Decision making in surgical treatment of chronic low back pain: The performance of prognostic tests to select patients for lumbar spinal fusion

Acta Orthopaedica

Volumn 84, Issue SUPPL.349, 2013, Pages 1-37

  Willems, Paul ^a  

^a MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANALGESIA; ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS; ARTICLE; CLINICAL DECISION MAKING; CLINICAL PRACTICE; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONSENSUS; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DISCOGENIC PAIN; DISKITIS; DISKOGRAPHY; FOLLOW UP; FRACTURE EXTERNAL FIXATION; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; IMMOBILIZATION; LOW BACK PAIN; LUMBAR SPINE; LUMBOSACRAL SPINE; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; ORTHOSIS; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATIENT SELECTION; PLASTER CAST; PREDICTIVE VALUE; PROGNOSIS; SPINE FUSION; SPINE MOBILITY; SPINE STABILIZATION; SPINE SURGERY; SPONDYLOLISTHESIS; SPONDYLOLYSIS; SURGEON; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; VISUAL ANALOG SCALE;

ADULT; CHRONIC DISEASE; DECISION MAKING; FEMALE; HUMANS; LOW BACK PAIN; LUMBAR VERTEBRAE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; ORTHOTIC DEVICES; PAIN MEASUREMENT; PATIENT SELECTION; PROGNOSIS; RESTRAINT, PHYSICAL; SPINAL FUSION;

EID: 84874307563     PISSN: 17453674     EISSN: 17453682     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/17453674.2012.753565     Document Type: Article

References (147)

1. Adams M E, McDevitt C A, Ho A, Muir H. Isolation and characterization of high-buoyant-density proteoglycans from semilunar menisci. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1986; 68(1): 55-64.
2. Airaksinen O, Brox J I, Cedraschi C, et al. Chapter 4. European guidelines for the management of chronic nonspecific low back pain. Eur Spine J 2006; 15 (Suppl 2): S192-300.
3. Aprill C, Bogduk N. High-intensity zone: a diagnostic sign of painful lumbar disc on magnetic resonance imaging. Br J Radiol 1992; 65(773): 361-369.
4. Axelsson P, Johnsson R, Strömqvist B. Effect of lumbar orthosis on intervertebral mobility. A roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis. Spine 1992; 17(6): 678-681.
5. Axelsson P, Johnsson R, Strömqvist B. Lumbar orthosis with unilateral hip immobilization. Effect on intervertebral mobility determined by roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis. Spine 1993; 18(7): 876-879.
6. Axelsson P, Johnsson R, Strömqvist B, Nilsson L T, Akesson M. Orthosis as prognostic instrument in lumbar fusion: no predictive value in 50 cases followed prospectively. J Spinal Disord 1995; 8(4): 284-288.
7. Axelsson P, Johnsson R, Strömqvist B, Andréasson H. Temporary external pedicular fixation versus definitive bony fusion: a prospective comparative study on pain relief and function. Eur Spine J 2003; 12(1): 41-47.
8. Battié M C, Videman T, Levälahti E, Gill K, Kaprio J. Genetic and environmental effects on disc degeneration by phenotype and spinal level: a multivariate twin study. Spine 2008; 33(25): 2801-2808.
9. Bednar D A. Failure of external spinal skeletal fixation to improve predictability of lumbar arthrodesis. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 2001; 83-A(11): 1656-1659.
10. Bednar D A, Raducan V. External spinal skeletal fixation in the management of back pain. Clin Orthop 1996; (322): 131-139.
11. Bigos S J, Battié M C, Fisher L D. Methodology for evaluating predictive factors for the report of back injury. Spine 1991; 16(6): 669-670.
12. Boden S D, McCowin P R, Davis D O, Dina T S, Mark A S, Wiesel S. Abnormal magnetic-resonance scans of the cervical spine in asymptomatic subjects. A prospective investigation. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1990; 72(8): 1178-1184.
13. Boscardin J B, Ringus J C, Feingold D J, Ruda S C. Human intradiscal levels with cefazolin. Spine 1992; 17(6 Suppl): S145-148.
14. Brox J I, Sørensen R, Friis A, et al. (2003). Randomized clinical trial of lumbar instrumented fusion and cognitive intervention and exercises in patients with chronic low back pain and disc degeneration. Spine 2003; 28(17): 1913-1921.
