Microbial diversity of vermicompost bacteria that exhibit useful agricultural traits and waste management potential

SpringerPlus

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 1-19

  Pathma, Jayakumar ^a   Sakthivel, Natarajan ^a  

^a PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

Beneficial bacteria; Biofertilizer; Earthworms; Organic waste management; Pathogen suppression; Plant growth promotion; Vermicompost

Indexed keywords

EID: 84873490124     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21931801     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-1-26     Document Type: Article

References (294)

1. Addabdo TD (1995) The nematicidal effect of organic amendments: a review of the literature 1982-1994. Nematol Mediterranea 23:299-305
2. Aira M, Monroy F, Dominguez J (2007) Earthworms strongly modify microbial biomass and activity triggering enzymatic activities during vermicomposting independently of the application rates of pig slurry. Sci Total Environ 385:252-261
3. Aira M, Gómez-Brandón M, González-Porto P, Domínguez J (2011) Selective reduction of the pathogenic load of cow manure in an industrial-scale continuous-feeding vermireactor. Bioresource Technol 102:9633-9637
4. Agarwal S, Sinha RK, Sharma J (2010) Ver-miculture for sustainable horticulture: Agronomic impact studies of earthworms, cow dung compost and vermicompost vis-à-vis chemical fertilizers on growth and yield of lady's finger (Abelmoschus esculentus). In: Sinha RK et al (eds) Special Issue on 'Vermiculture Technology', International Journal of Environmental Engineering. Inderscience Publishers, Geneva, Switzerland
5. Akhtar M, Malik A (2000) Role of organic amendments and soil organisms in the biological control of plant parasitic nematodes: a review. Bioresour Technol 74:35-47
6. Albanell E, Plaixats J, Cabrero T (1988) Chemical changes during vermicomposting (Eisenia fetida) of sheep manure mixed with cotton industrial wastes. Biol Fertil Soils 6:266-269
7. Albuzio A, Concheri G, Nardi S, Dell'Agnola G (1994) Effect of humic fractions of different molecular size on the development of oat seedlings grown in varied nutritional conditions. In: Senesi N, Miano TM (eds) Humic substances in the Global Environment and Implications on Human Health. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp 199-204
8. Arancon NQ, Edwards CA, Atiyeh R, Metzger JD (2004a) Effects of vermicomposts produced from food waste on the growth and yields of greenhouse peppers. Bioresour Technol 93:139-144
9. Arancon NQ, Edwards CA, Bierman P, Metzger JD, Lee S, Welch C (2003a) Effects of vermicomposts to tomatoes and peppers grown in the field and strawberries under high plastic tunnels. Pedobiologia 47:731-735
10. Arancon NQ, Edwards CA, Bierman P, Welch C, Metzger JD (2004b) The influence of vermicompost applications to strawberries: Part 1. Effects on growth and yield. Bioresour Technol 93:145-153
11. Arancon NQ, Edwards CA, Lee S (2002) Management of plant parasitic nematode populations by use of vermicomposts. In: Proceedings Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Pests and Diseases, vol 8B-2., pp 705-716
12. Arancon NQ, Edwards CA, Yardim EN, Oliver TJ, Byrne RJ, Keeney G (2007) Suppression of two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae), mealy bug (Pseudococcus sp) and aphid (Myzus persicae) populations and damage by vermicomposts. Crop Prot 26:29-39
13. Arancon NQ, Galvis PA, Edwards CA (2005) Suppression of insect pest populations and damage to plants by vermicomposts. Bioresour Technol 96:1137-1142
14. Arancon NQ, Galvis P, Edwards CA, Yardim E (2003b) The trophic diversity of nematode communities in soils treated with vermicomposts. Pedobiologia 47:736-740
15. Arancon NQ, Lee S, Edwards CA, Atiyeh RM (2003c) Effects of humic acids and aqueous extracts derived from cattle, food and paper-waste vermicomposts on growth of greenhouse plants. Pedobiologia 47:744-781
16. Arshad M, Frankenberger WT Jr (1993) Microbial production of plant growth regulators. In: Metting FB Jr (ed) Soil Microbial Ecology: Applications in Agricultural and Environmental Management. Marcell Dekker, New York, pp 307-347
17. Asami DK, Hang YJ, Barnett DM, Mitchell AE (2003) Comparison of the total phenolic and ascorbic acid content of freeze-dried and air-dried marionberry, strawberry and corn grown using conventional organic and sustainable agricultural practices. J Agric Food Chem 51:1237-1241
18. Asha A, Tripathi AK, Soni P (2008) Vermicomposting: A Better Option for Organic Solid Waste Management. J Hum Ecol 24:59-64
19. Atiyeh RM, Arancon NQ, Edwards CA, Metzger JD (2001) The influence of earthworm-processed pig manure on the growth and productivity of marigolds. Bioresour Technol 81:103-108
20. Atiyeh RM, Dominguez J, Subler S, Edwards CA (2000a) Changes in biochemical properties of cow manure during processing by earthworms (Eisenia andrei, Bouché) and the effects on seedling growth. Pedobiologia 44:709-724
21. Atiyeh RM, Lee S, Edwards CA, Arancon NQ, Metzger JD (2002) The influence of humic acids derived from earthworm-processed organic wastes on plant growth. Bioresour Technol 84:7-14
22. Atiyeh RM, Subler S, Edwards CA, Bachman G, Metzger JD, Shuster W (2000b) Effects of vermicomposts and composts on plant growth in horticulture container media and soil. Pedobiologia 44:579-590
23. Atiyeh RM, Arancon NQ, Edwards CA, Metzger JD (2000c) Influence of earthworm- processed pig manure on the growth and yield of green house tomatoes. Bioresour Technol 75:175-180
24. Ayyadurai N, Ravindra Naik P, Sakthivel N (2007) Functional characterization of antagonistic fluorescent pseudomonads associated with rhizospheric soil of rice (Oryza sativa L.). J Microbiol Biotechnol 17:919-927
25. Bachman GR, Edgar Davice W (2000) Growth of magnolia virginiana liners in vermicompost-amended media. Proceeding of SNA Research Conference, Southern Nursery Association, Atlanta, pp 65-67
26. Bansal S, Kapoor KK (2000) Vermicomposting of crop residues and cattle dung with Eisenia foetida. Bioresour Technol 73:95-98
27. Banu JR, Logakanthi S, Vijayalakshmi GS (2001) Biomanagement of paper mill sludge using an indigenous (Lampito mauritii) and two exotic (Eudrilus eugineae and Eisenia foetida) earthworms. J Environ Biol 22:181-185
28. Barbieri P, Bernardi A, Galli E, Zanetti G (1988) Effects of inoculation with different strains of Azospirillum brasilense on wheat roots development. In: Klingmüller W (ed) Azospirillum IV, Genetics, Physiology, Ecology. SpringerVerlag, Berlin, pp 181-188
29. Barea JM, Navarro E, Montana E (1976) Production of plant growth regulators by rhizosphere phosphate solubilizing bacteria. J Appl Bacteriol 40:129-134
30. Benitez E, Nogales R, Elvira C, Masciandaro G, Ceccanti B (1999) Enzymes activities as indicators of the stabilization of sewage sludges composting by Eisenia foetida. Bioresour Technol 67:297-303
