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Additional information about the study population, data collection protocol, and analysis is available as supporting material on Science Online.
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i are the median values of the respective behavioral measure for the population. A similar index was originally used by Sapolsky, Alberts, and Altmann (17).
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18
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0242561012
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note
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To assess the bivariate relationships among the behavioral variables (proximity, grooming others, and being groomed) we used Spearman's nonparametric rank correlations. To measure the extent to which each of these behaviors predicted relative infant survival, and then to measure the extent to which the composite sociality index and dominance rank predicted relative infant survival, we used regression with robust standard errors (33). This regression technique is appropriate when residuals are non-normal or when there is heteroskedasticity in the residuals. All statistical analyses were conducted with STATA 8.0 (34).
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note
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To control for the effects of ecological conditions, we compared females to other females living in the same groups in the same habitat at the same time. For Alto's Group, which was studied for 4 years before the move and 11 years after the move, we divided the study period into one "premove" and two "post-move" periods. For Hook's Group, which was observed for 9 years before the move and 7 years after the move, we divided the study period into two premove and one postmove periods. We calculated the value of the composite sociality index for each female during each time period using the median values of the three behavioral measures derived from each time period for each group. We computed the adjusted value of relative infant survival as the difference between the proportion of infants born to female x in group y in period z that survived to 1 year of age and the proportion of all infants born to all females in group y in period z that survived to 1 year. For females observed in multiple time periods, we based analyses on the mean of the adjusted values of the composite sociality index and adjusted relative infant survival across time periods. This procedure ensures that each data point is independent. Analyses based on the full data set generate very similar results.
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35
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0242477236
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note
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We thank the Office of the President of Kenya and the Kenya Wildlife Service for permission to work in Amboseli; the staffs of the National Museums of Kenya, the Kenya Wildlife Service, and Amboseli National Park for cooperation and assistance; the members of the pastoralist communities of Amboseli and Longido and the Institute for Primate Research in Nairobi for assistance and local sponsorship; R. Mututua, S. Sayialel, P. Muruthi, and K. Warutere for their assistance with data collection; and D. Onderdonk for database assistance. Supported by grants from the National Geographic Society, the Louis S. B. Leakey Foundation, the UCLA Academic Senate, and NSF (to J.B.S.); the Chicago Zoological Society and NSF (to J.A.); and NSF (to S.C.A.).
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