Social environments, social tactics and their fitness consequences in complex mammalian societies

Social Behaviour: Genes, Ecology and Evolution

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 360-390

  East, Marion L ^a   Hofer, Heribert ^a  

^a LEIBNIZ INSTITUTE FOR ZOO AND WILDLIFE RESEARCH   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84874310221     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511781360.029     Document Type: Chapter

References (267)

1. Abbott, D. A., Saltzman, W., Schultz-Darken, N. J. & Tannenbaum, P. L. (1998) Adaptations to subordinate status in female marmoset monkeys. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C, 119, 261–274.
2. Alexander, R. D. (1974) The evolution of social behaviour. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 5, 325–383.
3. Altmann, J., Altmann, S. & Hausfater, G. (1988) Determinants of reproductive success in savannah baboons (Papio cynocephalus). In: Reproductive Success, ed. T. H. Clutton-Brock. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp.403–418.
4. Andersson, M. (1994) Sexual Selection. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
5. Aureli, F. & de Waal, F. B. M. (2000) Natural Conflict Resolution. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
6. Axelrod, R. & Hamilton, W. D. (1981) The evolution of cooperation. Science, 211, 1390–1396.
7. Barnard, C. & Burk, T. (1979) Dominance hierarchies and the evolution of individual recognition. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 81, 65–73.
8. Barrett, L. & Henzi, S. P. (2001) The utility of grooming in baboon troops. In: Economics in Nature. Social Dilemmas, Mate Choice and Biological Markets, ed. R. Noë, J. A. R. A. M. van Hooff & P. Hammerstein. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 119–145.
9. Barrett, L., Henzi, S. P., Weingrill, T., Lycett, J. E. & Hill, R. A. (1999) Market forces predict grooming reciprocity in female baboons. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 266, 665–670.
10. Barton, R. & Dunbar, R. I. M. (1997) Evolution of the social brain. In Machiavellian Intelligence II, ed. R. Byrne & A. Whiten. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 240–263.
11. Beekman, M., Komdeur, J. & Ratnieks, F. L. W. (2003) Reproductive conflicts in social animals: who has power? Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 18, 277–282.
12. Behr, O. & von Helversen, O. (2004) Bat serenades: complex courtship songs of the sac-winged bat (Saccopteryx bilineata). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 56,106–115.
13. Bennett, N. C., Faulkes, C. G. & Spinks, A. C. (1997) LH responses to single doses of exogenous GnRH by social Mashona mole-rats: a continuum of socially induced infertility in the family Bathyergidae. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 264, 1001–1006.
14. Bercovitch, F. B. (1988) Coalitions, cooperation and reproductive tactics among adult male baboons. Animal Behaviour, 36, 1198–1209.
15. Bergman, T. J., Beehner, C. J., Cheney, D. L. & Seyfarth, R. M. (2003) Hierarchial classification by rank and kinship in baboons. Science, 302, 1234–1236.
16. Bernardo, J. (1996) Maternal effects in animal ecology. American Zoologist, 36, 83–105.
17. Bernstein, I. S. (1981) Dominance: the baby and the bathwater. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 4, 419–457.
18. Bertram, B. (1978) Living in groups: predators and prey. In: Behavioural Ecology: an Evolutionary Approach, ed. J. R. Krebs & N. B. Davies. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 64–96.
19. Birkhead, T. R. & Møller A. P., eds. (1998) Sperm Competition and Sexual Selection. London: Academic Press.
20. Bonabeau, E., Theraulaz, G. & Deneubourg, J.-L. (1996) Mathematical model of self-organizing hierarchies in animal societies. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, 58, 661–717.
21. Bonanni, R., Cafazzo, S., Fantini, C., Pontier, D. & Natoli, E. (2007) Feeding-order in an urban feral domestic cat colony: relationship to dominance rank, sex and age. Animal Behaviour, 74, 1369–1379.
22. Boughman, J. W. & Wilkinson, G. S. (1998) Greater spearnosed bats discriminate group mates by vocalizations. Animal Behaviour, 55, 1717–1732.
23. Boyd, R. & Silk, J. B. (1983) A method for assigning cardinal dominance ranks. Animal Behaviour, 31, 45–58.
24. Bradbury, J. W. & Vehrencamp, S. L. (1998) Principles of Animal Communication. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
25. Brockmann, D. K., Whitten, P. L., Richard, A. F. & Benander, B. (2001) Birth season testosterone levels in male Verrauxi’s sifaka, Propithecus verreauxi: insights into socio-demographic factors mediating seasonal testicular function. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 49, 117–127.
26. Bro-Jørgensen, J. (2007) Reversed sexual conflict in a promiscuous antelope. Current Biology, 17, 2157–2161.
27. Broom, A. (2002) A unified model of dominance hierarchy formation and maintenance. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 219, 63–72.
28. Bshary, R., Wickler, W. & Fricke, H. W. (2002) Fish cognition: a primate’s eye view. Animal Cognition, 5, 1–13.
29. Bshary, R., Salwiczek, L. H. & Wickler, W. (2007) Social cognition in non-primates. In: The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology, ed. R. I. M. Dunbar & L. Barrett. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 83–101.
30. Burgener, N., East, M. L., Hofer, H. & Dehnhard, M. (2008) Do spotted hyena scent marks code for clan membership? In: Chemical Communication in Vertebrates XI, ed. J. Hurst, R. Beynon and D. Müller-Schwarze. Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 169–177.
31. Burgener, N., East, M. L., Hofer, H. & Dehnhard, M. (2009) Does anal scent signal identity in the spotted hyena? Animal Behaviour, 77, 707–715.