31. Bentz JA, Reeves J, Barbosa P, Francis B (1995) Nitrogen fertilizer effect on selection, acceptance and suitability of Euphorbia pulcherrima (Euphorbiaceae) as a host plant to Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Environ Entomol 24:40-45
32. Bernal MP, Faredes C, Sanchez-Monedero MA, Cegarra J (1998) Maturity and stability parameters of composts prepared with a, wide range of organic wastes. Bioresour Technol 63:91-99
33. Bernard MD, Peter MS, Christopher WD, Maarten HR (1994) Interactions between earthworms, beneficial soil microorganisms and root pathogens. Appl Soil Ecol 1:3-10
34. Bhatnagar RK, Palta RK (1996) Earthworm-Vermiculture and Vermicomposting. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi
35. Bhonwong A, Stout MJ, Attajarusit J, Tantasawat P (2009) Defensive role of tomato polyphenoloxidases against cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) and beet army worm (Spodoptera exigua). J Chem Ecol 35:28-38
36. Bilgrami AL (1996) Evaluation of the predation abilities of the mite Hypoaspis calcuttaensis, predaceous on plant and soil nematodes. Fund Appl Nematol 20:96-98
37. Binet F, Fayolle L, Pussard M (1998) Significance of earthworms in stimulating soil microbial activity. Biol Fertil Soils 27:79-84
38. Biradar AP, Sunita ND, Teggel RG, Devaradavadgi SB (1998) Effect of vermicompost on the incidence of subabul psyllid. Insect- Environ 4:55-56
39. Blok WJ, Lamers JG, Termoshuizen AJ, Bollen GJ (2000) Control of soil-borne plant pathogens by incorporating fresh organic amendments followed by tarping. Phytopathology 90:253-259
40. Bohlen PJ, Edwards CA (1995) Earthworm effects on N dynamics and soil respiration in microcosms receiving organic and inorganic nutrients. Soil Biol Biochem 27:341-348
41. Brown BA, Mitchell MJ (1981) Role of the earthworm, Eisenia fetida, in affecting survival of Salmonella enteritidis ser. Typhimurium. Pedobiologia 22:434-438
42. Brown GG (1995) How do earthworms affect microfloral and faunal community diversity? Plant Soil 170:209-231
43. Brown GG, Barois I, Lavelle P (2000) Regulation of soil organic matter dynamics and microbial activity in the drilosphere and the role of interactions with other edaphic functional domains. Eur J Soil Biol 36:177-198
44. Buckalew DW, Riley RK, Yoder WA, Vail WJ (1982) Invertebrates as vectors of endomycorrhizal fungi and Rhizobium upon surface mine soils. West Virginia Acad Sci Proc 54:1
45. Buckerfield JC, Webster KA (1998) Worm-worked waste boosts grape yields: prospects for vermicompost use in vineyards. Australian and New Zealand Wine Industry Journal 13:73-76
46. Burge WD, Enkiri NK, Hussong D (1987) Salmonella regrowth in compost as influenced by substrate. Microbial Ecol 14:243-253
47. Butt KR (1993) Utilization of solid paper mill sludge and spent brewery yeast as a feed for soil dwelling earthworms. Bioresour Technol 44:105-107
48. Byzov BA, Nechitaylo TY, Bumazhkin BK, Kurakov AV, Golyshin PN, Zvyagintsev DG (2009) Culturable microorganisms from the earthworm digestive tract. Microbiology 78:360-368
49. Canellas LP, Olivares FL, Okorokova FAR (2002) Humic acids isolated from earthworm compost enhance root elongation, lateral root emergence and plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity in maize roots. Plant Physiol 130:1951-1957
50. Chamani E, Joyce DC, Reihanytabar A (2008) Vermicompost Effects on the Growth and Flowering of Petunia hybrida 'Dream Neon Rose'. American- Eurasian J Agric And Environ Sci 3:506-512
51. Chan LPS, Griffiths DA (1988) The vermicomposting of pretreated pig manure. Biol Wastes 24:57-69
52. Chaoui H, Edwards CA, Brickner M, Lee S, Arancon N (2002) Suppression of the plant diseases, Pythium (damping off), Rhizoctonia (root rot) and Verticillum (wilt) by vermicomposts. Proceedings of Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Pests and Diseases II(8B-3):711-716
53. Chen W, Hoitink HA, Schmitthenner AF, Touvinen O (1987) The role of microbial activity in suppression of damping off caused by Pythium ultimum. Phytopathology 78:314-322
54. Chen Y, Aviad T (1990) Effects of humic substances on plant growth. In: MacCarthy P, Clapp CE, Malcolm RL, Bloom PR (eds) Humic Substances in Soil and Crop Sciences. Selected Reading ASA and SSSA, Madison, pp 161-186
55. Citernesi U, Neglia R, Seritti A, Lepidi AA, Filippi C, Bagnoli G, Nuti MP, Galluzzi R (1977) Nitrogen fixation in the gastro-enteric cavity of soil animals. Soil Biol Biochem 9:71-72
56. Clapperton MJ, Lee NO, Binet F, Conner RL (2001) Earthworms indirectly reduce the effect of take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici) on soft white spring wheat (Triticium aestivum cv. Fielder). Soil Biol Biochem 33:1531-1538
57. Contreras E (1980) Studies on the intestinal actinomycete flora of Eisenia lucens (Annelida, Oligochaeta). Pedobiologia 20:411-416
58. Correa JD, Barrios ML, Galdona RP (2004) Screening for plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in Chamaecytisus proliferus (tagasaste), a forage tree-shrub legume endemic to the Canary Islands. Plant Soil 266:75-84
59. Costello MJ, Altiei MA (1995) Abundance, growth rate and parasitism of Brevicoryne brassicae and Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae) on broccoli grown in living mulches. Agric Ecosyst Environ 52:187-196
60. Cotxarrera L, Trillas-Gayl MI, Steinberg C, Alabouvette C (2002) Use of sewage sludge compost and Trichoderma asperellum isolates to suppress Fusarium wilt of tomato. Soil Biol Biochem 34:467-476
61. Culliney TW, Pimentel D (1986) Ecological effects of organic agricultural practices on insect populations. Agric Ecosyst Environ 15:253-256
62. Daniel O, Anderson JM (1992) Microbial biomass and activity in contrasting soil material after passage through the gut of earthworm Lumbricus rubellus Hoffmeister. Soil Biol Biochem 24:465-470
63. Darwin F, Seward AC (1903) More letters of Charles Darwin. In: John M (ed) A record of his work in series of hitherto unpublished letters, vol 2., London, p 508
64. Dash MC (1978) Role of earthworms in the decomposer system. In: Singh JS, Gopal B (eds) Glimpses of ecology. India International Scientific Publication, New Delhi, pp 399-406
65. Dell'Agnola G, Nardi S (1987) Hormone-like effect and enhanced nitrate uptake induced by depolyconder humic fractions obtained from Allolobophora rosea and A. caliginosa faeces. Biol Fertil Soils 4:111-118
66. Desai VR, Sabale RN, Raundal PV (1999) Integrated nitrogen management in wheat-coriander cropping system. J Maharasthra Agric Univ 24:273-275
67. Devi D, Agarwal SK, Dayal D (1998) Response of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) to organic manures and fertilizers. Indian J Agron 43:469-473
68. Devliegher W, Verstraete W (1995) Lumbricus terrestris in a soil core experiment: nutrient-enrichment processes (NEP) and gut-associated processes (GAP) and their effect on microbial biomass and microbial activity. Soil Biol Biochem 27:1573-1580
