Contributions of sunlight and diet to vitamin D status

Calcified Tissue International

Volumn 92, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 163-176

  MacDonald, Helen M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Age; Aging; Osteomalacia; Rickets; Steroid hormones; Vitamin D

Indexed keywords

25 HYDROXYVITAMIN D; SUNSCREEN; VITAMIN D;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; ADVERSE OUTCOME; ARTICLE; BODY MASS; CANCER RISK; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKE; FOOD COMPOSITION; FOOD INTAKE; FOOD SAFETY; GENETIC VARIABILITY; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; OSTEOMALACIA; PHOTOTHERAPY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RICKETS; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; SEASONAL VARIATION; SKIN CANCER; SKIN COLOR; SKIN PIGMENTATION; SKIN PROTECTION; SUN EXPOSURE; TREATMENT DURATION; ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION; VITAMIN BLOOD LEVEL; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY; VITAMIN D METABOLISM; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION;

EID: 84873739876     PISSN: 0171967X     EISSN: 14320827     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00223-012-9634-1     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. Shipley PG, Park EA, McCollum EV, Simmonds N, Parsons HT (1921) Studies on experimental rickets, II: the effect of cod liver oil administered to rats with experimental rickets. J Biol Chem 45:343-348
2. Mellanby E (1919) An experimental investigation of rickets. Lancet 1:407-412
3. McCollum EV, Simmonds N, Becker JE, Shipley PG (1922) Studies on experimental rickets, XXI: an experimental demonstration of the existence of a vitamin which promotes calcium deposition. J Biol Chem 53:293-312
4. Institute of Medicine (2011) Dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D. National Academies Press, Washington, DC
5. Holick MF (2007) Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med 357:266-281
6. Haussler MR, Whitfield GK, Kaneko I, Forster R, Saini R et al (2012) The role of vitamin D in the FGF23, klotho, and phosphate bone-kidney endocrine axis. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 13:57-69
7. Bouillon R, Carmeliet G, Daci E, Segaert S, Verstuyf A (1998) Vitamin D metabolism and action. Osteoporos Int 8:S13-S19
8. Hathcock JN, Shao A, Vieth R, Heaney R (2007) Risk assessment for vitamin D. Am J Clin Nutr 85:6-18
9. Moan J, Porojnicu AC, Dahlback A, Setlow RB (2008) Addressing the health benefits and risks, involving vitamin D or skin cancer, of increased sun exposure. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:668-673
10. Holick MF (2001) Sunlight "D"ilemma: risk of skin cancer or bone disease and muscle weakness. Lancet 357:4-6
11. Narbutt J, Norval M, Slowik-Rylska M, Jochymski C, Kozlowski W et al (2009) Suberythemal ultraviolet B radiation alters the expression of cell cycle-related proteins in the epidermis of human subjects without leading to photoprotection. Br J Dermatol 161:890-896
12. Diffey BL (2010) Modelling the seasonal variation of vitamin D due to sun exposure. Br J Dermatol 162:1342-1348
13. Holick MF, Jenkins M (2003) The UV advantage. iBooks, New York
14. Holick MF, Chen TC, Lu Z, Sauter E (2007) Vitamin D and skin physiology: a D-lightful story. J Bone Miner Res 22(Suppl 2):V28-V33
15. Food Standards Agency (2002) McCance and Widdowson's the composition of foods, 6th summary edn. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge
16. Engelsen O, Brustad M, Aksnes L, Lund E (2005) Daily duration of vitamin D synthesis in human skin with relation to latitude, total ozone, altitude, ground cover, aerosols and cloud thickness. Photochem Photobiol 81:1287-1290
17. Dowdy JC, Sayre RM, Holick MF (2010) Holick's rule and vitamin D from sunlight. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 121:328-330
18. Wagner JK, Parra EJ, Norto LH, Jovel C, Shriver MD (2002) Skin responses to ultraviolet radiation: effects of constitutive pigmentation, sex, and ancestry. Pigment Cell Res 15:385-390
19. Loomis WF (1967) Skin-pigment regulation of vitamin-D biosynthesis in man. Science 157:501-506
20. Lo CW, Paris PW, Holick MF (1986) Indian and Pakistani immigrants have the same capacity as Caucasians to produce vitamin D in response to ultraviolet irradiation. Am J Clin Nutr 44:683-685
21. Farrar MD, Kift R, Felton SJ, Berry JL, Durkin MT et al (2011) Recommended summer sunlight exposure amounts fail to produce sufficient vitamin D status in UK adults of south Asian origin. Am J Clin Nutr 94:1219-1224
22. Finch PJ, Ang L, Eastwood JB, Maxwell JD (1992) Clinical and histological spectrum of osteomalacia among Asians in south London. Q J Med 83:439-448
