Relearning of writing skills in Parkinson's disease: A literature review on influential factors and optimal strategies

Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews

Volumn 37, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 349-357

  Nackaerts, Evelien ^a   Vervoort, Griet ^a   Heremans, Elke ^a   Smits Engelsman, Bouwien C M ^a   Swinnen, Stephan P ^a   Nieuwboer, Alice ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Cognition; Dopamine; Micrographia; Motor learning; Parkinson's disease

Indexed keywords

DOPAMINE;

ADAPTATION; ASSOCIATION; BASAL GANGLION; BRAIN DYSFUNCTION; BRAIN REGION; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DRAWING; DRUG EFFECT; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; HANDWRITING; HUMAN; MICROGRAPHIA; MOTOR CORTEX; MOTOR DYSFUNCTION; MOTOR PERFORMANCE; NON INVASIVE PROCEDURE; PARKINSON DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REINFORCEMENT; REVIEW; TREATMENT PLANNING; VISUAL FEEDBACK; WRITING;

ANIMALS; COGNITION; DOPAMINE; HUMANS; LEARNING; MEMORY; MOTOR SKILLS; PARKINSON DISEASE;

EID: 84873251413     PISSN: 01497634     EISSN: 18737528     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.01.015     Document Type: Review

References (83)

1. Aarsland D., Bronnick K., Williams-Gray C., Weintraub D., Marder K., Kulisevsky J., et al. Mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease: a multicenter pooled analysis. Neurology 2010, 75(12):1062-1069.
2. Almeida Q.J., Bhatt H. A Manipulation of visual feedback during gait training in Parkinson's disease. Parkinson's Disease 2012, 2012:508720.
3. Almeida Q.J., Wishart L.R., Lee T.D. Bimanual coordination deficits with Parkinson's disease: the influence of movement speed and external cueing. Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society 2002, 17(1):30-37.
4. Balleine B.W., Delgado M.R., Hikosaka O. The role of the dorsal striatum in reward and decision-making. Journal of Neuroscience 2007, 27(31):8161-8165.
5. Benninger D.H., Iseki K., Kranick S., Luckenbaugh D.A., Houdayer E., Hallett M. Controlled study of 50-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of Parkinson disease. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2012.
6. Benninger D.H., Lomarev M., Lopez G., Wassermann E.M., Li X., Considine E., et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 2010, 81(10):1105-1111.
7. Bodi N., Keri S., Nagy H., Moustafa A., Myers C.E., Daw N., et al. Reward-learning and the novelty-seeking personality: a between- and within-subjects study of the effects of dopamine agonists on young Parkinson's patients. Brain 2009, 132(Pt 9):2385L 2395.
8. Boggio P.S., Ferrucci R., Rigonatti S.P., Covre P., Nitsche M., Pascual-Leone A., et al. Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on working memory in patients with Parkinson's disease. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 2006, 249(1):31-38.
9. Broderick M.P., Van Gemmert A.W., Shill H.A., Stelmach G.E. Hypometria and bradykinesia during drawing movements in individuals with Parkinson's disease. Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation Cerebrale 2009, 197(3):223-233.
10. Bryant M.S., Rintala D.H., Lai E.C., Protas E.J. An investigation of two interventions for micrographia in individuals with Parkinson's disease. Clinical Rehabilitation 2010, 24(11):1021-1026.
11. Chiviacowsky S., Campos T., Domingues M.R. Reduced frequency of knowledge of results enhances learning in persons with Parkinson's disease. Frontiers Psychology 2010, 1:226.
12. Contreras-Vidal J.L., Teulings H.L., Stelmach G.E., Adler C.H. Adaptation to changes in vertical display gain during handwriting in Parkinson's disease patients, elderly and young controls. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 2002, 9(2):77-84.
13. Cools R., Altamirano L., D'Esposito M. Reversal learning in Parkinson's disease depends on medication status and outcome valence. Neuropsychologia 2006, 44(10):1663-1673.
14. Cools R., Barker R.A., Sahakian B.J., Robbins T.W. L-Dopa medication remediates cognitive inflexibility, but increases impulsivity in patients with Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychologia 2003, 41(11):1431-1441.
15. Debaere F., Wenderoth N., Sunaert S., Van Hecke P., Swinnen S.P. Internal vs external generation of movements: differential neural pathways involved in bimanual coordination performed in the presence or absence of augmented visual feedback. NeuroImage 2003, 19(3):764-776.
16. Deroost N., Kerckhofs E., Coene M., Wijnants G., Soetens E. Learning sequence movements in a homogenous sample of patients with Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychologia 2006, 44(10):1653-1662.
17. Doyon J., Bellec P., Amsel R., Penhune V., Monchi O., Carrier J., et al. Contributions of the basal ganglia and functionally related brain structures to motor learning. Behavioural Brain Research 2009, 199(1):61-75.
18. Espay A.J., Baram Y., Dwivedi A.K., Shukla R., Gartner M., Gaines L., et al. At-home training with closed-loop augmented-reality cueing device for improving gait in patients with Parkinson disease. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 2010, 47(6):573-581.