69. Devliegher W, Verstraete W (1997) Microorganisms and soil physicochemical conditions in the drilosphere of Lumbricus terrestris. Soil Biol Biochem 29:1721-1729
70. Dominguez J, Edwards CA, Webster M (2000) Vermicomposting of sewage sludge: effects of bulking materials on the growth and reproduction of the earthworm Eisenia andrei. Pedobiologia 44:24-32
71. Dominguez J, Edwards CA (2004) Vermicomposting organic wastes: A review. In: Shakir Hanna SH, Mikhail WZA (eds) Soil Zoology for sustainable Development in the 21st century., Cairo, pp 369-395
72. Doube BM, Ryder MH, Davoren CW, Meyer T (1995) Earthworms: a down under delivery system service for biocontrol agents of root disease. Acta Zool Fennica 196:219-223
73. Doube BM, Stephens PM, Davorena CW, Ryderb MH (1994) Interactions between earthworms, beneficial soil microorganisms and root pathogens. Appl Soil Ecol 1:3-10
74. Eastman BR (1999) Achieving pathogen stabilization using vermicomposting. BioCycle 40:62-64
75. Edwards CA (1988) Breakdown of animal, vegetable and industrial organic wastes by earthworms. In: Edwards CA, Neuhauser EF (eds) Earthworms in Waste and Environmental Management SPB. The Hague, Netherlands, pp 21-31
76. Edwards CA (1998) The use of earthworms in the breakdown and management of organic wastes. In: Edwards CA (ed) Earthworm Ecology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 327-354
77. Edwards CA (2011) Human pathogen reduction during vermicomposting. In: Edwards CA, Arancon NQ, Sherman R (eds) Vermiculture technology: earthworms, organic wastes and environmental management. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 249-261
78. Edwards CA, Arancon NQ, Bennett MV, Askar A, Keeney G, Little B (2010a) Suppression of green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) (Sulz.), citrus mealybug (Planococcus citri) (Risso), and two spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) (Koch.) attacks on tomatoes and cucumbers by aqueous extracts from vermicomposts. Crop Prot 29:80-93
79. Edwards CA, Arancon NQ, Bennett MV, Askar A, Keeney G (2010b) Effect of aqueous extracts from vermicomposts on attacks by cucumber beetles (Acalymna vittatum) (Fabr.) on cucumbers and tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) (L.) on tomatoes. Pedobiologia 53:141-148
80. Edwards CA, Arancon NQ, Emerson E, Pulliam R (2007) Supressing plant parasitic nematodes and arthropod pests with vermicompost teas. Biocycle:38-39
81. Edwards CA, Arancon NQ (2004) Vermicomposts suppress plant pest and disease attacks. BioCycle 45:51-53
82. Edwards CA, Bohlen PJ (1996) Biology and Ecology of earthworms. Chapman and Hall, London, p 426
83. Edwards CA, Burrows I, Fletcher KE, Jones BA (1985) The use of earthworms for composting farm wastes. In: Gasser JKR (ed) Composting Agricultural and Other Wastes. Elsevier, London, pp 229-241
84. Edwards CA, Burrows I (1988) The potential of earthworm composts as plant growth media. In: Edwards CA, Neuhauser E (eds) Earthworms in Waste and Environmental Management. SPB Academic Press, The Hague, pp 21-32
85. Edwards CA, Dominguez J, Arancon NQ (2004) The influence of vermicomposts on pest and diseases. In: Shakir Hanna SH, Mikhail WZA (eds) Soil Zoology for Sustainable Development in the 21st centuary., Cairo, pp 397-418
86. Edwards CA, Dominguez J, Neuhauser EF (1998) Growth and reproduction of Perionyx excavatus (Perr.) (Megascolecidae) as factors in organic waste management. Biol Fertil Soils 27:155-161
87. Edwards CA, Fletcher KE (1988) Interaction between earthworms and microorganisms in organic matter breakdown. Agric Ecosyst Environ 20:235-249
88. Edwards CA, Lofty R (1977) The Biology of Earthworms. Chapmann and Hall, London
89. Elmer WH (2009) Influence of earthworm activity on soil microbes and soilborne diseases of vegetables. Plant Dis 93:175-179
90. Elvira C, Dominguez J, Sampedro L, Mato S (1995) Vermicomposting for the pulp industry. Biocycle 36:62-63
91. Elvira C, Sampedro L, Benítez E, Nogales R (1998) Vermicomposting of sludges from paper mill and dairy industries with Eisenia andrei: a pilot-scale study. Bioresour Technol 63:205-211
92. Elvira C, Sampedro L, Dominguez J, Mato S (1997) Vermicomposting of wastewater sludge from paper-pulp industry with nitrogen rich materials. Soil Biol Biochem 9:759-762
93. Fracchia L, Dohrmann AB, Martinotti MG, Tebbe CC (2006) Bacterial diversity in a finished compost and vermicompost: differences revealed by cultivation independent analyses of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 71:942-952
94. Fragoyiannis DA, McKinlay RG, D'Mello JPF (2001) Interactions of aphids herbivory and nitrogen availability on the total foliar glycoalkoloid content of potato plants. J Chem Ecol 27:1749-1762
95. Gajalakshmi S, Ramasamy EV, Abbasi SA (2001) Assessment of sustainable vermiconversion of water hyacinth at different reactor efficiencies employing Eudrilus engeniae Kingburg. Bioresour Technol 80:131-135
96. Gajalakshmi S, Ramasamy EV, Abbasi SA (2002) Vermicomposting of paper waste with the anecic earthworm Lampito mauritii Kingburg. Indian J Chem Technol 9:306-311
97. Gammack SM, Paterson E, Kemp JS, Cresser MS, Killham K (1992) Factors affecting movement of microorganisms in soils. In: Stotzky G, Bolla LM (eds) Soil Biochemistry, 7. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 263-305
98. Gandhi M, Sangwan V, Kapoor KK, Dilbaghi N (1997) Composting of household wastes with and without earthworms. Environ Ecol 15:432-434
99. Ganesh kumar A, Sekaran G (2005) Enteric pathogen modification by anaecic earthworm, Lampito Mauritii. J Appl Sci Environ Mgt 9:15-17
100. Gange AC (1993) Translocation of mycorrhizal fungi by earthworms during early succession. Soil Biol Biochem 25:1021-1026
101. Garcia C, Hernandez T, Costa F (1997) Potential use of dehydrogenase activity as an index of microbial activity in degraded soils. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 28:123-134
102. Garg P, Gupta A, Satya S (2006) Vermicomposting of different types of waste using Eisenia foetida: a comparative study. Bioresour Technol 97:391-395
103. Gavrilov K (1963) Earthworms, producers of biologically active substances. Zh Obshch Biol 24:149-154
104. Ghosh M, Chattopadhyay GN, Baral K (1999) Transformation of phosphorus during vermicomposting. Bioresour Technol 69:149-154
105. Gliotti C, Giusquiani PL, Businelli D, Machioni A (1997) Composition changes of dissolved organic matter in a soil amended with municipal waste compost. Soil Sci 162:919-926
106. Goenadi DH, Sudharama IM (1995) Shoot initiation by humic acids of selected tropical crops grown in tissue culture. Plant Cell Rep 15:59-62
107. Goldstein J (1998) Compost suppresses diseases in the lab and fields. BioCycle 39:62-64
108. Gopal M, Gupta A, Sunil E, Thomas VG (2009) Amplification of plant beneficial microbial communities during conversion of coconut leaf substrate to vermicompost by Eudrilus sp. Curr Microbiol 59:15-20
