000.
98. Ortega, J., Helmig, D., Guenther, A., Harley, P., Pressley, S., and Vogel, C.: Flux estimates and oh reaction potential of reactive biogenic volatile organic compounds (bvocs) from a mixed northern hardwood forest, Atmos. Environ., 41, 5479-5495, 2007. (Pubitemid 47043522)
99. Ortega, J., Helmig, D., Daly, R. W., Tanner, D. M., Guenther, A. B., and Herrick, J. D.: Approaches for quantifying reactive and low-volatility biogenic organic compound emissions by vegetation enclosure techniques - part b: Applications, Chemosphere, 72, 365-380, doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.02.054, 2008.
100. Owen, S. M., Boissard, C., and Hewitt, C. N.: Volatile organic compounds (vocs) emitted from 40 mediterranean plant species: : Voc speciation and extrapolation to habitat scale, Atmos. Environ., 35, 5393-5409, 2001. (Pubitemid 33041400)
101. Papale, D., Reichstein, M., Aubinet, M., Canfora, E., Bernhofer, C., Kutsch, W., Longdoz, B., Rambal, S., Valentini, R., Vesala, T., and Yakir, D.: Towards a standardized processing of Net Ecosystem Exchange measured with eddy covariance technique: algorithms and uncertainty estimation, Biogeosciences, 3, 571-583, doi:10.5194/bg-3-571-2006, 2006. (Pubitemid 44832307)
102. Peñuelas, J. and Llusia, J.: Bvocs: Plant defense against climate warming, Trends Plant Sci., 8, 105-109, doi:10.1016/s1360-1385(03)00008-6, 2003. (Pubitemid 36726465)
103. Peñuelas, J. and Staudt, M.: Bvocs and global change, Trends Plant Sci., 15, 133-144, 2010.
104. Pressley, S., Lamb, B., Westberg, H., Flaherty, J., Chen, J., and Vogel, C.: Long-term isoprene flux measurements above a northern hardwood forest, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D07301, doi:10.1029/2004JD005523, 2005. (Pubitemid 43066293)
105. Richardson, A. D. and O'Keefe, J. F.: Phenological differences between understory and overstory: A case study using the long-term harvard forest records, in: Phenology of ecosystem processes, edited by: Noormets, A., Springer Science & Business Media, Heidelberg, Germany, 87-117, 2009.
106. Richardson, A. D., Hollinger, D. Y., Dail, D. B., Lee, J. T., Munger, J. W., and O'Keefe, J.: Influence of spring phenology on seasonal and annual carbon balance in two contrasting new england forests, Tree Physiol., 29, 321-331, doi:10.1093/treephys/tpn040, 2009.
107. Rinne, H. J. I., Guenther, A. B., Warneke, C., Gouw, J. A. d., and Luxembourg, S. L.: Disjunct eddy covariance technique for trace gas flux measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 3139-3142, 2001. (Pubitemid 32914194)
108. Rinne, H. J. I., Guenther, A. B., Greenberg, J. P., and Harley, P. C.: Isoprene and monoterpene fluxes measured above amazonian rainforest and their dependence on light and temperature, Atmos. Environ., 36, 2421-2426, 2002. (Pubitemid 34626270)
109. Rinne, J., Taipale, R., Markkanen, T., Ruuskanen, T. M., Helln, H., Kajos, M. K., Vesala, T., and Kulmala, M.: Hydrocarbon fluxes above a Scots pine forest canopy: measurements and modeling, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 3361-3372, doi:10.5194/acp-7-3361-2007, 2007. (Pubitemid 47013650)
110. Sakai, R. K., Fitzjarrald, D. R., and Moore, K. E.: Importance of low-frequency contributions to eddy fluxes observed over rough surfaces, J. Appl. Meteorol., 40, 2178-2192, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040¡2178: IOLFCT¿2.0.CO; 2, 2001. (Pubitemid 34077821)
111. Sander, R.: Compilation of henry's law constants for inorganic and organic species of potential importance in environmental chemistry (version 3): http://www.henrys-law.org, 1999.
