The processes of inference

Argument and Computation

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 4-20

  Khemlani, Sangeet ^a   Johnson Laird, P N ^b  

^a NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^b PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

cognitive science; computational modelling; deduction; inferences; mental models; mReasoner; rationality; reasoning

Indexed keywords

COGNITIVE SCIENCE; COMPUTATIONAL MODELLING; DEDUCTION; INFERENCES; MENTAL MODEL; MREASONER; RATIONALITY; REASONING;

COGNITIVE SYSTEMS;

EID: 84874094010     PISSN: 19462166     EISSN: 19462174     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/19462166.2012.674060     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Anderson, J.R. (1993), Rules of the Mind, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
2. Barwise, J. (1993), 'Everyday Reasoning and Logical Inference', Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 16, 337-338.
3. Bauer, M.I., and Johnson-Laird, P.N. (1993), 'How Diagrams can Improve Reasoning', Psychological Science, 4, 372-378.
4. Begg, I., and Denny, J. (1969), 'Empirical Reconciliation of Atmosphere and Conversion Interpretations of Syllogistic Reasoning', Journal of Experimental Psychology, 81, 351-354.
5. Bell, V., and Johnson-Laird, P.N. (1998), 'A Model Theory of Modal Reasoning', Cognitive Science, 22, 25-51. (Pubitemid 128180616)
6. Braine, M. (1978), 'On the Relation between the Natural Logic of Reasoning and Standard Logic', Psychological Review, 85, 1-21.
7. Bucciarelli, M., and Johnson-Laird, P.N. (1999), 'Strategies in Syllogistic Reasoning', Cognitive Science, 23, 247-303.
8. Bucciarelli, M., and Johnson-Laird, P.N. (2005), 'Naïve Deontics: A Theory of Meaning, Representation, and Reasoning', Cognitive Psychology, 50, 159-193.
9. Byrne, R.M.J. (2005), The Rational Imagination: How People Create Alternatives to Reality, Cambridge, MA: MIT press.
10. Byrne, R.M.J., and Johnson-Laird, P.N. (1989), 'Spatial Reasoning', Journal of Memory and Language, 28, 564-575.
11. Byrne, R.M.J., and Tasso, A. (1999), 'Deductive Reasoning with Factual, Possible, and Counterfactual Conditionals', Memory & Cognition, 27, 726-740. (Pubitemid 29411469)
12. Ceraso, J., and Provitera, A. (1971), 'Sources of Error in Syllogistic Reasoning', Cognitive Psychology, 2, 400-410.
13. Chater, N., and Oaksford, M. (1999), 'The Probability Heuristics Model of Syllogistic Reasoning', Cognitive Psychology, 38, 191-258.
14. Cohen, M.R., and Nagel, E. (1934), An Introduction to Logic and Scientific Method, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
15. Erickson, J.R. (1974), 'A set Analysis Theory of Behavior in Formal Syllogistic Reasoning Tasks', in Loyola Symposium on Cognition,Vol. 2, ed. R. Solso, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence ErlbaumAssociates, pp. 305-330.
16. Evans, J.St.B.T. (2003), 'In Two Minds: Dual Process Accounts of Reasoning', Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 454-459. (Pubitemid 37188789)
17. Evans, J.St.B.T. (2007), Hypothetical Thinking: Dual Processes in Reasoning and Judgement, Hove: Psychology Press.
18. Evans, J.St.B.T. (2008), 'Dual-Processing Accounts of Reasoning, Judgment and Social Cognition', Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 255-278.
19. Evans, J.St.B.T., Handley, S.J., Harper, C.N.J., and Johnson-Laird, P.N. (1999), 'Reasoning about Necessity and Possibility:ATest of the Mental Model Theory of Deduction', Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 25, 1495-1513.
20. Ford, M. (1995), 'Two Modes of Mental Representation and Problem Solution in Syllogistic Reasoning', Cognition, 54, 1-71.
21. Frosch, C.A., and Johnson-Laird, P.N. (2011), 'Is Everyday Causation Deterministic or Probabilistic?', Acta Psychologica, 137, 280-291.
22. Geurts, B. (2003), 'Reasoning with Quantifiers', Cognition, 86, 223-251. (Pubitemid 35461920)