15. Buchalter, D., N. Kahanovitz, et al. (1988). Three-dimensional spinal motion measurements. Part 2: A noninvasive assessment of lumbar brace immobilization of the spine. J Spinal Disord 1(4): 284-286.
16. Burke J G, Watson R W, McCormack D, Dowling F E, Walsh M G, Fitzpatrick J M. Intervertebral discs which cause low back pain secrete high levels of proinflammatory mediators. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 2002; 84(2): 196-201.
17. Buttermann G R, Heithoff K B, Ogilvie J W, Transfeldt E E, Cohen M. Vertebral body MRI related to lumbar fusion results. Eur Spine J 1997; 6(2): 115-120.
18. Campbell C, Guy A. Why can't they do anything for a simple back problem? A qualitative examination of expectations for low back pain treatment and outcome. J Health Psychol 2007; 12 : 641-652.
19. Carragee E J. Clinical practice. Persistent low back pain. N Engl J Med 2005; 352(18): 1891-1898.
20. Carragee E J, Chen Y, Tanner C M, Truong T, Lau E, Brito J L. Provocative discography in patients after limited lumbar discectomy: A controlled, randomized study of pain response in symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects. Spine 2000; 25(23): 3065-3071.
21. Carragee E J, Tanner C M, Khurana S, et al. The rates of false-positive lumbar discography in select patients without low back symptoms. Spine 2000; 25(11): 1373-1380; discussion 1381.
22. Chataigner H, Onimus M, Polette A. [Surgery for degenerative lumbar disc disease. Should the black disc be grafted?]. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot 1998; 84(7): 583-589.
23. Cherkin D C, Deyo R A, Loeser J D, Bush T, Waddell G. An international comparison of back surgery rates. Spine 1994; 19(11): 1201-1206.
24. Cheung K M, Chan D, Karppinen J, et al. Association of the Taq I allele in vitamin D receptor with degenerative disc disease and disc bulge in a Chinese population. Spine 2006; 31(10): 1143-1148.
25. Cholewicki J, Alvi K, Silfies S P, Bartolomei J. Comparison of motion restriction and trunk stiffness provided by three thoracolumbosacral orthoses (TLSOs). J Spinal Disord Tech 2003; 16(5): 461-468.
26. Cholewicki J, Juluru K, Radebold A, Panjabi M M, McGill S M. Lumbar spine stability can be augmented with an abdominal belt and/or increased intra-abdominal pressure. Eur Spine J 1999; 8(5): 388-395.
27. Chow D H, Luk K D, Evans J H, Leong J C. Effects of short anterior lumbar interbody fusion on biomechanics of neighboring unfused segments. Spine 1996; 21(5): 549-555.
28. Christensen F B, Karlsmose B, Hansen E S, Bünger C E. Radiological and functional outcome after anterior lumbar interbody spinal fusion. Eur Spine J 1996; 5(5): 293-298.
29. Colhoun E, McCall I W, Williams L, Cassar Pullicino V N. Provocation discography as a guide to planning operations on the spine. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 1988; 70(2): 267-271.
30. Coppes M H, Marani E, Thomeer R T, Groen G J. Innervation of "painful" lumbar discs. Spine 1997; 22(20): 2342-2349; discussion 2349-2350.
31. Dawson E G, Lotysch M 3rd, Urist M R. (1981). Intertransverse process lumbar arthrodesis with autogenous bone graft. Clin Orthop 1981; (154): 90-96.
32. DeBerard M S, Masters K S, Colledge A L, Schleusener R L, Schlegel J D. Outcomes of posterolateral lumbar fusion in Utah patients receiving workers' compensation: a retrospective cohort study. Spine 2001; 26(7): 738-746; discussion 747.
33. Derby R, Howard M W, Grant J M, Lettice JJ, Van Peteghem P K, Ryan DP. The ability of pressure-controlled discography to predict surgical and nonsurgical outcomes. Spine 1999; 24(4): 364-371; discussion 371-362.
34. Devillé W L, Buntinx F, Bouter L M, et al. Conducting systematic reviews of diagnostic studies: didactic guidelines. BMC Med Res Methodol 2002; 2: 9.
35. Deyo R A, Bass J E. Lifestyle and low-back pain. The influence of smoking and obesity. Spine 1989; 14(5): 501-506.
36. Deyo R A, Rainville J, Kent D L. What can the history and physical examination tell us about low back pain? JAMA 1992; 268(6): 760-765.