32. Burrows, R. (1995) Demographic changes and social consequences in wild dogs, 1964–1992. In: Serengeti II: Dynamics, Management and Conservation of an Ecosystem, ed. A. R. E. Sinclair & P. Arcese. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 400–420.
33. Burrows, R. (2004) Pack cohesion in the African wild dog, Lycaon pictus, and a ‘young-male first’ protocol in the acquisition of dominance. Advances in Ethology, 38, 124.
34. Bygott, J. D., Bertram, B. C. R. & Handy, J. P. (1979) Male lions in large coalitions gain reproductive advantages. Nature, 282, 839–841.
35. Cant, M. A. (2003) Patterns of helping effortin co-operatively breeding banded mongooses (Mungos mungo). Journal of Zoology London, 259, 115–121.
36. Chapais, B. & Berman, C. M. (2004) Kinship and Behavior in Primates. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
37. Charnov, E. L. (1991) Evolution of life history variation among female mammals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 88, 1134–1137.
38. Chase, I., Bartolomeo, C. & Dugatkin, L. A. (1994) Aggressive interactions and inter-contest interval: how long do winners keep winning? Animal Behaviour, 48, 393–400.
39. Chase, I. D., Tovey, C., Spangler-Martin, D. & Manfredonia, M. (2002) Individual differences versus social dynamics in the formation of animal dominance hierarchies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 99, 5744–5749.
40. Cheney, D. L. (1992) Intragroup cohesion and intergroup hostility: the relation between grooming distribution and intergroup competition among female primates. Behavioral Ecology, 3, 334–345.
41. Cheney, D. L. & Seyfarth, R. M. (1980) Vocal recognition in free-ranging vervet monkeys. Animal Behaviour, 28, 362–367.
42. Cheney, D. L. & Seyfarth, R. M. (1999) Recognition of other individuals’ social relationships by female baboons. Animal Behaviour, 58, 67–75.
43. Cheney, D. L. & Seyfarth, R. M. (2007) Baboon Metaphysics. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
44. Cheney, D. L., Seyfarth, R. M., Andelman S. J. & Lee, P. C. (1988) Reproductive success in vervet moneys. In: Reproductive Success, ed. T. H. Clutton-Brock. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 384–402.
45. Clarke, F. M., Miethe, G. H. & Bennett, N. C. (2001) Reproductive suppression in female Damaraland molerats Cryptomys damarensis: dominant control or self-restraint? Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 268, 899–909.
46. Clutton-Brock, T. H. (1988) Reproductive Success: Studies of Individual Variation in Contrasting Breeding Systems. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
47. Clutton-Brock, T. H. (1998) Reproductive skew, concession and limited control. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 13, 288–292.
48. Clutton-Brock, T. H. & Parker, G.A. (1995) Sexual coercion in animal societies. Animal Behaviour, 49, 1345–1365.
49. Clutton-Brock, T. H. & Vincent, A. C. J. (1991) Sexual selection and the potential reproductive rates of males and females. Nature, 351, 58–60.
50. Clutton-Brock, T. H., Albon, S. D. & Guinness, F. E. (1986) Great expectations: dominance, breeding success and offspring sex ratios in red deer. Animal Behaviour, 34, 460–471.
51. Clutton-Brock, T. H., Brotherton, P. N. M., Russell, A. F. et al.(2001) Cooperation, conflict and concession in meerkat groups. Science, 291, 478–481.
52. Connor, R., Heithaus, M. & Barre, L. (1999) Superalliance of bottlenose dolphins. Nature, 397, 571–572.
53. Coulson, T., Benton, T. G., Lundberg, P. et al. (2006) Estimating individual contributions to population growth: evolutionary fitness in ecological time. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 273, 547–555.
54. Creel, S. & Creel, N. M. (2002) The African Wild Dog: Behavior, Ecology and Conservation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
55. Creel, S. & Waser, P. M. (1994) Inclusive fitness and reproductive strategies in dwarf mongooses. Behavioral Ecology, 5, 339–348.
56. Creel, S., Creel, N. M., Wildt, D. E. & Montfort, S. L. (1992) Behavioural and endocrine mechanisms of reproductive suppression in Serengeti dwarf mongooses. Animal Behaviour, 43, 231–245.
57. Creel, S., Wildt, D. E. & Monfort, S. L. (1993) Aggression, reproduction, and androgens in wild dwarf mongooses: a test of the challenge hypothesis. American Naturalist, 141, 816–825.
58. Creel, S., Creel, N. M., Mills, M. G. L. & Monfort, S. L. (1997) Rank and reproduction in cooperatively breeding African wild dogs: behavioural and endocrine correlates. Behavioral Ecology, 8, 298–306.
59. Croft, D. P., James, R. & Krause, J. (2008) Exploring Animal Social Networks. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
60. Curno, O., Behnke, J. M., McElligott, A. G., Reader, T, & Barnard, C. J. (2009) Mothers produce less aggressive sons with altered immunity when there is a threat of disease during pregnancy. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 276, 1047–1054.
61. Dali, S. R. X., Giraldeau, L.-A., Olsson, O., McNamara, J. M. & Stephens, D. W. (2005) Information and its use in evolutionary ecology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 20, 187–193.
62. Danchin, É., Giraldeau, L.-A., Valone, T. J. & Wagner, R. H. (2004) Public information: from nosy neighbors to cultural evolution. Science, 305, 487–491.
63. Darwin, C. (1871) The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. London: John Murray.
64. Dewsbury, D. A. (1988) A test of the role of copulatory plugs in sperm competition in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus). Journal of Mammalogy, 69, 854–857.
65. Digby, L. J. (1995) Infant care, infanticide and female reproductive strategies in polygynous groups of common marmosets (Calithrix jacchus). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 37, 51–61.