23. Goldberg,A. (2003), 'Constructions:ANewTheoreticalApproach to Language',Trends in Cognitive Science, 7, 219-224.
24. Goldvarg, E., and Johnson-Laird, P.N. (2001), 'Naive Causality:A Mental Model Theory of Causal Meaning and Reasoning', Cognitive Science, 25, 565-610.
25. Goodwin, G., and Johnson-Laird, P.N. (2005), 'Reasoning about Relations', Psychological Review, 112, 468-493. (Pubitemid 40465994)
26. Goodwin, G., and Johnson-Laird, P.N. (2006), 'ReasoningAbout the Relations Between Relations', Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 59, 1047-1069 (Pubitemid 43755019)
27. Guyote, M.J., and Sternberg, R.J. (1981), 'A Transitive-Chain Theory of Syllogistic Reasoning', Cognitive Psychology, 13, 461-525.
28. Hopcroft, J.E., and Ullman, J.D. (1979), Formal Languages and Their Relation to Automata, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
29. Inhelder, B., and Piaget, J. (1958), The Groth of Logical Thinking from Childhood to Adolescence, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
30. Jahn, G., Knauff, M., and Johnson-Laird, P.N. (2007), 'Preferred Mental Models in Reasoning about Spatial Relations', Memory & Cognition, 35, 2075-2087.
31. Jeffrey, R. (1981), Formal Logic: Its Scope and Limits (2nd ed.), NewYork, NY: McGraw-Hill.
32. Johnson-Laird, P.N. (1975), 'Models of Deduction', in Reasoning: Representation and Process in Children and Adults, ed. R.J. Falmagne, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, pp. 7-54.
33. Johnson-Laird, P.N. (1983), Mental Models, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
34. Johnson-Laird, P.N. (1994), 'Mental Models and Probabilistic Thinking', Cognition, 50, 189-209.
35. Johnson-Laird, P.N. (2006), How We Reason, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
36. Johnson-Laird, P.N., and Byrne, R.M.J. (1991), Deduction, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
37. Johnson-Laird, P.N., and Byrne, R.M.J. (2002), 'Conditionals: A Theory of Meaning, Pragmatics, and Inference', Psychological Review, 109, 646-678.
38. Johnson-Laird, P.N., Byrne, R.M.J., and Schaeken, W.S. (1992), 'Propositional Reasoning by Model', Psychological Review, 99, 418-439.
39. Johnson-Laird, P.N., Byrne, R.M.J., and Tabossi, P. (1989), 'Reasoning by Model: The Case of Multiple Quantification', Psychological Review, 96, 658-673.
40. Johnson-Laird, P.N., Girotto, V., and Legrenzi, P. (2004), 'Reasoning from Inconsistency to Consistency', Psychological Review, 111, 640-661. (Pubitemid 38883576)
41. Johnson-Laird, P.N., and Hasson, U. (2003), 'Counterexamples in Sentential Reasoning', Memory & Cognition, 31, 1105-1113. (Pubitemid 37509728)
42. Johnson-Laird, P.N., Legrenzi, P., Girotto, V., Legrenzi, M.S., and Caverni, J. (1999), 'Naïve Probability: A Mental Model Theory of Extensional Reasoning', Psychological Review, 106, 62-88.
43. Johnson-Laird, P.N., and Savary, F. (1999), 'Illusory Inferences: A Novel Class of Erroneous Deductions', Cognition, 71, 191-229. (Pubitemid 29371916)
44. Johnson-Laird, P.N., and Yang, Y. (2008), 'Mental Logic, Mental Models, and Computer Simulations of Human Reasoning', in Cambridge Handbook of Computational Psychology, ed. R. Sun, Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, pp. 339-358.
45. Juhos, C., Quelhas, A.C., and Johnson-Laird, P.N. (2012), 'Temporal and Spatial Relations in Sentential Reasoning', Cognition, 122, 393-404.
46. Kahneman, D. (2011), Thinking, Fast and Slow, NewYork, NY: Farrar, Strauss, Giroux.
47. Khemlani, S., and Johnson-Laird, P.N. (2009), 'Disjunctive Illusory Inferences and How to Eliminate Them', Memory & Cognition, 37, 615-623.
48. Khemlani, S., and Johnson-Laird, P.N. (in press), 'Theories of the Syllogism:AMeta-analysis', Psychological Bulletin, in press.
49. Khemlani, S., Lotstein, M., and Johnson-Laird, P.N. (under reviewa),Aunified theory of syllogistic reasoning. Manuscript under submission.
50. Khemlani, S., Lostein, M., and Johnson-Laird, P.N. (under review b), Immediate inferences in quantified assertions. Manuscript under submission.