37. Deyo RA, Nachemson A, Mirza S K. Spinal-fusion surgery-the case for restraint. N Engl J Med 2004; 350 : 722-726.
38. Deyo R A, Gray D T, Kreuter W, Mirza S, Martin B I. United States trends in lumbar fusion surgery for degenerative conditions. Spine 2005; 30(12): 1441-1445; discussion 1446-1447.
39. Eismont F J, Wiesel S W, Brighton C T, Rothman R H. Antibiotic penetration into rabbit nucleus pulposus. Spine 1987; 12(3): 254-256.
40. Elmans L, Willems P C, Anderson P G, van Limbeek J, de Kleuver M, van der Schaaf D. Temporary external transpedicular fixation of the lumbosacral spine: a prospective, longitudinal study in 330 patients. Spine 2005; 30(24): 2813-2816.
41. Esposito P, Pinheiro-Franco J L, Froelich S, Maitrot D. Predictive value of MRI vertebral end-plate signal changes (Modic) on outcome of surgically treated degenerative disc disease. Results of a cohort study including 60 patients. Neurochirurgie 2006; 52(4): 315-322.
42. Esses S I, Moro J K. The value of facet joint blocks in patient selection for lumbar fusion. Spine 1993; 18(2): 185-190.
43. Esses S I, Botsford D J, Kostuik J P. The role of external spinal skeletal fixation in the assessment of low-back disorders. Spine 1989; 14(6): 594-601.
44. Fairbank J, Frost H, Wilson-MacDonald J, Yu L M, Barker K, Collins R. Randomised controlled trial to compare surgical stabilisation of the lumbar spine with an intensive rehabilitation programme for patients with chronic low back pain: the MRC spine stabilisation trial. BMJ 2005; 330(7502): 1233.
45. Faraj A A, Akasha K, Mulholland R C. Temporary external fixation for low back pain: is it worth doing? Eur Spine J 1997; 6(3): 187-190.
46. Fidler M W, Plasmans C M (1983). The effect of four types of support on the segmental mobility of the lumbosacral spine. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1983; 65(7): 943-947.
47. Franson R C, Saal J S, Saal J A. Human disc phospholipase A2 is inflammatory. Spine 1992; 17(6 Suppl): S129-132.
48. Fraser R D. The North American Spine Society (NASS ) on lumbar discography. Spine 1996; 21(10): 1274-1276.
49. Fraser R D, Osti O L, Vernon-Roberts B. Discitis following chemonucleolysis. An experimental study. Spine 1986; 11(7): 679-687.
50. Fraser RD, Osti OL, Vernon-Roberts B. Discitis after discography. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 1987; 69(1): 26-35.
51. Fritzell P, Hägg O, Wessberg P, Nordwall A. 2001 Volvo Award Winner in Clinical Studies: Lumbar fusion versus nonsurgical treatment for chronic low back pain: a multicenter randomized controlled trial from the Swedish Lumbar Spine Study Group. Spine 2001; 26(23): 2521-2532; discussion 2532-2524.
52. Fritzell P, Hägg O, Jonsson D, Nordwall A. Cost-effectiveness of lumbar fusion and nonsurgical treatment for chronic low back pain in the Swedish Lumbar Spine Study: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial from the Swedish Lumbar Spine Study Group. Spine 2004; 29(4): 421-434; discussion Z423.
53. Gibson M J, Karpinski M R, Slack R C, Cowlishaw W A, Webb J K. The penetration of antibiotics into the normal intervertebral disc. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 1987; 69(5): 784-786.
54. Gibson J N, Grant I C, Waddell G. The Cochrane review of surgery for lumbar disc prolapse and degenerative lumbar spondylosis. Spine 1999; 24(17): 1820-1832.
55. Gill K, Blumenthal S L. Functional results after anterior lumbar fusion at L5-S1 in patients with normal and abnormal MRI scans. Spine 1992; 17(8): 940-942.
56. Gillet P. The fate of the adjacent motion segments after lumbar fusion. J Spinal Disord Tech 2003; 16(4): 338-345.
57. Guzmán J, Esmail R, Karjalainen K, Malmivaara A, Irvin E, Bombardier C. Multidisciplinary rehabilitation for chronic low back pain: systematic review. BMJ 2001; 322(7301): 1511-1516.
58. Hadra B E. Wiring of the spinous process in injury and Pott's disease. Trans Am Orthop Assoc 1891; 4: 206-210.
59. Haefeli M, Elfering A, Aebi M, et al. What comprises a good outcome in spinal surgery? A preliminary survey among spine surgeons of the SSE and European spine patients. Eur Spine J 2008; 17(1): 104-116.