66. Dloniak, S. M., French, J. A. & Holekamp, K. E. (2006a) Rank related maternal effects of androgens on behaviour in wild spotted hyaenas. Nature, 440, 1190–1193.
67. Dloniak, S. M., French, J. A. & Holekamp, K. E. (2006b) Faecal androgen concentrations in adult male spotted hyaenas, Crocuta crocuta, reflect interactions with socially dominant females. Animal Behaviour, 71, 27–37.
68. Drummond, H. & Canales, C. (1998) Dominance between booby nestlings involves winner and loser effects. Animal Behaviour, 55, 1669–1676.
69. Dugatkin, L. A. (1997) Winner effects, loser effects and the structure of dominance hierarchies. Behavioral Ecology, 8, 583–587.
70. Dugatkin, L. A. (2001) Bystander effects and the structure of dominance hierarchies. Behavioral Ecology, 12, 348–352.
71. Dugatkin, L. A. & Earley, R. L. (2004) Individual recognition, dominance hierarchies and winner and loser effects. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 271, 1537–1540.
72. Dunbar, R. I. M. (1991) Functional significance of social grooming in primates. Folia Primatologica, 57, 121–131.
73. Dunbar, R. I. M. (1998) The social brain hypothesis. Evolutionary Anthropology, 6, 178–190.
74. Dunbar, R. I. M. & Shultz, S. (2007) Evolution in the social brain. Science, 317, 1344–1347.
75. Earley, R. L. & Dugatkin, L. A. (2002) Eavesdropping on visual cues in green swordtail (Xiphophorus helleri) fights: a case for networking. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 269, 943–952.
76. East, M. L. & Hofer, H. (1991a) Loud calling in a female-dominated mammalian society: I. Structure and composition of whooping bouts of spotted hyaenas, Crocuta crocuta. Animal Behaviour, 42, 637–649.
77. East, M. L. & Hofer, H. (1991b) Loud calling in a female-dominated mammalian society: II. Behavioural contexts and functions of whooping of spotted hyaenas, Crocuta crocuta. Animal Behaviour, 42, 651–669.
78. East, M. L. &Hofer, H. (1997) The peniform clitoris of female spotted hyaenas. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 12, 401–402.
79. East, M. L. & Hofer, H. (2001) Male spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) queue for status in social groups dominated by females. Behavioral Ecology, 12, 558–568.
80. East, M. L. & Elofer, H. (2002) Conflict and cooperation in a female dominated society: a reassessment of the ‘hyperaggressive’ image of spotted hyenas. Advances in the Study of Behavior, 31, 1–30.
81. East, M. L., Hofer, H. & Wickler, W. (1993) The erect ‘penis’ as a flag of submission in a female-dominated society: greetings in Serengeti spotted hyenas. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 33, 355–370.
82. East, M. L., Hofer, H., Cox, J. H. et al. (2001) Regular exposure to rabies virus and lack of symptomatic disease in Serengeti spotted hyenas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 98, 15026–15031.
83. East, M. L., Burke, T., Wilhelm, K., Greig, C. & Hofer, H. (2003) Sexual conflict in spotted hyenas: male and female mating tactics and their reproductive outcome with respect to age, social status and tenure. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 270, 1247–1254.
84. East, M. L., Höner, O. P., Wachter, B. et al. (2009) Maternal effects on offspring social status in spotted hyenas. Behavioral Ecology, 20, 478–483.
85. Eberhard, W. G. (1998) Female roles in sperm competition. In: Sperm Competition and Sexual Selection, ed. T. R. Birkhead & A. P. Møller. London: Academic Press, pp. 91–116.
86. Engh, A. L., Esch, K., Smale, L. & Holekamp, K. E. (2000) Mechanisms of maternal ‘rank inheritance’ in the spotted hyaena, Crocuta crocuta. Animal Behaviour, 60, 323–332.
87. Engh, A. L, Siebert, E. R., Greenberg, D. A. & Holekamp, K. E. (2005) Patterns of alliance formation and post-conflict aggression indicate spotted hyenas recognize third party relationships. Animal Behaviour, 69, 209–217.
88. Faulkes, C. G. & Abbott, D. H. (1997) The physiology of a reproductive dictatorship: regulation of male and female reproduction by a single breeding female in colonies of naked mole-rats. In: Cooperative Breeding in Mammals, ed. N. G. Solomon & J. A. French. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 267–301.
89. Fedigan, L. M. (1982) Primate Paradigms: Sex Roles and Social Bonds. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
90. Folstad, I. & Karter, A. J. (1992) Parasites, bright males, and the immunocompetence handicap. American Naturalist, 139, 603–622.
91. Frank, L. G. (1997) Evolution of genital masculinization: why do female hyaenas have such a large ‘penis’? Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 12, 58–62.
92. Frank, L. G., Weldele, M. L. & Glickman, S. E. (1995) Masculinization costs in hyaenas. Nature, 377, 584–585.
93. Frank, S. A. (1995) Mutual policing and repression of competition in the evolution of cooperative groups. Nature, 377, 520–522.
94. French, J. A. (1997) Proximate regulation of singular breeding in callitrichid primates. In: Cooperative Breeding in Mammals, ed. N. Solomon & J. A. French. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 34–75.
95. Fretwell, S. D. & Lucas, H. L. (1970) On territorial behaviour and other factors influencing habitat distribution in birds. Acta Biotheoretica, 19, 16–36.
96. Gardner, A. & West, S. A. (2004) Cooperation and punishment, especially in humans. American Naturalist, 164, 753–764.
97. Glickman, S. E., Short, R. V. & Renfree, M. B. (2005) Sexual differentiation in three unconventional mammals: spotted hyenas, elephants and tammar wallabies. Hormones and Behavior, 48, 403–417.