109. Graff O, Makeschin F (1980) Beeinlussung des Ertrags von Weidelgrass (Lolium muttiflorum) Ausscheidungen von Regenwurmen dreier verschiedener Arten. Pedobiologia 20:176-180
110. Grappelli A, Galli E, Tomati U (1987) Earthworm casting effect on Agaricus bisporus fructification. Agrochimica 2:457-462
111. Guerrero RD, Guerrero LA (2006) Response of eggplant (Solanum melongena) grown in plastic containers to vermicompost and chemical fertilizer. Asia Life Sciences 15:199-204
112. Gunadi B, Blount C, Edward CA (2002) The growth and fecundity of Eisenia foetida (Savigny) in cattle solids pre-composted for different periods. Pedobiologia 46:15-23
113. Gunathilagraj K, Ravignanam T (1996) Vermicomposting of sericulture wastes. Madras Agric J 83:455-457
114. Gupta AK, Pankaj PK, Upadhyava V (2008) Effect of vermicompost, farm yard manure, biofertilizer and chemical fertilizers (N, P, K) on growth, yield and quality of lady's finger (Abelmoschus esculentus). Pollution Research 27:65-68
115. Hahn H, Bopp M (1968) A cytokinin test with high specificity. Planta 83:115-118
116. Han J, Sun L, Dong X, Cai Z, Yang H, Wang Y, Song W (2005) Characterization of a novel plant growth-promoting bacteria strain Delftia tsuruhatensis HR4 both as a diazotroph and a potential biocontrol agent against various pathogens. Syst Appl Microbiol 28:66-76
117. Hand P, Hayes WA, Frankland JC, Satchell JE (1988) Vermicomposting of cow slurry. Pedobiologia 31:199-209
118. Haritha Devi S, Vijayalakshmi K, Pavana Jyotsna K, Shaheen SK, Jyothi K, Surekha Rani M (2009) Comparative assessment in enzyme activities and microbial populations during normal and vermicomposting. J Environ Biol 30:1013-1017
119. Hartenstein R, Neuhauser EF, Kaplan DL (1979) Reproductive potential of the earthworm Eisenia foetida. Oecologia 43:329-340
120. Hartenstein R (1983) Assimilation by earthworm Eisenia fetida. In: Satchell JE (ed) Earthworm ecology. From Darwin to vermiculture. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 297-308
121. Hashemimajd K, Kalbasi M, Golchin A, Shariatmadari H (2004) Comparison of vermicompost and composts as potting media for growth of tomatoes. J Plant Nutr 27:1107-1123
122. Hassen A, Belguith K, Jedidi N, Cherif A, Cherif M, Boudabous A (2001) Microbial characterization during composting of municipal solid waste. Bioresour Technol 80:217-225
123. Hawida S, Kapari L, Ossipov V, Ramtala MJ, Ruuhola T, Haukioja E (2007) Foliar phenolics are differently associated with Epirrita autmnata growth and immuno competence. J Chem Ecol 33:1013-1023
124. Herms DA (2002) Effects of fertilization on insect resistance of woody ornamental plants. Environ Entomol 31:923-933
125. Hoitink HA, Kuter GA (1986) Efects of composts in growth media on soil-bome pathogens. In: Chen Y, Avnimelech Y (eds) The role of organic matter in modern agriculture. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 289-306
126. Hoitink HA, Stone AG, Han DY (1997) Suppression of plant diseases by compost. Hort Sci 32:184-187
127. Hoitink HA, Grebus ME (1997) Composts and Control of Plant Diseases. In: Hayes MHB, Wilson WS (eds) Humic Substances Peats and Sludges Health and Environmental Aspects. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, pp 359-366
128. Holtzclaw KM, Sposito G (1979) Analytical properties of the soluble metalcomplexing fractions in sludge-soil mixtures. IV. Determination of carboxyl groups in fulvic acid. Soil Sci Soc Am J 43:318-323
129. Huelsman MF, Edwards CA, Lawrence JL, Clarke-Harris DO (2000) A study of the effect of soil nitrogen levels on the incidence of insect pests and predators in Jamaican sweet potato (Ipomoea batatus) and Callaloo (Amaranthus). Proc Brighton Pest Control Conference: Pests and Diseases 8D-13:895-900
130. Inbal E, Feldman M (1982) The response of a hormonal mutant of common wheat to bacteria of the Azospirillium. Israel J Bot 31:257-263
131. Ismail SA (1995) Earthworms in soil fertility management. In: Thampan PK (ed) Organic Agriculture. pp 77-100
132. Ismail SA (1997) Vermicology: The biology of Earthworms. Orient Longman Limited, Chennai
133. Jadhav AD, Talashilkar SC, Pawar AG (1997) Influence of the conjunctive use of FYM, vermicompost andurea on growth and nutrient uptake in rice. J Maharashtra Agric Univ 22:249-250
134. Jagnow G (1987) Inoculation of cereal crops and forage grasses with nitrogenfixing rhizosphere bacteria: a possible cause of success and failure with regard to yield response - a review. Z Pflanzenernaehr Dueng Bodenkde 150:361-368
135. Jambhekar H (1992) Use of earthworm as a potential source of decompose organic wastes. Proc Nat Sem Org Fmg, Coimbatore, pp 52-53
136. Jannsson RK, Smilowitz Z (1986) Influence of nitrogen on population parameters of potato insects: abundance, population growth and within-plant distribution of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae). Environ Entomol 15:49-55
137. Jha BK, Gandhi Pragash M, Cletus J, Raman G, Sakthivel N (2009) Simultaneous phosphate solubilization potential and antifungal activity of new fluorescent pseudomonad strains, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. plecoglossicida and P. mosselii. W J Microbiol Biotech 25:573-581
138. Jolly JM, Lappin-Scott HM, Anderson JM, Clegg CD (1993) Scanning electron microscopy of the gut microflora of two earthworms: Lumbricus terrestris and Octolasion cyaneum. Microbial Ecol 26:235-245
139. Kale RD, Bano K (1986) Field Trials with vermicompost (vee comp. E. 8. UAS) on organic fertilizers. In: Dass MC, Senapati BK, Mishra PC (eds) Proceedings of the national seminar on organic waste utilization. Sri Artatrana Ront, Burla, pp 151-157
140. Kale RD, Bano K (1988) Earthworm cultivation and culturing techniques for the production of vee COMP83E UAS. Mysore J Agric Sci 2:339-344
141. Kale RD, Mallesh BC, Bano K, Bagyaray DJ (1992) Influence of vermicompost application on the available macronutrients and selected microbial populations in paddy field. Soil Biol Biochem 24:1317-1320
142. Kale RD (1995) Vermicomposting has a bright scope. Indian Silk 34:6-9
143. Kalembasa D (1996) The influence of vermicomposts on yield and chemical composition of tomato. Zesz Probl Post Nauk Roln 437:249-252
144. Kannangowa T, Utkhede RS, Paul JW, Punja ZK (2000) Effect of mesophilic and thermophilic composts on suppression of Fusarium root and stem rot of greenhouse cucumber. Canad J Microbiol 46:1021-1022
145. Karmegam N, Alagermalai K, Daniel T (1999) Effect of vermicompost on the growth and yield of greengram (Phaseolus aureus Rob.). Trop Agric 76:143-146
146. Karmegam N, Daniel T (2000) Effect of biodigested slurry and vermicompost on the growth and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.). Environ Ecol 18:367-370
147. Karmegam N, Daniel T (2008) Effect of vermi-compost and chemical fertilizer on growth and yield of Hyacinth Bean (Lablab purpureas). Dynamic Soil, Dynamic Plant, Global Science Books 2:77-81