112. Schade, G. W. and Custer, T. G.: Ovoc emissions from agricultural soil in northern germany during the 2003 european heat wave, Atmos. Environ., 38, 6105-6114, 2004. (Pubitemid 39445785)
113. Schade, G. W. and Goldstein, A. H.: Fluxes of oxygenated volatile organic compounds from a ponderosa pine plantation, J. Geo-phys. Res., 106, 3111-3123, 2001.
114. Seco, R., Penuelas, J., and Filella, I.: Short-chain oxygenated vocs: Emission and uptake by plants and atmospheric sources, sinks, and concentrations, Atmos. Environ., 41, 2477-2499, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.11. 029, 2007. (Pubitemid 46437394)
115. Sharkey, T. D., Wiberley, A. E., and Donohue, A. R.: Isoprene emission from plants: Why and how, Ann. Bot., 101, 5-18, 2008. (Pubitemid 350274502)
116. Smith, D. and Spanel, P.: Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (sift-ms) for on-line trace gas analysis, Mass Spectrom. Rev., 24, 661-700, 2005. (Pubitemid 41615714)
117. Spirig, C., Neftel, A., Ammann, C., Dommen, J., Grabmer, W., Thielmann, A., Schaub, A., Beauchamp, J., Wisthaler, A., and Hansel, A.: Eddy covariance flux measurements of biogenic VOCs during ECHO 2003 using proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 465-481, doi:10.5194/acp-5- 465-2005, 2005. (Pubitemid 40405298)
118. Steinbacher, M., Dommen, J., Ammann, C., Spirig, C., Neftel, A., and Prevot, A. S. H.: Performance characteristics of a proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometer (ptr-ms) derived from laboratory and field measurements, Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 239, 117-128, 2004. (Pubitemid 40690552)
119. Su, T. and Chesnavich, W. J.: Parametrization of the ion-polar molecule collision rate constant by trajectory calculations, The Journal of Chemical Physics, 76, 5183-5185, 1982.
120. Taipale, R., Ruuskanen, T. M., Rinne, J., Kajos, M. K., Hakola, H., Pohja, T., and Kulmala, M.: Technical Note: Quantitative long-term measurements of VOC concentrations by PTR-MS - measurement, calibration, and volume mixing ratio calculation methods, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6681-6698, doi:10.5194/acp-8-6681-2008, 2008.
121. Tani, A., Hayward, S., and Hewitt, C. N.: Measurement of monoter-penes and related compounds by proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry (ptr-ms), Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 223-224, 561-578, 2003.
122. 2 exchange on timescales from hourly to decadal at harvard forest, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeosci., 112, 25, G02020, doi:10.1029/2006jg000293, 2007. (Pubitemid 47351090)
123. Vickers, D. and Mahrt, L.: Quality control and flux sampling problems for tower and aircraft data, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 14, 512-526, 1997. (Pubitemid 127611555)
124. Warneke, C., Karl, T., Judmaier, H., Hansel, A., Jordan, A., and Lindinger, W.: Acetone, methanol, and other partially oxidized volatile organic emissions from dead plant matter by abiological processes: Significance for atmospheric hox chemistry, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 13, 9-17, 1999. (Pubitemid 29365960)
125. Warneke, C., Luxembourg, S. L., de Gouw, J. A., Rinne, H. J. I., Guenther, A. B., and Fall, R.: Disjunct eddy covariance measurements of oxygenated volatile organic compounds fluxes from an alfalfa field before and after cutting, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 4067 10.1029/2001JD000594 2002.
126. Warneke, C., Gouw, J. A. d., Kuster, W. C., Goldan, P. D., and Fall, R.: Validation of atmospheric voc measurements by proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry using a gas-chromatographic preseparation method, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 2494-2501, 2003. (Pubitemid 36644757)
127. Winters, A. J., Adams, M. A., Bleby, T. M., Rennenberg, H., Steigner, D.,
128. 2 in a midlatitude forest, Science, 260, 1314-1317, 1993. (Pubitemid 23383058)
129. Zhao, J. and Zhang, R.: Proton transfer reaction rate constants between hydronium ion (H3O+) and volatile organic compounds, Atmos. Environ., 38, 2177-2185, 2004. (Pubitemid 38519783)