98. Golla, W., Hofer, H. & East, M. L. (1999) Within-litter sibling aggression in spotted hyaenas: effect of maternal nursing, sex and age. Animal Behaviour, 58, 715–726.
99. Gomendio, M., Harcourt, A. H. & Roldàn, E. R. S. (1998) Sperm competition in mammals. In: Sperm Competition and Sexual Selection, ed. T. R. Birkhead and A. P. Møller, London: Academic Press, pp. 667–755.
100. Goodall, J. (1986) The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
101. Gould, L. & Ziegler, T. E. (2007) Variation in fecal testosterone levels, inter-male aggression, dominance rank and age during mating and post-mating periods in wild adult male ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta). American Journal of Primatology, 69, 1325–1339.
102. Gowaty, P. A. (1996) Battle of the sexes and origins of monogamy. In: Partnerships in Birds, ed. J. M. Black. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 21–52.
103. Goymann, W., East, M. L. & Hofer, H. (2001a) Androgens and the role of female ‘hyperaggressiveness’ in spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta). Hormones and Behavior, 39, 83–92.
104. Goymann, W., East, M. L., Wachter, B. et al. (2001b) Social, state-dependent and environmental modulation of faecal corticosteroid levels in free-ranging female spotted hyaenas. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 268, 2453–2459.
105. Goymann, W., East, M. L. & Hofer, H. (2003) Defense of females, but not social status, predicts plasma androgen levels in male spotted hyenas. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 76, 586–593.
106. Goymann, W., Landys, M. M. & Wingfield, J. C. (2007) Distinguishing seasonal androgen responses from malemale androgen responsiveness – revisiting the Challenge Hypothesis. Hormones and Behavior, 51, 463–476.
107. Greenwood, P. J. (1980) Mating systems, philopatry and dispersal in birds and mammals. Animal Behaviour, 28, 1140–1162.
108. Griffin, A. S. & West, S. A. (2003) Kin discrimination and the benefits of helping in cooperatively breeding vertebrates. Science, 302, 634–636.
109. Griffith, S. G., Owens, I. P. F. & Burke, T. (1999) Environmental determination of a sexually selected trait. Nature, 400, 358–360.
110. Hamilton, W. D. (1964a) The genetical evolution of social behaviour I. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 7, 1–16.
111. Hamilton, W. D. (1964b) The genetical evolution of social behaviour II. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 7, 17–52.
112. Harcourt, A. H. & de Waal, F. B. M. (1992) Cooperationand conflict: from ants to anthropoids. In: Coalitions and Alliances in Humans and Other Animals, ed. A. H. Harcourt & F. B. M. de Waal. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 493–511.
113. Hardin, G. (1968) The tragedy of the commons. Science, 162, 1243–1248.
114. Harvey, P. H. & Pagel, M. D. (1991) The Comparative Method in Evolutionary Biology. Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress.
115. Hauert, C., Traulsen, A., Brandt, H., Nowak, M. A. & Sigmund, K. (2007) Via freedom to coercion: the emergence of costly punishment. Science, 316, 1905–1907.
116. Hausfater, G. & Hrdy, S. B. (1984) Infanticide: Comparative and Evolutionary Perspectives. New York, NY: Aldine.
117. Hausfater, G., Altmann, J. & Altmann, S. (1982) Longterm consistency of dominance relations among female baboons (Papio cynocephalus). Science, 217, 752–755.
118. Heckel, G. & von Helversen, O. (2003) Genetic mating system, relatedness and the significance of harem associations in the bat Saccopteryx bilineata. Molecular Ecology, 12, 219–227.
119. Heinsohn, R. & Packer, C. (1995) Complex cooperative strategies in group-territorial African lions. Science, 269, 1260–1262.
120. Hemelrijk, C. K. (2000) Towards the integration of social dominance and spatial structure. Animal Behaviour, 59, 1035–1048.
121. Henzi, S. P. & Barrett, L. (2002) Infants as a commodity in a baboon market. Animal Behaviour, 63, 915–921.
122. Hillis, T. L. & Mallory, F. F. (1996) Fetal development in wolves (Canis lupus) of the Keewatin District, Northwest Territories, Canada. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 74, 2211–2218.
123. Hinde R.A. (1974) Biological Bases of Human Social Behaviour. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
124. Hirschenhauser, K. & Oliveira, R. F. (2006) Social modulation of androgens in male vertebrates: meta-analyses of challenge hypothesis. Animal Behaviour, 71, 265–277.
125. Hofer, H. & East, M. L. (1993a) The commuting system of Serengeti spotted hyaenas: how a predator copes with migratory prey. I. Social organization. Animal Behaviour, 46, 547–557.
126. Hofer, H. & East, M. L. (1993b) The commuting system of Serengeti spotted hyaenas: how a predator copes with migratory prey. II. Intrusion pressure and commuters’ space use. Animal Behaviour, 46, 559–574.
127. Hofer, H. & East, M. L. (1993c) The commuting system of Serengeti spotted hyaenas: how a predator copes with migratory prey. III. Attendance and maternal care. Animal Behaviour, 46, 575–589.
128. Hofer, H. & East, M. L. (1995) Population size, population dynamics and commuting system of Serengeti spotted hyenas. In: Serengeti II: Dynamics, Management and Conservation of an Ecosystem, ed. A. R. E. Sinclair & P. Arcese. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 332–363.
129. Hofer, H. & East, M. L. (1997) Skewed offspring sex ratios and sex composition of twin litters in Serengeti spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta) are a consequence of siblicide. Applied Animal Behavior Science, 51, 307–316.