23. Pettifor JM (2004) Nutritional rickets: deficiency of vitamin D, calcium, or both? Am J Clin Nutr 80:1725S-1729S
24. Bryant RJ, Wastney ME, Martin BR, Wood O, McCabe GP et al (2003) Racial differences in bone turnover and calcium metabolism in adolescent females. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:1043-1047
25. Hannam S, Lee S, Sellars M (2004) Severe vitamin D deficient rickets in black Afro-Caribbean children. Arch Dis Child 89:91-92
26. 3 synthesis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 64:1165-1168
27. Macdonald HM, Mavroeidi A, Aucott LA, Diffey BL, Fraser WD et al (2011) Skin color change in Caucasian postmenopausal women predicts summer-winter change in 25-hydroxyvitamin D: findings from the ANSAViD cohort study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96:1677-1686
28. Diffey B (2009) Sunscreens: expectation and realization. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 25:233-236
29. 3. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 75:1099-1103
30. Thieden E, Philipsen PA, Sandby-Moller J, Heydenreich J, Wulf HC (2004) Proportion of lifetime UV dose received by children, teenagers and adults based on time-stamped personal dosimetry. J Invest Dermatol 123:1147-1150
31. Challoner AV, Corless D, Davis A, Deane GH, Diffey BL et al (1976) Personnel monitoring of exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Clin Exp Dermatol 1:175-179
32. Diffey BL (1989) Ultraviolet radiation dosimetry with polysulfone film. In: Diffey BL (ed) Radiation measurement in photobiology. Academic Press, London, pp 135-159
33. Macdonald HM, Mavroeidi A, Fraser WD, Darling AL, Black AJ et al (2011) Sunlight and dietary contributions to the seasonal vitamin D status of cohorts of healthy postmenopausal women living at northerly latitudes: a major cause for concern? Osteoporos Int 22:2461-2472
34. McCarty CA (2008) Sunlight exposure assessment: can we accurately assess vitamin D exposure from sunlight questionnaires? Am J Clin Nutr 87:1097S-1101S
35. van der Mei IA, Blizzard L, Ponsonby AL, Dwyer T (2006) Validity and reliability of adult recall of past sun exposure in a case-control study of multiple sclerosis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15:1538-1544
36. Macdonald HM, Mavroeidi A, Barr RJ, Black AJ, Fraser WD et al (2008) Vitamin D status in postmenopausal women living at higher latitudes in the UK in relation to bone health, overweight, sunlight exposure and dietary vitamin D. Bone 42:996-1003
37. Holick MF (1994) McCollum award lecture, 1994: vitamin D - new horizons for the 21st century. Am J Clin Nutr 60:619-630
38. Luria T, Matsliah Y, Adir Y, Josephy N, Moran DS et al (2010) Effects of a prolonged submersion on bone strength and metabolism in young healthy submariners. Calcif Tissue Int 86:8-13
39. Smith SM, Gardner KK, Locke J, Zwart SR (2009) Vitamin D supplementation during Antarctic winter. Am J Clin Nutr 89:1092-1098
40. Iuliano-Burns S, Wang XF, Ayton J, Jones G, Seeman E (2009) Skeletal and hormonal responses to sunlight deprivation in Antarctic expeditioners. Osteoporos Int 20:1523-1528
41. Sharma S, Barr AB, Macdonald HM, Sheehy T, Novotny R et al (2011) Vitamin D deficiency and disease risk among aboriginal Arctic populations. Nutr Rev 69:468-478
42. Haddad JG, Chyu KJ (1971) Competitive protein-binding radioassay for 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 33:992-995
43. Luxwolda MF, Kuipers RS, Kema IP, Janneke Dijck-Brouwer DA, Muskiet FA (2012) Traditionally living populations in East Africa have a mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration of 115 nmol/l. Br J Nutr. doi: 10.1017/S0007114511007161
44. Prentice A, Schoenmakers I, Jones K, Jarjou L, Goldberg G (2009) Vitamin D deficiency and its health consequences in Africa. Clin Rev Bone Miner Metab 7:94-106
45. Binkley N, Novotny R, Krueger D, Kawahara T, Daida YG et al (2007) Low vitamin D status despite abundant sun exposure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:2130-2135
46. Wang TJ, Zhang F, Richards JB, Kestenbaum B, van Meurs JB et al (2010) Common genetic determinants of vitamin D insufficiency: a genome-wide association study. Lancet 376:180-188
47. Fu L, Yun F, Oczak M, Wong BY, Vieth R et al (2009) Common genetic variants of the vitamin D binding protein (DBP) predict differences in response of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] to vitamin D supplementation. Clin Biochem 42:1174-1177
48. Lauridsen AL, Vestergaard P, Hermann AP, Brot C, Heickendorff L et al (2005) Plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D are related to the phenotype of Gc (vitamin D-binding protein): a cross-sectional study on 595 early postmenopausal women. Calcif Tissue Int 77:15-22