148. Karsten GR, Drake HL (1995) Comparative assessment of the aerobic and anaerobic microfloras of earthworm guts and forest soils. Appl Environ Microbiol 61:1039-1044
149. Karsten GR, Drake HL (1997) Denitrifying bacteria in the earthworm gastrointestinal tract and in vivo emission of nitrous oxide (N2O) by earthworms. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:1878-1882
150. Kerry B (1988) Fungal parasites of cyst nematodes. In: Edwards CA, Stinner BR, Stinner D, Rabatin S (eds) Biological Interactions in Soil. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 293-306
151. Khambata SR, Bhat JV (1953) Studies on a new oxalate-decomposing bacterium, Pseudomonas oxalaticus. J Bacteriol 66:505-507
152. Knuutinen J, Palm H, Hakala H, Haimi J, Huhta V, Salminen J (1990) Polychlorinated phenols and their metabolites in soil and earthworms of a saw mill environment. Chemosphere 20:609-623
153. Kolodziej M, Kostecka J (1994) Some qualitative features of the cucumbers and carrots cultivated on the vermicompost. Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Rolniczej W Krakowie 292:89-94
154. Kooch Y, Jalilvand H (2008) Earthworm as ecosystem engineers and the most important detritivors in forst soils. Pak J Boil Sci 11:819-825
155. Kostecka J, Blazej JB, Kolodziej M (1996a) Investigations on application of vermicompost in potatoes farming in second year of experiment. Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Rolniczej W Krakowie 310:69-77
156. Koul O (2008) Phytochemicals and insect control: an antifeedant approach. Crit Rev Plant Sci 27:1-24
157. Krishnamoorthy RV, Vajranabhiah SN (1986) Biological activity of earthworm casts: An assessment of plant growth promoter levels in casts. Proc Indian Acad Sci (Anim Sci) 95:341-35
158. Kristufek V, Ravasz K, Pizl V (1993) Actinomycete communities in earthworm guts and surrounding soil. Pedobiologia 37:379-384
159. Kurowska A, Gora J, Kalemba D (1990) Effects of plant phenols on insects. Pol Wiad Chem 44:399-409
160. Kuter GA, Nelson GB, Hoitink HA, Madden LV (1983) Fungal population in container media amended with composted hardwood bark suppressive and conductive to Rhizoctonia damping-off. Phytopathology 73:1450-1456
161. Lavelle E, Barois I, Martin A, Zaidi Z, Schaefer R (1989) Management of earthworm populations in agro-ecosystems: A possible way to maintain soil quality? In: Clarholm M, Bergstrom L (eds) Ecology of Arable Land: Perspectives and Challenges. Kluwer Academic Publishers, London, pp 109-122
162. Lavelle P, Martin A (1992) Small-scale and large-scale effects of endogeic earthworms on soil organic matter dynamics in soils of the humid tropics. Soil Biol Biochem 12:1491-1498
163. Lazarovits G, Tenuta M, Conn KL, Gullino ML, Katan J, Matta A (2000) Utilization of high nitrogen and swine manure amendments for control of soil-bome diseases: efficacy and mode of action. Acta Hortic 5:559-564
164. Lazcano C, Gomez-Brandon M, Dominguez J (2008) Comparison of the effectiveness of composting and vermicomposting for the biological stabilization of cattle manure. Chemosphere 72:1013-1019
165. Lee KE (1985) Earthworms: Their Ecology and Relationships with Soils and Land Use. Academic Press, Sydney
166. Lee YS, Bartlett RJ (1976) Stimulation of plant growth by humic substances. Soil Sci Soc Am J 40:876-879
167. Lunt HA, Jacobson HGM (1944) The chemical composition of earthworm casts. Soil Sci 58:367-375
168. Maboeta MS, Van Rensburg L (2003) Vermicomposting of industrially produced wood chips and sewage sludge utilizing Eisenia foetida. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 56:265-270
169. Madsen EL, Alexander M (1982) Transport of Rhizobium and Pseudomonas through soil. Soil Sci Soc Am J 46:557-560
170. Mahanil S, Attajarusit J, Stout MJ, Thipayong P (2008) Over expression of tomato phenol oxidase increases resistance to the common cutworm. Plant Sci 174:456-466
171. Maheswarappa HP, Nanjappa HV, Hegde MR (1999) Influence of organic manures on yield of arrowroot, soil physico-chemical and biological properties when grown as intercrop in coconut garden. Ann Agr Res 20:318-323
172. Mahmoud SA, Ramadan Z, Thabet EM, Khater T (1984) Production of plant growth promoting substance rhizosphere organisms. Zentrbl Mikrobiol 139:227-232
173. Makulec G (2002) The role of Lumbricus rubellus Hoffm. In determining biotic and abiotic properties of peat soils. Pol J Ecol 50:301-339
174. Marinari S, Masciandaro G, Ceccanti B, Grego S (2000) Influence of organic and mineral fertilisers on soil biological and physical properties. Bioresour Technol 72:9-17
175. Martin JP (1976) Darwin on earthworms: the formation of vegetable moulds. Bookworm Publishing, Ontario
176. Masciandaro G, Ceccanti B, Gracia C (1997) Soil agro-ecological management: fertigation and vermicompost treatments. Bioresour Technol 59:199-206
177. Masciandaro G, Ceccanti B, Gracia C (2000) 'In situ' vermicomposting of biological sludges and impacts on soil quality. Soil Biol Biochem 32:1015-1024
178. Meena RN, Singh Y, Singh SP, Singh JP, Singh K (2007) Effect of sources and level of organic manure on yield, quality and economics of garden pea (Pisum sativam L.) in eastern uttar pradesh. Vegetable Science 34:60-63
179. Mitchell A, Edwards CA (1997) The production of vermicompost using Eisenia fetida from cattle manure. Soil Biol Biochem 29:3-4
180. Mitchell A (1997) Production of Eisenia fetida and vermicompost from feed-lot cattle manure. Soil Biol Biochem 29:763-766
181. Mitchell MJ, Hornor SG, Abrams BI (1980) Decomposition of sewage sludge in drying beds and the potential role of the earthworm, Eisenia foetida. J Environ Qual 9:373-378
182. Mitchell MJ (1978) Role of invertebrates and microorganisms in sludge deomposition. In: Hartenstein R (ed) Utilisation of soil organisms in sludge management. natural technology information services. Springfield, Virginia, pp 35-50
183. Monroy F, Aira M, Domínguez J (2009) Reduction of total coliform numbers during vermicomposting is caused by short-term direct effects of earthworms on microorganisms and depends on the dose of application of pig slurry. Sci Tot Environ 407:5411-5416
184. Moody SA, Piearce TG, Dighton J (1996) Fate of some fungal spores associated with wheat straw decomposition on passage through the guts of Lumbricus terrestris and Aporrectodea longa. Soil Biol Biochem 28:533-537
185. Morra L, Palumbo AD, Bilotto M, Ovieno P, Ptcascia S (1998) Soil solarization: organic fertilization grafting contribute to build an integrated production system in a tomato-zucchini sequence. Colture-Protte 27:63-70
186. Munnoli PM, Da Silva JAT, Saroj B (2010) Dynamics of the soil-earthworm-plant relationship: a review. Dynamic soil, dynamic plant:1-21
187. Muscolo A, Bovalo F, Gionfriddo F, Nardi S (1999) Earthworm humic matter produces auxin-like effect on Daucus carota cell growth and nitrate metabolism. Soil Biol Biochem 31:1303-1311