130. Hofer, H. & East, M. L. (1998) Biological conservation and stress. Advances in the Study of Behavior, 27, 405–525.
131. Hofer, H. & East, M. L. (2003) Behavioral processes and costs of co-existence in female spotted hyenas: a life history perspective. Evolutionary Ecology, 17, 315–331.
132. Hofer, H. & East, M. L. (2008) Siblicide in Serengeti spotted hyenas: a long-term study of maternal input and cub survival. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 62, 341–351.
133. Holekamp, K. E. & Smale, L. (1991) Dominance acquisition during mammalian social development: the ‘inheritance’ of maternal rank. American Zoologist, 31, 306–317.
134. Holekamp, K. E., Smale, L. & Szykman, M. (1996) Rank and reproduction in female spotted hyenas. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 108, 229–237.
135. Holekamp, K. E., Boydston, E. E., Szykman, M. et al. (1999) Vocal recognition in the spotted hyaena and its possible implications regarding the evolution of intelligence. Animal Behaviour, 58, 383–395.
136. Hollister-Smith, J. A., Poole, J. H., Archie, E. A. et al. (2007) Age, musth and paternity success in wild male African elephants, Loxodonta africana. Animal Behaviour, 74, 287–296.
137. Hoogland, J. L. (1982) Prairie dogs avoid extreme inbreeding. Science, 215, 1639–1641.
138. Honer, O. P., Wachter, B., East, M. L. et al. (2007) Female mate choice drives the evolution of male-biased dispersal in a social mammal. Nature, 448, 798–801.
139. Höner, O. P., Wachter, B., East, M. L. et al. (2008) Do female hyaenas choose mates based on tenure? Reply to Van Horn et al. Nature, 454, E2.
140. Horrocks, J. & Hunte, W. (1983) Maternal rank and offspring rank in vervet monkeys: an appraisal of the mechanisms of rank acquisition. Animal Behaviour, 31, 772–782.
141. Hrdy, S. B. (1977) Infanticide as a primate reproductive strategy. American Scientist, 65, 40–49.
142. Hrdy, S. B. (2000) The optimal number of fathers: evolution, demography, and history in the shaping of female mate preferences. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 907, 75–96.
143. Humphrey, N. K. (1976) The social function of intellect. In: Growing Points in Ethology, ed. P. P. G. Bateson & R. A. Hinde. Cambridge: Cambridge Univeristy Press, pp. 303–317.
144. Ims, R. A. (1989) The potential for sexual selection in males: effect of sex ratio and spatial temporal distribution of receptive females. Evolutionary Ecology, 3, 338–352.
145. Insley, S. J. (2001) Mother-offspring vocal recognition in northern fur seals is mutual but asymmetrical. Animal Behaviour, 61, 129–137.
146. Jennions, M. D. & Petrie, M. (2000) Why do females mate multiply? A review of the genetic benefits. Biological Reviews, 75, 21–64.
147. Johnstone, R. A. (2000) Models of reproductive skew: a review and synthesis. Ethology, 106, 5–26.
148. Johnstone, R. A., Reynolds, J.D. & Deutsch, J. C. (1996) Mutual mate choice and sex differences in choosiness. Evolution, 50, 1382–1391.
149. Kamran, S. & Kerth, G. (2003) Secretions of the interaural gland contain information about individuality and colony membership in the Bechstein’s bat. Animal Behaviour, 65, 363–369.
150. Kappeler, P. K. (1997) Intrasexual selection and testis size in strepsirhine primates. Behavioral Ecology, 8, 10–19.
151. Keane, B., Waser, P., Creel, S., Creel, N. M., Elliott, L. F. & Minchella, D. J. (1994) Subordinate reproduction in dwarf mongooses. Animal Behaviour, 47, 65–75.
152. Keller, L. & Reeve, H. K. (1994) Partitioning of reproduction in animal societies. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 9, 98–103.
153. Kokko, H. (2002) Are reproductive skew models evolutionary stable? Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 270, 265–270.
154. Kokko, H. & Johnstone, R. A. (1999) Social queuing in animal societies: a dynamic model of reproductive skew. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 266, 571–578.
155. Kokko, H. & Lindström, J. (1996) Evolution of female preference for old males. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 263, 1533–1538.
156. Kokko, H., Lindström, J., Alatalo, R. V. & Rintamäki P. T. (1998) Queuing for territory position in the lekking black grouse (Tetrao tetrix). Behavioral Ecology, 9, 376–383.
157. Krützen, M., Mann, J., Heithaus, M. R. et al. (2005) Cultural transmission of tool use in bottlenose dolphins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 102, 8939–8943.
158. Kruuk, H. (1972) The Spotted Hyena. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
159. Kutsukake, N. & Clutton-Brock, T. H. (2006) Aggression and submission reflect reproductive conflict between females in cooperatively breeding meerkats Suricata suricatta. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 59, 541–548.
160. Kutsukake, N. & Clutton-Brock, T. H. (2008) Do meerkats engage in conflict management following aggression? Reconciliation, submission and avoidance. Animal Behaviour, 75, 1441–1453.
161. Lacey, E. A. & Sherman, P. W. (1997) Cooperative breeding in naked mole-rats: implications for vertebrate and invertebrate sociality. In: Cooperative Breeding in Mammals, ed. N. G. Solomon & J. A. French. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 267–301.
162. Lee, P. C. (1987) Allomothering among African elephants. Animal Behaviour, 35, 278–291.
163. Lee, P. C. (1989) Family structure, communal care, and female reproductive effort. In: Comparative Socioecology, ed. V. Standen & R. A. Foley. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, pp. 323–340.
164. Lehmann, L. & Perrin, N. (2003) Inbreeding avoidance through kin recognition: choosy females boost male dispersal. American Naturalist, 162, 638–652.