60. Hägg O, Fritzell P, Nordwall A. The clinical importance of changes in outcome scores after treatment for chronic low back pain. Eur Spine J 2003; 12(1): 12-20.
61. Haldeman S, Dagenais S. A supermarket approach to the evidence-informed management of chronic low back pain. Spine J 2008; 8(1): 1-7.
62. Hambly M F, Wiltse L L, Raghavan N, Schneiderman G, Koenig C. The transition zone above a lumbosacral fusion. Spine 1998; 23(16): 1785-1792.
63. Heini P F, Gahrich U, Orler R. The external fixator: a tool for evaluation of complex low back pain problems. J Spinal Disord Tech 2004; 17(1): 8-14.
64. Herkowitz H N, Abraham D J, Albert T J. Management of degenerative disc disease above an L5-S1 segment requiring arthrodesis. Spine 1999; 24(12): 1268-1270.
65. Hermann J. PRIMAS precision motion analysis system: A short description. In: Boeninck U, Nader M, eds. Gangbildanalyse, stand der Messtechnik und bedeutung für die Orthopädie-techniek. D. Duderstadt: Mecke, und Verlag 1990; pp: 60-65.
66. Hoelscher G L, Gruber H E, Coldham G, Grigsby J H, Hanley E N Jr. Effects of very high antibiotic concentrations on human intervertebral disc cell proliferation, viability, and metabolism in vitro. Spine 2000; 25(15): 1871-1877.
67. Jackson R K, Boston D A, Edge A J. Lateral mass fusion. A prospective study of a consecutive series with long-term follow-up. Spine 1985; 10(9): 828-832.
68. Jackson R P, Cain J E Jr, Jacobs R R, Cooper B R, McManus G E. The neuroradiographic diagnosis of lumbar herniated nucleus pulposus: II. A comparison of computed tomography (CT), myelography, CT-myelography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Spine 1989; 14(12): 1362-1367.
69. Jarvik J J, Hollingworth W, Heagerty P, Haynor D R, Deyo R A. The Longitudinal Assessment of Imaging and Disability of the Back (LAIDBack) Study: baseline data. Spine 2001; 26(10): 1158-1166.
70. Jeanneret B, Jovanovic M, Magerl F. Percutaneous diagnostic stabilization for low back pain. Correlation with results after fusion operations. Clin Orthop 1994; (304): 130-138.
71. Jellema P, van der Windt D A, Bruinvels D J, et al. Value of symptoms and additional diagnostic tests for colorectal cancer in primary care: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2010; 340: c1269.
72. Jensen M C, Brant-Zawadzki M N, Obuchowski N, Modic M T, Malkasian D, Ross J S. Magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine in people without back pain. N Engl J Med 1994; 331(2): 69-73.
73. Kang J D, Georgescu H I, McIntyre-Larkin L, Stefanovic-Racic M, Donaldson WF 3rd, Evans C H. Herniated lumbar intervertebral discs spontaneously produce matrix metalloproteinases, nitric oxide, interleukin-6, and prostaglandin E2. Spine 1996; 21(3): 271-277.
74. Kang J D, Stefanovic-Racic M, McIntyre LA, Georgescu H I, Evans C H. Toward a biochemical understanding of human intervertebral disc degeneration and herniation. Contributions of nitric oxide, interleukins, prostaglandin E2, and matrix metalloproteinases. Spine 1997; 22(10): 1065-1073.
75. Katz J N. (1995). Lumbar spinal fusion. Surgical rates, costs, and complications. Spine 1995; 20(24 Suppl): 78S-83S.
76. Katz J N. Lumbar disc disorders and low-back pain: socioeconomic factors and consequences. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 2006; 88(Suppl 2): 21-24.
77. Krismer M. Fusion of the lumbar spine. A consideration of the indications. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 2002; 84(6): 783-794.
78. Kumar M N, Baklanov A, Chopin D. Correlation between sagittal plane changes and adjacent segment degeneration following lumbar spine fusion. Eur Spine J 2001a: 10(4): 314-319.
79. Kumar M N, Jacquot F, Hall H. Long-term follow-up of functional outcomes and radiographic changes at adjacent levels following lumbar spine fusion for degenerative disc disease. Eur Spine J 2001b; 10(4): 309-313.