49. Bu FX, Armas L, Lappe J, Zhou Y, Gao G et al (2010) Comprehensive association analysis of nine candidate genes with serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels among healthy Caucasian subjects. Hum Genet 128:549-556
50. Signorello LB, Shi J, Cai Q, Zheng W, Williams SM et al (2011) Common variation in vitamin D pathway genes predicts circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels among African Americans. PLoS One 6:e28623
51. Liel Y, Ulmer E, Shary J, Hollis BW, Bell NH (1988) Low circulating vitamin D in obesity. Calcif Tissue Int 43:199-201
52. Wortsman J, Matsuoka LY, Chen TC, Lu Z, Holick MF (2000) Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 72:690-693
53. Thorand B, Baumert J, Doring A, Herder C, Kolb H et al (2006) Sex differences in the relation of body composition to markers of inflammation. Atherosclerosis 184:216-224
54. Snijder MB, van Dam RM, Visser M, Deeg DJ, Dekker JM et al (2005) Adiposity in relation to vitamin D status and parathyroid hormone levels: a population-based study in older men and women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:4119-4123
55. Pramyothin P, Biancuzzo RM, Lu Z, Hess DT, Apovian CM et al (2011) Vitamin D in adipose tissue and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D after roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Obesity (Silver Spring) 19:2228-2234
56. Johnson JM, Maher JW, DeMaria EJ, Downs RW, Wolfe LG et al (2006) The long-term effects of gastric bypass on vitamin D metabolism. Ann Surg 243:701-705
57. Drincic AT, Armas LA, Van Diest EE, Heaney RP (2012) Volumetric dilution, rather than sequestration best explains the low vitamin D status of obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 20:1444-1448
58. Kimlin MG (2008) Geographic location and vitamin D synthesis. Mol Aspects Med 29:453-461
59. Webb AR, Engelsen O (2006) Calculated ultraviolet exposure levels for a healthy vitamin D status. Photochem Photobiol 82:1697-1703
60. 3 by causing its photodegradation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 68:882-887
61. Macdonald HM, Mavroeidi A, Reid DM, Fraser WD (2010) Sunlight or diet: what is the answer for providing sufficient vitamin D in the U.K.? Br J Dermatol 163:434-436
62. Chapuy MC, Preziosi P, Maamer M, Arnaud S, Galan P et al (1997) Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in an adult normal population. Osteoporos Int 7:439-443
63. Hypponen E, Power C (2007) Hypovitaminosis D in British adults at age 45 y: nationwide cohort study of dietary and lifestyle predictors. Am J Clin Nutr 85:860-868
64. Shea MK, Benjamin EJ, Dupuis J, Massaro JM, Jacques PF et al (2009) Genetic and non-genetic correlates of vitamins K and D. Eur J Clin Nutr 63:458-464
65. Jorde R, Sneve M, Hutchinson M, Emaus N, Figenschau Y et al (2010) Tracking of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels during 14 years in a population-based study and during 12 months in an intervention study. Am J Epidemiol 171:903-908
66. Heaney RP, Davies KM, Chen TC, Holick MF, Barger-Lux MJ (2003) Human serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol response to extended oral dosing with cholecalciferol. Am J Clin Nutr 77:204-210
67. 3 under various input conditions. Am J Clin Nutr 87:1738-1742
68. 3 in pigs - but the meat produced has a lower content of vitamin D. Br J Nutr 98:908-913
69. 3 distribution and status in the body. J Am Coll Nutr 28:252-256
70. Chesney RW, Rosen JF, Hamstra AJ, Smith C, Mahaffey K et al (1981) Absence of seasonal variation in serum concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D despite a rise in 25-hydroxyvitamin D in summer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 53:139-142
71. Chuck A, Todd J, Diffey B (2001) Subliminal ultraviolet-B irradiation for the prevention of vitamin D deficiency in the elderly: a feasibility study. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 17:168-171
72. Thieden E, Philipsen PA, Wulf HC (2006) Ultraviolet radiation exposure pattern in winter compared with summer based on time-stamped personal dosimeter readings. Br J Dermatol 154:133-138
73. Chel VG, Ooms ME, Popp-Snijders C, Pavel S, Schothorst AA et al (1998) Ultraviolet irradiation corrects vitamin D deficiency and suppresses secondary hyperparathyroidism in the elderly. J Bone Miner Res 13:1238-1242
74. Rhodes LE, Webb AR, Fraser HI, Kift R, Durkin MT et al (2010) Recommended summer sunlight exposure levels can produce sufficient (≥20 ng/mL) but not the proposed optimal (≥32 ng/mL) 25(OH)D levels at UK latitudes. J Invest Dermatol 130:1411-1418
75. Vahavihu K, Ylianttila L, Kautiainen H, Viljakainen H, Lamberg-Allardt C et al (2010) Narrowband ultraviolet B course improves vitamin D balance in women in winter. Br J Dermatol 162:848-853
