The evidence for shrub expansion in Northern Alaska and the Pan-Arctic

Global Change Biology

Volumn 12, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 686-702

  Tape, Ken ^a   Sturm, Matthew ^b   Racine, Charles ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALASKA FAIRBANKS   (United States)

^b USA CRREL Alaska   (United States)

^c Engineering Research and Development Center   (United States)

Author keywords

Arctic; Climate change; Greening; Shrubs; Tundra

Indexed keywords

AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY; GLOBAL WARMING; RANGE EXPANSION; REMOTE SENSING; SHRUB; TUNDRA; VEGETATION DYNAMICS;

ALASKA; ARCTIC; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;

BETULA NANA; BETULACEAE; SALIX;

EID: 33645510833     PISSN: 13541013     EISSN: 13652486     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01128.x     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. ACIA, (2004) Impacts of a Warming Arctic: Arctic Climate Impact Assessment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
2. Arendt AA, Echelmeyer KA, Harrison WD et al. (2002) Rapid wastage of Alaska Glaciers and their contribution to rising Sea level. Science, 297, 382-386.
3. Beringer J, Chapin III FS, Thompson CD et al. (2005) Surface energy exchanges along a tundra-forest transition and feedbacks to climate. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 131, 143-161.
4. Bockheim JG, O'Brien JD, Munroe JS et al. (2003) Factors affecting the distribution of Populus balsamifera on the north slope of Alaska, U.S.A. Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research, 35, 331-340.
5. Bockheim JG, Walker DA, Everett LR et al. (1998) Soils and cryoturbation in moist Nonacidic and Acidic Tundra in the Kuparuk River Basin, Arctic Alaska, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research, 30-2, 166-174.
6. Bret-Harte S (2005) Tooled Lake plots, unpublished data, May 2005.
7. Brown J, Ferrians OJ, Heginbottom JA et al. (1997) Circum-Arctic Map of Permafrost and Ground-Ice Conditions. US Geological survey, Reston.
8. CAVM Team (2003) Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Map. Scale 1:7500000. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) Map No. 1. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, Alaska.
9. Chapin III FS, Shaver GR (1981) Changes in soil properties and vegetation following disturbance of Alaskan Arctic tundra. Journal of Applied Ecology, 18, 605-617.
10. Chapin III FS, Shaver GR, Giblin AE et al. (1995) Responses of Arctic Tundra to experimental and observed changes in climate. Ecology, 76-3, 694-711.
11. Conradie JK (2003) Modelling Population Dynamics of Leysera gnaphalodes in Namaqualand, South Africa, Ph.D. Thesis University of Pretoria, Pretoria.
12. Ebersole JJ, Webber PJ (1983) Biological Decomposition and Plant Succession Following Disturbance on the Arctic Coastal Plain, Alaska Proceedingsof the fourth International Conference on Permafrost. National Academy Press, Washington, DC pp. 266-271.
13. Emmel TC (1973) An Introduction to Ecology and Population Biology. Norton, New York.
14. Forbes BC, Erbersole JJ, Strandberg B (2001) Anthropogenic disturbance and patch dynamics in circumpolar arctic ecosystems. Conservation Biology, 15, 954-969.
15. Fung I (1997) A greener north. Nature, 386, 659-660.
16. Gilbert H, Payette S (1982) Ecologie des populations d'Aulne Vert (Alnus crispa (Ait.) Pursh) a la Limite des Forets Quebec Nordique. Geographie physique et Quaternaire, 36-1-2, 109-124.
17. Goetz SJ, Bunn AG, Fiske GJ et al. (2005) Satellite-observed photosynthetic trends across boreal North America associated with climate and fire disturbance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102-38, 13521-13525.
18. Grogan P (2005) personal communication, April 2005.
19. Hinzman LD et al. (2005) Evidence and implications of recent climate change in Northern Alaska and other arctic regions. Climatic Change, 72, 251-298.
20. Hollister RD, Webber PJ, Tweedie CE (2005) The response of Alaskan arctic tundra to experimental warming: Differences between short- and long-term responses. Global Change Biology, 11, 525-536.
21. Hope AS, Kimball JS, Stow DA (1993) The relationship between tussock tundra spectral reflectance properties and biomass and vegetation composition. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 14-10, 1861-1874.
22. Jagerbrand AK (2005) Subarctic bryophyte ecology: Phenotypic variation and responses to simulated environmental change. Ph.D. Dissertation, Gotenborg University.
23. Jia GJ, Epstein HE, Walker DA (2003) Greening of arctic Alaska, 1981-2001. Geophysical Research Letters, 30-20, 2067.
24. Jia GJ, Epstein HE, Walker DA (2004) Controls over intra-seasonal dynamics of AVHRR NDVI for the Arctic tundra in northern Alaska. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 25-9, 1547-1564.
25. Jorgenson J, Buchholtz CA (2005) Eighteen years of vegetation monitoring in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska. Proceedings of the SEARCH Open Science Meeting, 27-30 October, 2003, Arctic Research Consortium of the US, Fairbanks, AK.
26. Kingsland S (1982) The refractory model: The logistics curve and the history of population ecology. Quarterly Review of Biology, 57, 29-51.
27. Kolbert E (2005) The climate of man. The New Yorker Magazine, Issue 2005-05-09.
28. Lantz T, Henry G (2005) personal communication, May 2005.