80. Langmayr J J, Obwegeser A A, Schwarz A B, Laimer I, Ulmer H, Ortler M. Intrathecal steroids to reduce pain after lumbar disc surgery: a doubleblind, placebo-controlled prospective study. Pain 1995; 62(3): 357-361.
81. Lantz S A, Schultz A B. Lumbar spine orthosis wearing. II. Effect on trunk muscle myoelectric activity. Spine 1986; 11(8): 838-842.
82. Lee C K, Langrana N A. Lumbosacral spinal fusion. A biomechanical study. Spine 1984; 9(6): 574-581.
83. Lehmann T R, Spratt K F, Tozzi JE, et al. Long-term follow-up of lower lumbar fusion patients. Spine 1987; 12(2): 97-104.
84. Liberati A, Altman D G, Tetzlaff J, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med 2009; 6(7): e1000100.
85. Lovely T J, Rastogi P. The value of provocative facet blocking as a predictor of success in lumbar spine fusion. J Spinal Disord 1997; 10(6): 512-517.
86. Lumsden R M 2nd, Morris J M. An in vivo study of axial rotation and immoblization at the lumbosacral joint. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1968; 50(8): 1591-1602.
87. Lund T, Oxland T R, Nydegger T, Schlenzka D, Laine T, Heini P. Is there a connection between the clinical response after an external fixation test or a subsequent lumbar fusion and the pre-test intervertebral kinematics? Spine 2002; 27(23): 2726-2733.
88. Madan S, Gundanna M, Harley J M, Boeree N R, Sampson M. Does provocative discography screening of discogenic back pain improve surgical outcome? J Spinal Disord Tech 2002; 15(3): 245-251.
89. Magerl F P. Stabilization of the lower thoracic and lumbar spine with external skeletal fixation. Clin Orthop 1984; (189): 125-141.
90. McCulloch J A, Waddell G. Lateral lumbar discography. Br J Radiol 1978; 51(607): 498-502.
91. McIntosh G, Frank J, Hogg-Johnson S, Bombardier C, Hall H. Prognostic factors for time receiving workers' compensation benefits in a cohort of patients with low back pain. Spine 2000; 25(2): 147-157.
92. Modic M T, Masaryk T J, Ross J S, Carter J R. Imaging of degenerative disk disease. Radiology 1988; 168(1): 177-186.
93. Nachemson A. Lumbar discography-where are we today? Spine 1989; 14(6): 555-557.
94. Nachemson A, Morris J M. In vivo measurements of intradiscal pressure. Discometry, a method for the determination of pressure in the lower lumbar discs. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1964; 46: 1077-1092.
95. Nelson M A, Allen P, Clamp S E, de Dombal F T. Reliability and reproducibility of clinical findings in low-back pain. Spine 1979; 4(2): 97-101.
96. Ohtori S, Kinoshita T, Yamashita M, et al. Results of surgery for discogenic low back pain: a randomized study using discography versus discoblock for diagnosis. Spine 2009; 34(13): 1345-1348.
97. Olerud S, Sjöström L, Karlström G, Hamberg M. Spontaneous effect of increased stability of the lower lumbar spine in cases of severe chronic back pain. The answer of an external transpeduncular fixation test. Clin Orthop 1986; (203): 67-74.
98. Ostelo R W, van Tulder M W, Vlaeyen J W, Linton S J, Morley S J, Assendelft W J. Behavioural treatment for chronic low-back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; (1): CD002014.
99. Ostelo R W, Deyo R A, Stratford P, et al. Interpreting change scores for pain and functional status in low back pain: towards international consensus regarding minimal important change. Spine 2008; 33(1): 90-94.
100. Osti OL, Fraser RD, Vernon-Roberts B. Discitis after discography. The role of prophylactic antibiotics. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 1990; 72(2): 271-274.
101. Patel N, Bagan B, Vadera S, et al. Obesity and spine surgery: relation to perioperative complications. J Neurosurg Spine 2007; 6(4): 291-297.
102. Patrick B S. Lumbar discography: a five year study. Surg Neurol 1973; 1(5): 267-273.
103. Peng B, Wu W, Hou S, Li P, Zhang C, Yang Y. The pathogenesis of discogenic low back pain. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 2005; 87(1): 62-67.
104. Peng B, Chen J, Kuang Z, Li D, Pang X, Zhang X. Diagnosis and surgical treatment of back pain originating from endplate. Eur Spine J 2009; 18(7): 1035-1040.