165. Leimar, O. (1996) Life-history analysis of the Trivers and Willard sex-ratio problem. Behavioral Ecology, 7, 316–325.
166. Lewis, R. J. (2002) Beyond dominance: the importance of leverage. Quarterly Review of Biology, 77, 149–164.
167. Lindenfors, P., Nunn, C. L. & Barton, R. A. (2007) Primate brain architecture and selection in relation to sex. BMC Biology, 5, 20.
168. Lusseau, D. (2003) The emergent properties of a dolphin social network. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 270, S186–188.
169. Magrath, R. D. & Fleinsohn, R. G. (2000) Reproductive skew in birds: model, problems and prospects. Journal of Avian Biology, 31, 247–258.
170. Malcolm, J. R. & Marten, K. (1982) Natural selection and the communal rearing of pups in African wild dogs. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 10, 1–13.
171. Maynard Smith, J. (1982) Evolution and the Theory of Games. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
172. Maynard Smith, J. & Parker, G. A. (1976) The logic of asymmetric contests. Animal Behaviour, 24, 159–175.
173. McComb, K., Reby, D., Baker, L., Moss, C. & Sayialel, S. (2003) Long-distance communication of acoustic cues to social identity in African elephants. Animal Behaviour, 65, 317–329.
174. McCracken, G. F. & Wilkinson, G. S. (2000) Bat mating systems. In: Reproductive Biology of Bats, ed. E. G. Crichton & P. H. Krutzch. London: Academic Press, pp. 321–362.
175. McDonald, D. B. (2007) Predicting fate from early connectivity in a social network. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 104, 10910–10914.
176. Mesnick, S. L. (2001) Genetic relatedness in sperm whales: evidence and cultural implications. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24, 346–347.
177. Milinski, M., Semmann, D. & Krambeck, H.-J. (2002) Reputation helps solve the ‘tragedy of the commons’. Nature, 415, 424–426.
178. Moehlman, P. D. & Hofer, H. (1997) Cooperative breeding, reproductive suppression, and body mass in canids. In: Cooperative Breeding in Mammals, ed. N. Solomon and J. A. French. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 76–128.
179. Möller, L. M. & Beheregaray, L.B. (2004) Genetic evidence for sex-biased dispersal in resident bottle-nosed dolphins (Tursiops aduncus). Molecular Ecology, 13, 1607–1612.
180. Moore, A. J. (1993) Towards an evolutionary view of social dominance. Animal Behaviour, 46, 594–596.
181. Moore, A. J., Brodie, E. D. & Wolf, J. B. (1997) Interacting phenotypes and the evolutionary process: I. Direct and indirect genetic effects of social interactions. Evolution, 51, 1352–1362.
182. Moss, C. J. & Poole, J. (1983) Relationships and social structure of African elephants. In: Primate Social Relationships: an Integrated Approach, ed. R. Hinde. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Press, pp. 315–325.
183. Mousseau, T. A. & Fox, C. W. (1998) The adaptive significance of maternal effects. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 13, 403–407.
184. Nagy, M., Heckel, G., Voigt, C. C. & Mayer, F. (2007) Patrilineal social system drives female dispersal in a polygynous bat. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 274, 3019–3025.
185. Noë, R. (1990) A veto game played by baboons: a challenge to the use of the Prisoner’s Dilemma as a paradigm for reciprocity and cooperation. Animal Behaviour, 39, 78–90.
186. Noë, R. & Hammerstein, P. (1994) Biological markets: supply and demand determines the effect of partner choice in cooperation, mutualism and mating. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 35, 1–11.
187. Noë, R & Hammerstein, P. (1995) Biological markets. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 10, 336–339.
188. Noë, R., van Schaik, C. P. & van Hooff, J. A. R. A. M. (1991) The market effect: an explanation for pay-off asymmetries among collaborating animals. Ethology, 87, 97–118.
189. O’Riain, M. J. & Jarvis, J. U. M. (1997) Colony member recognition and xenophobia in the naked mole-rat. Animal Behaviour, 53, 487–498.
190. O’Riain, M. J, Bennett, N. C., Brotherton, P. N. M., Mcllrath, G. M. & Clutton-Brock, T. H. (2000) Reproductive suppression and inbreeding avoidance in wild populations of cooperatively breeding meerkats (Suricata suricatta). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 48, 471–477.
191. Ostner, J., Kappeler, P. M. & Heistermann, M. (2002) Seasonal variation and social correlates of androgen excretion in male red-fronted lemurs (Eulemur fulvus rufus). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 52, 485–495.
192. Owens, I. P. F. & Thompson D. B. A. (1994) Sex differences, sex ratios and sex roles. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 258, 93–99.
193. Packer, C. (1977) Reciprocal altruism in Papio anubis. Nature, 265, 441–443.
194. Parga, J. A. (2003) Copulatory plug displacement evidences sperm competition in Lemur catta. International Journal of Primatology, 24, 889–899.
195. Parker, G. A. (1970) Sperm competition and its evolutionary consequences in insects. Biological Reviews, 45, 525–567.
196. Parker, G. A. (1979) Sexual selection and sexual conflict. In: Sexual Selection and Reproductive Competition in Insects, ed. M. S. Blum & N. A. Blum. New York, NY: Academic Press, pp. 123–166.
197. Parker, G. A. (1983) Mate quality and mating decisions. In: Mate Choice, ed. P. P. G. Bateson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 141–166.
198. Peake, T. M. (2005) Eavesdropping in communication networks. In: Animal Communication Networks, ed. P. K. McGregor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 13–37.