188. Muscolo A, Felici M, Concheri G, Nardi S (1993) Effect of earthworm humic substances on esterase and peroxidase activity during growth of leaf explants of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia. Biol Fertil Soils 15:127-131
189. Muscolo A, Panuccio MR, Abenavoli MR, Concheri G, Nardi S (1996) Effect of molecular complexity acidity of earthworm faeces humic fractions on glutamale dehydrogenase, glutamine synthetase, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in Daucus carota II cells. Biol Fertil Soils 22:83-88
190. Mylonas VA, Mccants CB (1980) Effects of humic and fulvic acids on growth of tobacco. I. Root initiation and elongation. Plant Soil 54:485-490
191. Nagavallemma KP, Wani SP, Stephane L, Padmaja VV, Vineela C, Babu Rao M, Sahrawat KL (2004) Vermicomposting: Recycling wastes into valuable organic fertilizer. Global Theme on Agrecosystems Report no.8. Patancheru 502324. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Andhra Pradesh, p 20
192. Nakamura Y (1996) Interactions between earthworms and microorganisms in biological control of plant root pathogens. Farming Jpn 30:37-43
193. Nakasone AK, Bettiol W, de Souza RM (1999) The effect of water extracts of organic matter on plant pathogens. Summa Phytopathology 25:330-335
194. Nardi S, Arnoldi G, Dell'Agnola G (1988) Release of hormone-like activities from Alloborophora rosea and Alloborophora caliginosa feces. J Soil Sci 68:563-657
195. Nardi S, Dell'Agnola G, Nuti PM (1983) Humus production from farmyard wastes by vermicomposting. Proc. Int. Symp. On Agricultural and Environmental Prospects in Earthworm Farming., Rome, pp 87-94
196. Ndegwa PM, Thompson SA, Das KC (2000) Effects of stocking density and feeding rate on vermicomposting of biosolids. Bioresour Technol 71:5-12
197. Nechitaylo TY, Yakimov MM, Godinho M, Timmis KN, Belogolova E, Byzov BA et al (2010) Effect of the earthworms Lumbricus terrestris and Aporrectodea caliginosa on bacterial diversity in soil. Microbial Ecol 59:574-587
198. Nethra NN, Jayaprasad KV, Kale RD (1999) China aster (Callistephus chinensis (L)) cultivation using vermicompost as organic amendment. Crop Research, Hisar 17:209-215
199. Nielson RL (1965) Presence of plant growth substances in earthworms demonstrated by paper chromatography and the Went pea test. Nature 208:1113-1114
200. Orozco FH, Cegarra J, Trujillo LM, Roig A (1996) Vermicomposting of coffee pulp using the earthworm Eisenia fetida: effects on C and N contents and the availability of nutrients. Biol Fertil Soils 22:162-166
201. Park SR, Cho EJ, Yu KH, Kim YS, Suh JJ, Chang CS (1996) Endogenous phenoloxidase from an earthworm Lumbricus rubellus. Tongmul Hakoehi 39:36-46
202. Parle JN (1963) A Microbiological Study of Earthworm Casts. J Gen Microbiol 31:13-22
203. Parthasarathi K, Ranganathan LS (1998) Pressmud vermicast are hot spots of fungi and bacteria. Ecol Environ Cons 4:81-86
204. Pathma J, Ayyadurai N, Sakthivel N (2010) Assessment of Genetic and Functional Relationship of Antagonistic Fluorescent Pseudomonads of Rice Rhizosphere by Repetitive Sequence, Protein Coding Sequence and Functional Gene Analyses. J Microbiol 48:715-727
205. Pathma J, Kamaraj Kennedy R, Sakthivel N (2011a) Mechanisms of fluorescent pseudomonads that mediate biological control of phytopathogens and plant growth promotion of crop plants. In: Maheswari DK (ed) Bacteria in Agrobiology: Plant Growth Responses. SpringerVerlag, Berlin, pp 77-105
206. Pathma J, Rahul GR, Kamaraj Kennedy R, Subashri R, Sakthivel N (2011b) Secondary metabolite production by bacterial antagonists. Journal of Biological Control 25:165-181
207. Patil SL, Sheelavantar MN (2000) Effect of moisture conservation practices, organic sources and nitrogen levels on yield, water use and root development of rabi sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.)) in the vertisols of semiarid tropics. Ann Agric Res 21:32-36
208. Patriquin DG, Baines D, Abboud A (1995) Diseases, pests and soil fertility. In: Cook HF, Lee HC (eds) Soil Management in Sustainable Agriculture. Wye College Press, Wye, pp 161-174
209. Pedersen JC, Hendriksen NB (1993) Effect of passage through the intestinal tract of detritivore earthworms (Lumbricus spp.) on the number of selected gramnegative and total bacteria. Biol Fertil Soils 16:227-232
210. Petersen H, Luxton MA (1982) A comparative analysis of soil fauna populations and their role in decomposition process. Oikos 39:287-388
211. Phelan PL, Norris KH, Mason JF (1996) Soil management history and host preference by Ostrinia nubilatis: evidence for plant mineral balance mediating insect-plant interactions. Environ Entom 25:1329-1336
212. Phelan PL (2004) Connecting below-ground and above-ground food webs: the role of organic matter in biological buffering. In: Magadoff F, Well RR (eds) Soil Organic Matter in sustainable agriculture. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 199-226
213. Pinel N, Davidson SK, Stahl DA (2008) Verminephrobacter eiseniae gen. nov., sp. nov., a nephridial symbiont of the earthworm Eisenia foetida (Savigny). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 58:2147-2157
214. Pitt D, Tilston EL, Groenhof AC, Szmidt RA (1998) Recycled organic materials (ROM) in the control of plant disease. Acta Hortic 469:391-403
215. Pizl V, Novokova A (1993) Interactions between microfungi and Eisenia andrei (Oligochaeta) during cattle manure vermicomposting. Pedobiologia 47:895-899
216. QiTian S (2004) Research on prevention and elimination of agricultural pests by ginkgo phenols phenolic acids. Chem Ind For Prod 24:83
217. Raguchander T, Rajappan K, Samiyappan R (1998) Influence of biocontrol agents and organic amendments on soybean root rot. Int J Trop Agri 16:247-252
218. Ramesh P (2000) Effects of vermicomposts and vermicornposting on damage by sucking pests to ground nut (Arachis hypogea). Indian J Agri Sci 70:334
219. Rao KR, Rao PA, Rao KT (2001) Influence of fertilizers and manures on the population of coccinellid beetles and spiders in groundnut ecosystem. Ann Plant Protect Sci 9:43-46
220. Rao KR (2002) Induce host plant resistance in the management sucking pests of groundnut. Ann Plant Protect Sci 10:45-50
221. Rao KR (2003) Influence of host plant nutrition on the incidence of Spodoptera litura and Helicoverpa armigera on groundnuts. Indian J Entomol 65:386-392
222. Ravindra NP, Raman G, Badri Narayanan K, Sakthivel N (2008) Assessment of genetic and functional diversity of phosphate solubilizing fluorescent pseudomonads isolated from rhizospheric soil. BMC Microbiol 8:230
223. Reeh U (1992) Influence of population densities on growth and reproduction of the earthworm Eisenia andrei on pig manure. Soil Biol Biochem 24:1327-1331
224. Ribeiro CF, Mizobutsi EH, Silva DG, Pereira JCR, Zambolim L (1998) Control of Meloidognye javanica on lettuce with organic amendments. Fitopatol Brasileira 23:42-44
225. Riffaldi R, Levi-Minzi R (1983) Osservazioni preliminari sul ruolo dell Eisenia foetida nell'umificazione del letame. Agrochimica 27:271-274