105. Pincus T, Burton A K, Vogel S, Field A P. A systematic review of psychological factors as predictors of chronicity/disability in prospective cohorts of low back pain. Spine 2002; 27(5): E109-120.
106. Piotrowski WP, Krombholz MA, Mühl B. Spondylodiscitis after lumbar disk surgery. Neurosurg Rev 1994; 17(3): 189-193.
107. Price D D, McGrath P A, Rafii A, Buckingham B. The validation of visual analogue scales as ratio scale measures for chronic and experimental pain. Pain 1983; 17(1): 45-56.
108. Rask B, Dall B E. Use of the pantaloon cast for the selection of fusion candidates in the treatment of chronic low back pain. Clin Orthop 1993; (288): 148-157.
109. Resnick D K, Choudhri T F, Dailey A T, et al. Guidelines for the performance of fusion procedures for degenerative disease of the lumbar spine. Part 2: assessment of functional outcome. J Neurosurg Spine 2005; 2(6): 639-646.
110. Rhoten R L, Murphy M A, Kalfas I H, Hahn J F, Washington J A. Antibiotic penetration into cervical discs. Neurosurgery 1995; 37(3): 418-421.
111. Rimoldi R L, Haye W. The use of antibiotics for wound prophylaxis in spinal surgery. Orthop Clin North Am 1996; 27(1): 47-52.
112. Risdon A, Eccleston C, Crombez G, McCracken L. How can we learn to live with pain? A Q-methodological analysis of the diverse understandings of acceptance of chronic pain. Soc Sci Med 2003; 56 : 375-386.
113. Rivero-Arias O, Campbell H, Gray A, Fairbank J, Frost H, Wilson-MacDonald J. Surgical stabilisation of the spine compared with a programme of intensive rehabilitation for the management of patients with chronic low back pain: cost utility analysis based on a randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2005; 330(7502): 1239.
114. Röder C, Müller U, Aebi M. The rationale for a spine registry. Eur Spine J 2006; 15 (Suppl 1): S52-S56.
115. Rohde V, Meyer B, Schaller C, Hassler W E. Spondylodiscitis after lumbar discectomy. Incidence and a proposal for prophylaxis. Spine 1998; 23(5): 615-620.
116. Rothwell P M. External validity of randomised controlled trials: To whom do the results of this trial apply? Lancet 2005; 365(9453): 82-93.
117. Sackett D L, Rosenberg W M, Gray J A, Haynes R B, Richardson W S. Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn't. BMJ 1996; 312(7023): 71-72.
118. Sato H, Kikuchi S. The natural history of radiographic instability of the lumbar spine. Spine 1993; 18(14): 2075-2079.
119. Schulitz K P, Assheuer J. Discitis after procedures on the intervertebral disc. Spine 1994; 19(10): 1172-1177.
120. Slobbe L C J, Smit J M, Groen J, Meerding W J, Polder J J. Kosten van ziekten in Nederland 2003. RIVM rapport 270751010. Bilthoven, RIVM 2006.
121. Soini J R, Seitsalo S K. The external fixation test of the lumbar spine. 30 complications in 25 of 100 consecutive patients. Acta Orthop Scand 1993; 64(2): 147-149.
122. Staal J B, Hlobil H, Twisk J W, Smid T, Köke A J, van Mechelen W. Graded activity for low back pain in occupational health care: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2004; 140(2): 77-84.
123. Strömqvist B, Jönsson B, Fritzell P, Hägg O, Larsson B E, Lind B. The Swedish National Registry for lumbar spine surgery: Swedisch Society for Spinal Surgery. Acta Orthop Scand 2001; 72(2): 99-106.
124. Tai C C, Want S, Quraishi NA, Batten J, Kalra M, Hughes S P. Antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery of the intervertebral disc. A comparison between gentamicin and cefuroxime. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 2002; 84(7): 1036-1039.
125. Throckmorton T W, Hilibrand A S, Mencio G A, Hodge A, Spengler D M. The impact of adjacent level disc degeneration on health status outcomes following lumbar fusion. Spine 2003; 28(22): 2546-2550.
126. Tuong N H, Dansereau J, Maurais G, Herrera R. Three-dimensional evaluation of lumbar orthosis effects on spinal behavior. J Rehabil Res Dev 1998; 35(1): 34-42.