29. Lloyd AH, Rupp TS, Fastie CL et al. (2003) Patterns and dynamics of treeline advance on the Seward Peninsula, Alaska. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108-D2, Alt 2, 1-15.
30. MacArthur RH (1972) Geographical Ecology: Patterns in the Distribution of Species. Harper & Row, New York.
31. Mack MC, Shuur EAG, Bret-Harte MS et al. (2004) Ecosystem carbon storage in arctic tundra reduced by long-term nutrient fertilization. Nature, 431, 440-443.
32. McFadden JP, Chapin III FS, Hollinger DY (1998) Subgrid-scale variability in the surface energy balance of arctic tundra. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103-22, 28947-28961.
33. Moffitt FH (1959) Photogrammetry, 2nd edn. International Textbook Company, Scranton, PA.
34. Myneni RB, Keeling CD, Tucker CJ et al. (1997) Increased plant growth in the northern high latitudes from 1981 to 1991. Nature, 38, 698-702.
35. Myneni RB, Tucker CJ, Asrar G et al. (1998) Interannual variations in satellite-sensed vegetation index data from 1981 to 1991. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103-D6, 6145-6160.
36. Nickels S, Furgal C, Castleden J et al. (2002) Putting the human face on climate change through community workshops. In: The Earth is Faster Now: Indigenous Observations of Arctic Environmental Change (eds Krupnik I, Jolly D), pp. 300-333. ARCUS, Fairbanks, AK.
37. Overpeck J, Hughen K, Hardy D et al. (1997) Arctic environmental change of the last four centuries. Science, 278, 1251-1256.
38. Overpeck JT, Sturm M, Francis JA et al. (2005) Arctic system on trajectory to new, seasonally ice-free state. EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 86, 1-5.
39. Payette S (2005) Personal Communication, May 2005.
40. Reed JC (1958) Exploration of naval petroleum Reserve no. 4 and adjacent areas: Northern Alaska, 1944-53. Geological Survey Professional Paper 301.
41. Rothrock DA, Zhang J, Yu Y (2003) The arctic ice thickness anomaly of the 1990s: A consistent view from observations and models. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108-C3, 28: 1-10.
42. Serreze MC, Walsh JE, Chapin III FS et al. (2000) Observational evidence of recent change in the northern high-latitude environment. Climatic Change, 46, 159-207.
43. Shabanov NV, Zhou L, Knyazikhin Y et al. (2002) Analysis of interannual changes in northern vegetation activity observed in AVHRR data from 1981 to 1994. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 40-1, 115-130.
44. Shvartsman YG, Barzut VM, Vidyakina SV et al. (1999) Climate variations and dynamic ecosystems of the Arkhangelsk. Chemosphere -Global Change Science, 1, 417-428.
45. Stow D, Daeschner S, Hope A et al. (2003) Variability of the seasonally integrated normalized difference vegetation index across the North Slope of Alaska in the 1990s. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 24-5, 1111-1117.
46. Stow DA, Hope A, McGuire D et al. (2004) Remote sensing of vegetation and land-cover change in Arctic Tundra Ecosystems. Remote Sensing of Environment, 89, 281-308.
47. Stroeve JC, Serreze MC, Fetterer F et al. (2005) Tracking the Arctic's shrinking ice cover: Another extreme September minimum in 2004. Geophysical Research Letters, 32, 1-4.
48. Sturm M, Douglas T, Racine R et al. (2005) Changing snow and shrub conditions affect albedo with global implications. Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, 1-13, doi 10.1029/2005JG000013.
49. Sturm M, McFadden JP, Liston GE et al. (2001) Snow-shrub interactions in Arctic tundra: A hypothesis with climatic implications. Journal of Climate, 14, 336-344.
50. Sturm M, Perovich DK, Serreze M (2003) Meltdown in the North. Scientific American, October, 60-67.
51. Sturm M, Racine C, Tape K (2001) Increasing shrub abundance in the Arctic. Nature, 411, 546-547.
52. Sturm M, Schimel J, Michelson G et al. (2005) Winter biological processes could help convert Arctic Tundra to Shrubland. Bioscience, 55-1, 17-26.
53. Thorpe N, Eyegetok S, Hakongak N et al. (2002) The earth faster now: indigenous observations of Arctic environmental change. In: Nowadays it is Not the Same (eds Krupnik I, Jolly D), pp. 200-240. ARCUS, Fairbanks, AK.
54. Tucker CJ, Sellers PJ (1986) Satellite remote sensing of primary production. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 7-11, 1395-1416.
55. van Wijk MT, Clemmensen KE (2004) Long-term ecosystem level experiments at Toolik Lake, Alaska and at Abisko, Northern Sweden: Generalizations and differences in ecosystem and plant type responses to global change. Global Change Biology, 10, 105-123.
56. Wahren CHA, Walker MD, Bret-Harte MS (2005) Vegetation responses in Alaskan arctic tundra after eight years of a summer warming and winter snow manipulation experiment. Global Change Biology, 11, 537-552.
57. Wahrhaftig C (1965) Physiographic divisions of Alaska US Geological Survey Professional Paper 482, US Geological Survey, 52 pp.
58. Walker DA, Walker MD (1991) History and pattern of disturbance in Alaskan Arctic Terrestrial Ecosystems: A hierarchical approach to analyzing landscape change. Journal of Applied Ecology, 28, 244-276.
59. Weintraub MN, Schimel JP (2005) Nitrogen cycling and the spread of shrubs control changes in the carbon balance of the arctic tundra ecosystems. BioScience, 55, 408-415.
60. Zhou L, Tucker CJ, Kaufmann RK et al. (2001) Variations in northern vegetation activity inferred from satellite data of vegetation index during 1981 to 1999. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106-D17, 20,069-20,083.