51. Khemlani, S., Lotstein, M., and Johnson-Laird, P.N. (under review c), The psychology of set membership.
52. Khemlani, S., Orenes, I., and Johnson-Laird, P.N. (in press), 'Negation: A Theory of its Meaning, Representation, and Use', Journal of Cognitive Psychology, in press.
53. Kroger, J.K., Nystrom, L.E., Cohen, J.D., and Johnson-Laird, P.N. (2008), 'Distinct Neural Substrates for Deductive and Mathematical Processing', Brain Research, 1243, 86-103.
54. Kunze, N., Khemlani, S., Lotstein, M., and Johnson-Laird, P.N. (2010), 'Illusions of Consistency in Quantified Assertions', in Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, eds. S. Ohlsson and R. Catrambone, Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society, pp. 2028-2032.
55. Langacker, R. (2008), Cognitive Grammar: A Basic Introduction, NewYork, NY: Oxford University Press.
56. Mackiewicz, R., and Johnson-Laird, P.N. (2012), 'Reasoning from Connectives and Relations between Entities', Memory & Cognition, 40, 266-279.
57. Neth, H., and Johnson-Laird, P.N. (1999), 'The Search for Counterexamples in Human Reasoning', in Proceedings of the Twenty First Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, p. 806.
58. Newell, A. (1990), Unified Theories of Cognition, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
59. Osherson, D. (1975), 'Logical and Models of Logical Thinking', in Reasoning: Representation and Process in Children and Adults, ed. R.J. Falmagne, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, pp. 81-92.
60. Partee, B.H. (1996), 'The Development of Formal Semantics in Linguistic Theory', in The Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theory, ed. S. Lappin, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 11-38.
61. Peirce, C.S. (1931-1958), Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce (8 vols), in eds. C. Hartshorne, P. Weiss, and A. Burks, A., Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
62. Politzer, G., van der Henst, J.B., Luche, C.D., and Noveck, I.A. (2006), 'The Interpretation of Classically Quantified Sentences: A Set-Theoretic Approach', Cognitive Science, 30, 691-723. (Pubitemid 44420053)
63. Polk, T.A., and Newell, A. (1995), 'Deduction as Verbal Reasoning', Psychological Review, 102, 533-566.
64. Quelhas, A.C., Johnson-Laird, P.N., and Juhos, C. (2010), 'The Modulation of Conditional Assertions and its Effects on Reasoning', Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63, 1716-1739.
65. Revlis, R. (1975), 'Two Models of Syllogistic Reasoning: Feature Selection and Conversion', Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 14, 180-195.
66. Rips, L.J. (1983), 'Cognitive Processes in Propositional Reasoning', Psychological Review, 90, 38-71.
67. Rips, L.J. (1994), The Psychology of Proof, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
68. Schaeken, W.S., Johnson-Laird, P.N., d'Ydewalle, G. (1996), 'Mental Models and Temporal Reasoning', Cognition, 60, 205-234.
69. Sloman, S.A. (1996), 'The Empirical Case for Two Systems of Reasoning', Psychological Bulletin, 119, 3-22. (Pubitemid 126021382)
70. Stanovich, K.E. (1999), Who is Rational? Studies of Individual Differences in Reasoning. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
71. Stenning, K., and Yule, P. (1997), 'Image and Language in Human Reasoning: A Syllogistic Illustration', Cognitive Psychology, 34, 109-159. (Pubitemid 127376012)
72. Verschueren, N., Schaeken, W., and d'Ydewalle, G. (2005), 'A Dual-Process Specification of Causal Conditional Reasoning', Thinking and Reasoning, 11, 278-293.
73. Wason, P.C., and Shapiro, D. (1971), 'Natural and Contrived Experience in a Reasoning Problem', Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 23, 63-71.
74. Wetherick, N.E., and Gilhooly, K.J. (1995), "'Atmosphere", matching, and logic in syllogistic reasoning', Current Psychology, 14, 169-178. (Pubitemid 126029424)