127. Turner JA, Ersek M, Herron L, et al. Patient outcomes after lumbar spinal fusions. JAMA 1992; 268(7): 907-911.
128. Urban J P, Holm S, Maroudas A, Nachemson A. Nutrition of the intervertebral disk. An in vivo study of solute transport. Clin Orthop 1977; (129): 101-114.
129. van den Hout J H, Vlaeyen J W, Heuts P H, Zijlema J H, Wijnen J A. Secondary prevention of work-related disability in nonspecific low back pain: does problem-solving therapy help? A randomized clinical trial. Clin J Pain 2003; 19(2): 87-96.
130. van der Schaaf D B, van Limbeek J, Pavlov P W. Temporary external transpedicular fixation of the lumbosacral spine. Spine 1999; 24(5): 481-484; discussion 484-485.
131. van der Windt D A, Jellema P, Mulder C J, Kneepkens C M, van der Horst H E. Diagnostic testing for celiac disease among patients with abdominal symptoms: a systematic review. JAMA 2010; 303(17): 1738-1746.
132. van Tulder M W, Assendelft W J, Koes B W, Bouter L M. Spinal radiographic findings and nonspecific low back pain. A systematic review of observational studies. Spine 1997; 22(4): 427-434.
133. van Tulder M W, Koes B W, Bouter L M. A cost-of-illness study of back pain in The Netherlands. Pain 1995; 62(2): 233-240.
134. Vlaeyen J W, Linton S J. Fear-avoidance and its consequences in chronic musculoskeletal pain: a state of the art. Pain 2000; 85(3): 317-332.
135. Waddell G. Low back pain: a twentieth century health care enigma. Spine 1996; 21(24): 2820-2825.
136. Walker B F. The prevalence of low back pain: a systematic review of the literature from 1966 to 1998. J Spinal Disord 2000; 13(3): 205-217.
137. Weinstein J N, Lurie J D, Olson P R, Bronner K K, Fisher E S. United States' trends and regional variations in lumbar spine surgery: 1992-2003. Spine 2006; 31(23): 2707-2714.
138. Weishaupt D, Zanetti M, Hodler J, et al. Painful lumbar disk derangement: Relevance of endplate abnormalities at MR imaging. Radiology 2001; 218(2): 420-427.
139. Wetzel F T, LaRocca S H, Lowery G L, Aprill C N. The treatment of lumbar spinal pain syndromes diagnosed by discography. Lumbar arthrodesis. Spine 1994; 19(7): 792-800.
140. Whiting P, Rutjes A W, Reitsma J B, Bossuyt P M, Kleijnen J. The development of QUADAS : a tool for the quality assessment of studies of diagnostic accuracy included in systematic reviews. BMC Med Res Methodol 2003; 3: 25.
141. Willems P C, Nienhuis B, Sietsma M, van der Schaaf D B, Pavlov P W. The effect of a plaster cast on lumbosacral joint motion. An in vivo assessment with precision motion analysis system. Spine 1997; 22(11): 1229-1234.
142. Willems P C, Jacobs W, Duinkerke E S, De Kleuver M. Lumbar discography: should we use prophylactic antibiotics? A study of 435 consecutive discograms and a systematic review of the literature. J Spinal Disord Tech 2004; 17(3): 243-247.
143. Willems P C, Elmans L, Anderson P G, Jacobs W C, van der Schaaf D B, de Kleuver M. The value of a pantaloon cast test in surgical decision making for chronic low back pain patients: a systematic review of the literature supplemented with a prospective cohort study. Eur Spine J 2006; 15(10): 1487-1494.
144. Willems P C, Elmans L, Anderson P G, van der Schaaf D B, de Kleuver M. Provocative discography and lumbar fusion: is preoperative assessment of adjacent discs useful? Spine 2007; 32(10): 1094-1099; discussion 1100.
145. Wilson-MacDonald J, Fairbank J, Frost H, Yu L M, Barker K, Collins R, Campbell H. The MRC spine stabilization trial: surgical methods, outcomes, costs, and complications of surgical stabilization. Spine 2008; 33(21): 2334-2340.
146. Zamora J, Abraira V, Muriel A, Khan K, Coomarasamy A. Meta-DiSc: a software for meta-analysis of test accuracy data. BMC Med Res Methodol 2006; 6: 31.
147. Zanoli G, Strömqvist B, Jönsson B. Visual analog scales for interpretation of back and leg pain intensity in patients operated for degenerative lumbar spine disorders. Spine 2001; 26(21): 2375-2380.