226. Rivera AMC, Wright ER, López MV, Fabrizio MC (2004) Temperature and dosage dependent suppression of damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani in vermicompost amended nurseries of white pumpkin. Phyton 53:131-136
227. Rodriguez JA, Zavaleta E, Sanchez P, Gonzalez H (2000) The effect of vermicomposts on plant nutrition, yield and incidence of root and crown rot of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii H. Bolus). Fitopatol 35:66-79
228. Rodriguez-Kabana R (1986) Organic and inorganic amendments to soil as nematode suppressants. J Nematol 18:129-135
229. Rouelle J (1983) Introduction of an amoeba and Rhizobium Japonicum into the gut of Eisenia fetida (Sav.) and Lumbricus terrestris L. In: Satchel1 JE (ed) Earthworm Ecology: From Darwin to Vermiculture. Chapman and Hall, New York, pp 375-381
230. Sánchez-Monedero MA, Roig A, Paredes C, Bernal MP (2001) Nitrogen transformation during organic waste composting by the Rutgers system and its effects on ph, EC and maturity of the composting mixtures. Bioresour Technol 78:301-308
231. Sainz MJ, Taboada-Castro MT, Vilariño A (1998) Growth, mineral nutrition and mycorrhizal colonization of red clover and cucumber plants grown in a soil amended with composted urban wastes. Plant Soil 205:85-92
232. Saumaya G, Giraddi RS, Patil RH (2007) Utility of vermiwash for the management of thrips and mites on chilli (Capiscum annum) amended with soil organics. Karnataka J Agric Sci 20:657-659
233. Scheu S (1992) Automated measurement of the respiratory response of soil micro-compartments: active microbial biomass in earthworm faeces. Soil Biol Biochem 24:1113-1118
234. Scheuerell SJ, Sullivan DM, Mahaffee WF (2005) Suppression of seedling damping-off caused by Pythium ultimum, and Rhizoctonia solani in container media amended with a diverse range of Pacific Northwest compost sources. Phytopathology 95:306-315
235. Schmidt O, Doubre BM, Ryder MH, Killman K (1997) Population dynamics of Pseudomonas corrugata 2140R LUX8 in earthworm food and in earthworm cast. Soil Biol Biochem 29:523-528
236. Sembdner G, Borgman E, Schneider G, Liebisch HW, Miersch O, Adam G, Lischewski M, Schieber K (1976) Biological activity of some conjugated gibberellins. Planta 132:249-257
237. Senesi N, Saiz-Jimenez C, Miano TM (1992) Spectroscopic characterization of metal-humic acid-like complexes of earthworm-composted organic wastes. Sci Total Environ 117-118:111-120
238. Sharma S, Pradhan K, Satya S, Vasudevan P (2005) Potentiality of earthworms for waste management and in other uses - A Review. The Journal of American Science 1:4-16
239. Sharpley AN, Syers JK (1976) Potential role of earthworm casts for the phosphorous enrichment of runoff waters. Soil Biol Biochem 8:341-346
240. Shi-wei Z, Fu-zhen H (1991) The nitrogen uptake efficiency from 15N labeled chemical fertilizer in the presence of earthworm manure (cast). In: Veeresh GK, Rajagopal D, Viraktamath CA (eds) Advances in Management and Conservation of Soil Fauna. Oxford and IBH publishing Co, New Delhi, pp 539-542
241. Siddiqui ZA, Mahmood I (1999) Role of bacteria in the management of plant parasitic nematodes: a review. Bioresour Technol 69:167-179
242. Sidhu J, Gibbs RA, Ho GE, Unkovich I (2001) The role of indigenous microorganisms in suppression of Salmonella regrowth in composted biosolids. Water Res 35:913-920
243. Simsek Ersahin Y, Haktanir K, Yanar Y (2009) Vermicompost suppresses Rhizoctonia solani Kühn in cucumber seedlings. J Plant Dis Protect 9:15-17
244. Singh R, Sharma RR, Kumar S, Gupta RK, Patil RT (2008) Vermicompost substitution influences growth, physiological disorders, fruit yield and quality of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.). Bioresour Technol 99:8507-8511
245. Singh UP, Maurya S, Singh DP (2003) Antifungal activity and induced resistance in pea by aqueous extract of vermicompost and for control of powdery mildew of pea and balsam. J Plant Dis Protect 110:544-553
246. Singleton DR, Hendrixb PF, Colemanb DC, Whitmana WB (2003) Identification of uncultured bacteria tightly associated with the intestine of the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus (Lumbricidae; Oligochaeta). Soil Biol Biochem 35:1547-1555
247. Sinha RK, Agarwal S, Chauhan K, Valani D (2010) The wonders of earthworms and its vermicompost in farm production: Charles Darwin's 'friends of farmers', with potential to replace destructive chemical fertilizers from agriculture. Agricultural sciences 1:76-94
248. Sinha RK, Bharambe G, Chaudhari U (2008) Sewage treatment by vermifiltration with synchronous treatment of sludge by earthworms: a low-cost sustainable technology over conventional systems with potential for decentralization. The Environmentalist 28:409-420
249. Sinha RK, Heart S, Agarwal S, Asadi R, Carretero E (2002) Vermiculture technology for environmental management: study of the action of the earthworms Eisenia foetida, Eudrilus euginae and Perionyx excavatus on biodegradation of some community wastes in India and Australia. The Environmentalist 22:261-268
250. Sinha RK, Herat S, Valani D, Chauhan K (2009) Vermiculture and sustainable agriculture. Am-Euras J Agric and Environ Sci, IDOSI Publication 5:1-55
251. Sipes BS, Arakaki AS, Schmitt DP, Hamasaki RT (1999) Root-knot nematode management in tropical cropping systems with organic products. J Sustain Agr 15:69-76
252. Sreenivas C, Muralidhar S, Rao MS (2000) Vermicompost, a viable component of IPNSS in nitrogen nutrition of ridge gourd. Ann Agr Res 21:108-113
253. Steffen KL, Dan MS, Harper JK, Fleischer SJ, Mkhize SS, Grenoble DW, MacNab AA, Fager K (1995) Evaluation of the initial season for implementation of four tomato production systems. J Am Soc Hort Sci 120:148-156
254. Stephens PM, Davoren CW, Doube BM, Ryder MH (1993) Reduced superiority of Rhizoctonia solani disease on wheat seedlings associated with the presence of the earthworm Aporrectodea trapezoids. Soil Biol Biochem 11:1477-1484
255. Stephens PM, Davoren CW, Ryder MH, Doube BM, Correll RL (1994a) Field evidence for reduced severity of Rhizoctonia bare-patch disease of wheat, due to the presence of the earthworms Aporrectodea rosea and Aporrectodea trapezoides. Soil Biol Biochem 26:1495-1500
256. Stephens PM, Davoren CW, Ryder MH, Doube BM (1994b) Influence of the earthworm Aporrectodea trapezoides (Lumbricidae) on the colonization of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) roots by Rhizobium melilotti strain LS-30R and the survival of L5-30R in soil. Biol Fertil Soils 18:63-70
257. Stephens PM, Davoren CW (1997) Influence of the earthworms Aporrectodea trapezoides and A. rosea on the disease severity of Rhizoctonia solani on subterranean cloves and ryegrass. Soil Biol Biochem 29:511-516
258. Stone AG, Scheurell SJ, Darby HM (2004) Suppression of soilborne diseases in field agricultural systems: organic matter management, cover cropping and other cultural practices. In: Magdoff F, Weil (eds) Soil Organic Matter in Sustainable Agriculture. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, pp 131-177