199. Perrin, N. & Mazalov, V. (1999) Dispersal and inbreeding avoidance. American Naturalist, 154, 282–292.
200. Pitnick, S., Jones, K. E. & Wilkinson, G. S. (2006) Mating system and brain size in bats. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 273, 719–724.
201. Pontier, D., Fromont, E., Courchamp, F., Artois, M. & Yoccoz, N. G. (1998) Retroviruses and sexual size dimorphism in domestic cats (Feliscatus L.). Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 265, 167–173.
202. Poole, J. H. (1987) Rutting behaviour in African elephants: the phenomenon of musth. Behaviour, 102, 283–316.
203. Poole, J. H. (1989) Announcing intent: the aggressive state of musth in African elephants. Animal Behaviour, 37, 140–152.
204. Preston, B. T., Stevenson, I. R., Pemberton, J. M., Coltman, D. W. & Wilson, K. (2005) Male mate choice influences female promiscuity in Soay sheep. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 272, 365–373.
205. Pusey, A. & Wolf, M. (1996) Inbreeding avoidance in animals. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 11, 201–206.
206. Ramm, S. A., Parker, G. A. & Stockley, P. (2005) Sperm competition and the evolution of male reproductive anatomy in rodents. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 272, 949–955.
207. Range, F. & Noë, R. (2005) Can simple rules account for the pattern of triadic interactions in juvenile and adult female sooty mangabeys? Animal Behaviour, 69, 445–452.
208. Rankin, D. J., Bargum, K. & Kokko, El. (2007) The tragedy of the commons in evolutionary biology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 22, 643–651.
209. Reeve, H. K. & Keller, L. (2001) Tests of reproductive-skew models in social insects. Annual Review of Entomology, 46, 347–385.
210. Rhine, R. J., Wasser, S. K. & Norton, G. W. (1988) Eight-year study of social and ecological correlates of mortality among immature baboons of Mikumi National Park, Tanzania. American Journal of Primatology, 16, 199–212.
211. Riesch, R., Ford, J. K. & Thomsen, F. (2006) Stability and group specificity of stereotyped whistles in resident killer whales, Orcinus orca, off British Columbia. Animal Behaviour, 71, 79–91.
212. Rood, J. P. (1980) Mating relationships and breeding suppression in the dwarf mongoose. Animal Behaviour, 28, 143–150.
213. Rossiter, M. C. (1996) Incidence and consequences of inherited environmental effects. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 27, 451–476.
214. Rossiter, S. J., Jones, G., Ransome, R. D. & Barratt, E. M. (2001) Outbreeding increases offspring survival in wild greater horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum). Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 268, 1055–1061.
215. Rossiter, S. J., Ransome, R. D., Faulkes, C. G., Le Comber, S. C. & Jones G. (2005) Mate fidelity and intra-lineage polygyny in greater horseshoe bats. Nature, 437, 408–411.
216. Rossiter, S. J., Ransome, R. D., Faulkes, C. G., Dawson, D. A. & Jones, G. (2006) Long-term paternity skew and the opportunity for selection in a mammal with reversed sexual size dimorphism. Molecular Ecology, 15, 3035–3043.
217. Sauther, M. L. (1991) Reproductive behavior of free-ranging Lemur catta at Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 84, 463–477.
218. Sauther, M. L., Sussman, R. W. & Gould, L. (1999) The socioecology of the ring-tailed lemur: thirty-five years of research. Evolutionary Anthropology, 8, 120–132.
219. Say, L., Pontier, D. & Natoli, E. (2001) Influence of oestrus synchronization on male reproductive success in the domestic cat (Felis catus L.). Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 268, 1049–1053.
220. Sayigh, L. S., Carter Esch, H., Wells, R. S. & Janik, V. M. (2007) Facts about signature whistles of bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus. Animal Behaviour, 74, 1631–1642.
221. Schaller, G. B. (1972) The Serengeti Lion: a Study of Predator-Prey Relations. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
222. Schwagmeyer, P. L. & Parker, G. A. (1990) Male mate choice as predicted by sperm competition in thirteen-lined ground squirrels. Nature, 348, 62–64.
223. Schwensow, N., Eberle, M. & Sommer, S. (2008) Compatibility counts: MHC-associated mate choice in a wild promiscuous primate. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 275, 555–564.
224. Shuster, S. M. & Wade, M. J. (2003) Mating Systems and Strategies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
225. Sibly, R. M. & Brown, J. H. (2007) Effects of body size and lifestyle on evolution of mammal life histories. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 104, 17707–17712.
226. Silk, J. B. (2007) Social components of fitness in primate groups. Science, 317, 1347–1351.
227. Silk, J. B., Alberts, S. C. & Altmann, J. (2003) Social bonds of female baboons enhance infant survival. Science, 302, 1231–1234.
228. Smale, L., Frank, L. G. & Holekamp, K. E. (1993) Ontogeny of dominance in free-living spotted hyaenas: juvenile rank relations with adult females and immigrant males. Animal Behaviour, 46, 467–477.
229. Smith, R. L. (1984) Sperm Competition and the Evolution of Animal Mating Systems. New York, NY: Academic Press.
230. Smuts, B. B. (1986) Gender, aggression, and influence. In: Primate Societies, ed. B. B. Smuts, D. L. Cheney, R. M. Seyfarth, R. W. Wrangham & T. T. Struhsaker. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 400–412.
231. Stearns, S. C. (1992) The Evolution of Life Histories. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
232. Sun, L. & Müller-Schwarze, D. (1998) Anal gland secretion codes for family membership in beavers. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 44, 199–208.
233. Sutherland, W. J. (1985) Chance can produce a sex difference in variance in mating success and explain Bateman’s data. Animal Behaviour, 33,1349–1352.