76. Milliken SV, Wassall H, Lewis BJ, Logie J, Barker RN et al (2012) Effects of ultraviolet light on human serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and systemic immune function. J Allergy Clin Immunol 129:1554-1561
77. Department of Health (1998) Nutrition and bone health: with particular reference to calcium and vitamin D. HMSO, London
78. SACN (2007) Update on vitamin D: position statement by the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition. TSO, London
79. 2. Am J Clin Nutr 68:854-858
80. 3 in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:5387-5391
81. 3 is as effective as an oral supplement in maintaining vitamin D status in adults. Am J Clin Nutr 91:1621-1626
82. 2 in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96:E447-E452
83. 3 supplementation in raising serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 95:1357-1364
84. Hoare J, Henderson L, Bates CJ, Prentice P, Birch M et al (2004) The Dietary and Nutritional Survey of British adults aged 19-64 years. Summary report. Social Survey Division of the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys (OPCS) with dietary and nutritional evaluation by the Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Foods (MAFF), and the Department of Health. TSO, London
85. Gibson SA, Ashwell M (1997) New vitamin D values for meat and their implication for vitamin D intake in adults. Proc Nutr Soc 56:116A
86. Calvo MS, Whiting SJ, Barton CN (2005) Vitamin D intake: a global perspective of current status. J Nutr 135:310-316
87. Valimaki VV, Loyttyniemi E, Valimaki MJ (2007) Vitamin D fortification of milk products does not resolve hypovitaminosis D in young Finnish men. Eur J Clin Nutr 61:493-497
88. Bates CJ, Carter GD, Mishra GD, O'Shea D, Jones J et al (2003) In a population study, can parathyroid hormone aid the definition of adequate vitamin D status? A study of people aged 65 years and over from the British National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Osteoporos Int 14:152-159
89. Datta S, Alfaham M, Davies DP, Dunstan F, Woodhead S et al (2002) Vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women from a non-European ethnic minority population - an interventional study. BJOG 109:905-908
90. Cashman KD, Hill TR, Lucey AJ, Taylor N, Seamans KM et al (2008) Estimation of the dietary requirement for vitamin D in healthy adults. Am J Clin Nutr 88:1535-1542
91. Cashman KD, Wallace JM, Horigan G, Hill TR, Barnes MS et al (2009) Estimation of the dietary requirement for vitamin D in free-living adults ≥64 years of age. Am J Clin Nutr 89:1366-1374
92. Carter GD, Carter R, Jones J, Berry J (2004) How accurate are assays for 25-hydroxyvitamin D? Data from the international vitamin D external quality assessment scheme. Clin Chem 50:2195-2197
93. Byrne PM, Freaney R, McKenna MJ (1995) Vitamin D supplementation in the elderly: review of safety and effectiveness of different regimes. Calcif Tissue Int 56:518-520
94. Abraham R, Walton J, Russell L, Wolman R, Wardley-Smith B et al (2006) Dietary determinants of post-menopausal bone loss at the lumbar spine: a possible beneficial effect of iron. Osteoporos Int 17:1165-1173
95. 3 intake exceeding the lowest observed adverse effect level. Am J Clin Nutr 73:288-294
96. Gallagher JC, Sai A, Templin T II, Smith L (2012) Dose response to vitamin D supplementation in postmenopausal women: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 156:425-437
97. Willett AM (2005) Vitamin D status and its relationship with parathyroid hormone and bone mineral status in older adolescents. Proc Nutr Soc 64:193-203
98. Henry HL, Bouillon R, Norman AW, Gallagher JC, Lips P et al (2010) 14th Vitamin D Workshop consensus on vitamin D nutritional guidelines. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 121:4-6
99. Lawson DEM, Paul AA, Black AE, Cole TJ, Mandal AR et al (1979) Relative contributions of diet and sunlight to vitamin D state in the elderly. Br Med J 2:303-305
100. Department of Health (1991) Dietary reference values for food energy and nutrients for the United Kingdom. COMA, translator. HMSO, London
101. Lips P (2010) Worldwide status of vitamin D nutrition. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 121:297-300
102. Lips P, Chapuy MC, Dawson-Hughes B, Pols HA, Holick MF (1999) An international comparison of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D measurements. Osteoporos Int 9:394-397
103. Vieth R, Bischoff-Ferrari H, Boucher BJ, Dawson-Hughes B, Garland CF et al (2007) The urgent need to recommend an intake of vitamin D that is effective. Am J Clin Nutr 85:649-650
104. Hollis BW, Johnson D, Hulsey TC, Ebeling M, Wagner CL (2011) Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: double-blind, randomized clinical trial of safety and effectiveness. J Bone Miner Res 26:2341-2357