259. Subler S, Edwards CA, Metzger PJ (1998) Comparing vermicomposts and composts. Biocycle 39:63-66
260. Sudhakar K, Punnaiah KC, Krishnayya PV (1998) Influence of organic and inorganic fertilizers and certain insecticides on the incidence of shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guen, infesting brinjal. J Entomol Res 22:283-286
261. Suhane RK (2007) Vermicompost. Publication of Rajendra Agriculture University, Pusa, 88
262. Summers G, Felton GW (1994) Prooxidation effects of phenolic acids on the generalist herbivore Helicoverpa zea: potential mode of action of phenolic compounds on plant anti-herbivory chemistry. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 24:943-953
263. Sunish KR, Ayyadurai N, Pandiaraja P, Reddy AV, Venkateshwarlu Y, Prakash O, Sakthivel N (2005) Characterization of antifungal metabolite produced by a new strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa PuPa3 that exhibits broad-spectrum antifungal activity and biofertility traits. J Appl Microbiol 98:145-154
264. Suthar S (2010) Evidence of plant hormone like sub-stances in vermiwash: An ecologically safe option of synthetic chemicals for sustainable farming. J Ecol Eng 36:1089-1092
265. Suthar S, Singh S (2008) Vermicomposting of domestic waste by using two epigeic earthworms (Perionyx excavatus and Perionyx sansibaricus). Int J Evniron Sci and Technol 5:99-106
266. Swathi P, Rao KT, Rao PA (1998) Studies on control of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in tobacco miniseries. Tobacco Res 1:26-30
267. Szcech M, Rondomanski W, Brzeski MW, Smolinska U, Kotowski JF (1993) Suppressive effect of a commercial earthworm compost on some root infecting pathogens of cabbage and tomato. Biol Agric and Hortic 10:47-52
268. Szczech M, Smolinska U (2001) Comparison of suppressiveness of vermicomposts produced from animal manures and sewage sludge against Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan var. nicotiannae. J Phytopathology 149:77-82
269. Szczech MM (1999) Suppressiveness of vermicomposts against fusarium wilt of tomato. J Phytopathology 147:155-161
270. Tajbakhsh J, Abdoli MA, Mohammadi Goltapeh E, Alahdadi I, Malakouti MJ (2008) Trend of physico-chemical properties change in recycling spent mushroom compost through vermicomposting by epigeic earthworms Eisenia foetida and E. andrei. J Agric Technol 4:185-198
271. Tan KH, Tantiwiramanond D (1983) Effect of humic acids on nodulation and dry matter production of soybean, peanut, and clover. Soil Sci Soc Am J 47:1121-1124
272. Thoden TC, Korthals GW, Termorshuizen (2011) Organic amendments and their influences on plant-parasitic and free living nematodes: a promosing method for nematode management. Nematology 13:133-153
273. Tiquia SM (2005) Microbiological parameters as indicators of compost maturity. J Appl Microbiol 99:816-828
274. Tiunov AV, Scheu S (2000) Microfungal communities in soil litter and casts of Lumbricus terrestris (Lumbricidae): a laboratory experiment. Appl Soil Ecol 14:17-26
275. Tiwari SC, Tiwari BK, Mishra RR (1989) Microbial populations, enzyme activities and nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium enrichment in earthworm casts and in the surrounding soil of pine apple plantation. Biol Fertil Soils 8:178-182
276. Tomati U, Grapppelli A, Galli E (1987) The presence of growth regulators in earthworm worked waste. In: Bonvicini Paglioi AM, Omodeo P (eds) On Earthworms. Proceedings of International Symposium on Earthworms, Selected Symposia and Monographs, Union Zoologica Italian, 2. Modena, Mucchi, pp 423-435
277. Tomati U, Grapppelli A, Galli E (1988) The hormone-like effect of earthworm casts on plant growth. Biol Fertil Soils 5:288-294
278. Toyota K, Kimura M (2000) Microbial community indigenous to the earthworm Eisenia foetida. Biol Fertil Soils 31:187-190
279. Trevors JT (1984) Dehydrogenase activity in soil. A comparison between the INT and TTC assay. Soil Biol Biochem 16:673-674
280. Umesh B, Mathur LK, Verma JN, Srivastava (2006) Effects of vermicomposting on microbiological flora of infected biomedical waste. ISHWM Journal 5:28-33
281. Vadiraj BA, Siddagangaiah D, Potty SN (1998) Response of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) cultivars to graded levels of vermicompost. J Spices Aromatic Crops 7:141-143
282. Valdrighi MM, Pera A, Agnolucci M, Frassinetti S, Lunardi D, Vallini G (1996) Effects of compost-derived humic acids on vegetable biomass production and microbial growth within a plant (Cichorium intybus) soil system: a comparative study. Agric Ecosyst Environ 58:133-144
283. Valenzuela O, Gluadia Y, Gallardo S (1997) Use of vermicompost as a growing medium for tomato seedlings (cv. Pltense). Revista Cientifica Agropecuaria 1:15-21
284. Vaz-Moreira I, Maria E, Silva CM, Manaia Olga C, Nunes (2008) Diversity of Bacterial Isolates from Commercial and Homemade Composts. Microbial Ecol 55:714-722
285. Vinken R, Schaeffer A, Ji R (2005) Abiotic association of soil-borne monomeric phenols with humic acids. Org Geochem 36:583-593
286. Vivas A, Moreno B, Garcia-Rodriguez S, Benitez E (2009) Assessing the impact of composting and vermicomposting on bacterial community size and structure, and functional diversity of an olive-mill waste. Bioresour Technol 100:1319-1326
287. Webster KA (2005) Vermicompost increases yield of cherries for three years after a single application. EcoResearch, South Australia Weltzien HC (1989) Some effects of composted organic materials on plant health. Agric Ecosyst Environ 27:439-446
288. Wilson DP, Carlile WR (1989) Plant growth in potting media containing wormworked duck waste. Acta Hortic 238:205-220
289. Yardim EN, Arancon NQ, Edwards CA, Oliver TJ BRJ (2006) Suppression of tomato hornworm (Manduca quinquemaculata) and cucumber beetles (Acalymma vittatum and Diabotrica undecimpunctata) populations and damage by vermicomposts. Pedobiologia 50:23-29
290. Yardim EN, Edwards CA (2003) Effects of organic and synthetic fertilizer sources on pest and predatory insects associated with tomatoes. Phytoparasitica 31:324-329
291. Yasir M, Aslam Z, Kim SW, Lee SW, Jeon CO, Chung YR (2009a) Bacterial community composition and chitinase gene diversity of vermicompost with antifungal activity. Bioresour Technol 100:4396-4403
292. Yasir M, Aslam Z, Song GC, Jeon CO, Chung YR (2009b) Eiseniicola composti gen. nov., sp. nov., with antifungal activity against plant pathogenic fungi. Int J Sys Evol Microbiol 60:268
293. Yeates GW (1981) Soil nematode populations depressed in the presence of earthworms. Pedobiologiaogia 22:191-202
294. Zhang BG, Li GT, Shen TS, Wang JK, Sun Z (2000) Changes in microbial biomass C, N, and P and enzyme activities in soil incubated with the earthworms Metaphire guillelmi or Eisenia foetida. Soil Biol Biochem 32:2055-2062