234. Sutherland, W. J. (1996) From Individual Behaviour to Population Ecology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
235. Sutherland, W. J. & Parker, G. (1985) Distribution of unequal competitors. In: Behavioural Ecology, ed. R. M. Sibly and R. H. Smith. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 255–273.
236. Tibbetts, E. A. & Dale, J. (2007) Individual recognition: is it good to be different. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 22, 529-537.
237. Todd, P. M. & Gigerenzer, G. (2000) Precis of simple heuristics that make us smart. Behavioral and Brain Science, 23, 727–741.
238. Tomasello, M. & Call, J. (1997) Primate Cognition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
239. Tregenza, T. & Wedell, N. (2000) Genetic compatibility, mate choice and patterns of parentage: invited review. Molecular Ecology, 9, 1013–1027.
240. Trivers, R. L. (1971) The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology, 46, 35–57.
241. Trivers, R. L. & Willard, D. E. (1973) Natural selection of parental ability to vary the sex ratio of offspring. Science, 179, 90–92.
242. Valderrábano-Ibarra, C., Brumon, I. & Drummond, H. (2007) Development of a linear dominance hierarchy in nestling birds. Animal Behaviour, 74, 1705–1714.
243. Van Horn, R. C., Watts, H. E. & Holekamp, K. E. (2008) Do female hyaenas choose mates based on tenure? Nature, 454, E1.
244. van Schaik, C. P. & Deaner, R. O. (2003) Life history and cognitive evolution in primates. In: Animal Social Complexity, ed. F. B. M. de Waal & P. L. Tyack, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 5–25.
245. van Schaik, C., Pandit, S. A. & Vogel, E. R. (2004) A model for within-group coalitionary aggression among males. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 57, 101–109.
246. Verboven, N. M., Monaghan, P., Evans, D. M. et al. (2003) Maternal condition, yolk androgens and offspring performance: a supplementary feeding experiment in the lesser black-backed gull (Larus fuscus). Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 270, 2223–2232.
247. Voigt, C. C. & Streich, W. J. (2003) Queuing for harem access in colonies of the sac-winged bat. Animal Behaviour, 65, 149–156.
248. Voigt, C. C. & von Helversen, O. (1999) Storage and display of odor by male Saccopteryx bilineata (Chiroptera; Emballonuridae). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 47, 29–40.
249. Voigt, C. C., Heckel, G. & Mayer, F. (2005) Sexual selection favours small and symmetric males in the polygynous greater sac-winged bat Saccopteryx bilineata (Emballonuridae, Chiroptera). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 57, 457–464.
250. Walters, J. R. & Seyfarth, R. M. (1986) Conflict and cooperation. In: Primate Societies, ed. B. B. Smuts, D. L. Cheney, R. M. Seyfarth, R. W. Wrangham & T. T. Struhsaker. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 306–317.
251. Wells, R. S. (2003) Dolphin social complexity: lessons from long-term study and life history. In: Animal Social Complexity, ed. F. B. M. de Waal & P. L. Tyack, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 32–56.
252. Wey, T., Blumstein, D. T., Shen, W. & Jordan, F. (2008) Social network analysis of animal behaviour: a promising tool for the study of sociality. Animal Behaviour, 75, 333–344.
253. White, P. A. (2007) Costs and strategies of communal den use vary by rank for spotted hyaenas, Crocuta crocuta. Animal Behaviour, 73, 149–156.
254. Whitehead, H. (1996) Babysitting, dive synchrony, and indications of alloparental care in sperm whales. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 38, 237–244.
255. Whitehead, H. (1998) Cultural selection and genetic diversity in matrilineal whales. Science, 282, 1708–1711.
256. Whitehead, H. (1999) Cultural and genetic evolution in whales. Science, 284, 2055.
257. Wilkinson, G. S. (1984) Reciprocal food sharing in vampire bats. Nature, 308, 181–184.
258. Wilkinson, G. S. (1985) The social organization of the common vampire bat. II. Mating system, genetic structure, and relatedness. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 17, 123–134.
259. Williams, R. & Lusseau D. (2006) A killer whale social network is vulnerable to targeted removals. Biology Letters, 2, 497–500.
260. Wingfield, J. C., Hegner, R. E., Dufty, A. M. & Ball, G. F.(1990) The ‘challenge hypothesis’: theoretical implications for the patterns of testosterone secretion, mating systems and breeding strategies. American Naturalist, 136, 829–846.
261. Wingfield, J. C., Moore, I. T., Goymann, W., Wacker, D. & Sperry, T. (2006) Contexts and ethology of vertebrate aggression: Implications for the evolution of hormone-behavior interactions. In: Biology of Aggression, ed. R. Nelson. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 179–210.
262. Wolf, J. B., Brodie, E. D., Cheverud, J. M., Moore, A. J. & Wade, M. J. (1998) Evolutionary consequences of indirect genetic effects. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 13, 64–69.
263. Wolf, J. B. W., Mawdsley, D., Trillmich, F. & James, R. (2007) Social structure in a colonial mammal: unravelling hidden structural layers and their foundations by network analysis. Animal Behaviour, 74, 1293–1302.
264. Wyatt, T. D. (2003) Pheromones and Animal Behaviour. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
265. Young, A. L., Richard, A. F. & Aiello, L. C. (1990) Female dominance and maternal investment in strepsirhine primates. American Naturalist, 135, 473–488.
266. Yurk, H., Barrett-Lennard, L., Ford, J. K. B. & Matkin, C.O. (2002) Cultural transmission within maternal lineages: vocal clans in resident killer whales in southern Alaska. Animal Behaviour, 62, 1103–1119.
267. Zeh, J. A. & Zeh, D. W. (1997) The evolution of polyandry. II. Post-copulatory defences against genetic incompatibility. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 264, 69–75.