19. Felix K., Gain K., Paiva E., Whitney K., Jenkins M.E., Spaulding S.J. Upper extremity motor learning among individuals with Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis evaluating movement time in simple tasks. Parkinson's Disease 2012, 2012:589152.
20. Frank M.J., Seeberger L.C., O'Reilly R.C. By carrot or by stick: cognitive reinforcement learning in parkinsonism. Science 2004, 306(5703):1940-1943.
21. Fucetola R., Smith M.C. Distorted visual feedback effects on drawing in Parkinson's disease. Acta Psychologica 1997, 95(3):255-266.
22. Ghilardi M.F., Feigin A.S., Battaglia F., Silvestri G., Mattis P., Eidelberg D., et al. L-Dopa infusion does not improve explicit sequence learning in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 2007, 13(3):146-151.
23. Goodwin V.A., Richards S.H., Taylor R.S., Taylor A.H., Campbell J.L. The effectiveness of exercise interventions for people with Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Movement Disorders 2008, 23(5):631-640.
24. Gruner U., Eggers C., Ameli M., Sarfeld A.S., Fink G.R., Nowak D.A. 1Hz rTMS preconditioned by tDCS over the primary motor cortex in Parkinson's disease: effects on bradykinesia of arm and hand. Journal of Neural Transmission 2010, 117(2):207-216.
25. Guadagnoli M.A., Leis B., Van Gemmert A.W., Stelmach G.E. The relationship between knowledge of results and motor learning in Parkinsonian patients. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 2002, 9(2):89-95.
26. Hazeltine E., Grafton S.T., Ivry R. Attention and stimulus characteristics determine the locus of motor-sequence encoding. A PET study. Brain: A Journal of Neurology 1997, 120(Pt 1):123-140.
27. Huang V.S., Haith A., Mazzoni P., Krakauer J.W. Rethinking motor learning and savings in adaptation paradigms: model-free memory for successful actions combines with internal models. Neuron 2011, 70(4):787-801.
28. Ikeda T., Hikosaka O. Reward-dependent gain and bias of visual responses in primate superior colliculus. Neuron 2003, 39(4):693-700.
29. Jankovic J. Parkinson's disease: clinical features and diagnosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 2008, 79(4):368-376.
30. Jenkins I.H., Jahanshahi M., Jueptner M., Passingham R.E., Brooks D.J. Self-initiated versus externally triggered movements. II. The effect of movement predictability on regional cerebral blood flow. Brain: a Journal of Neurology 2000, 123(Pt 6):1216-1228.
31. Jocham G., Klein T.A., Ullsperger M. Dopamine-mediated reinforcement learning signals in the striatum and ventromedial prefrontal cortex underlie value-based choices. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience 2011, 31(5):1606-1613.
32. Jueptner M., Weiller C. A review of differences between basal ganglia and cerebellar control of movements as revealed by functional imaging studies. Brain: A Journal of Neurology 1998, 121(Pt 8):1437-1449.
33. Kadivar Z., Corcos D.M., Foto J., Hondzinski J.M. Effect of step training and rhythmic auditory stimulation on functional performance in Parkinson patients. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2011, 25(7):626-635.
34. Kantak S.S., Winstein C.J. Learning-performance distinction and memory processes for motor skills: a focused review and perspective. Behavioural Brain Research 2012, 228(1):219-231.
35. Kehagia A.A., Barker R.A., Robbins T.W. Neuropsychological and clinical heterogeneity of cognitive impairment and dementia in patients with Parkinson's disease. Lancet Neurology 2010, 9(12):1200-1213.
36. Keus S.H., Bloem B.R., Hendriks E.J., Bredero-Cohen A.B., Munneke M. Evidence-based analysis of physical therapy in Parkinson's disease with recommendations for practice and research. Movement Disorders 2007, 22(4):451-460. quiz 600.
37. Keus S.H., Munneke M., Nijkrake M.J., Kwakkel G., Bloem B.R. Physical therapy in Parkinson's disease: evolution and future challenges. Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society 2009, 24(1):1-14.
38. Kudlicka A., Clare L., Hindle J.V. Executive functions in Parkinson's disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society 2011, 26(13):2305-2315.
39. Lange K.W., Mecklinger L., Walitza S., Becker G., Gerlach M., Naumann M., et al. Brain dopamine and kinematics of graphomotor functions. Human Movement Science 2006, 25(4-5):492-509.
40. Leow L.A., Loftus A.M., Hammond G.R. Impaired savings despite intact initial learning of motor adaptation in Parkinson's disease. Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation Cerebrale 2012, 218(2):295-304.
41. Lin C.H., Knowlton B.J., Chiang M.C., Iacoboni M., Udompholkul P., Wu A.D. Brain-behavior correlates of optimizing learning through interleaved practice. NeuroImage 2011, 56(3):1758-1772.
42. Lohnes C.A., Earhart G.M. The impact of attentional, auditory, and combined cues on walking during single and cognitive dual tasks in Parkinson disease. Gait and Posture 2011, 33(3):478-483.
43. Macdonald P.A., Monchi O. Differential effects of dopaminergic therapies on dorsal and ventral striatum in Parkinson's disease: implications for cognitive function. Parkinson's Disease 2011, 2011:572743.
44. Mentis M.J., Dhawan V., Feigin A., Delalot D., Zgaljardic D., Edwards C., et al. Early stage Parkinson's disease patients and normal volunteers: comparative mechanisms of sequence learning. Human Brain Mapping 2003, 20(4):246-258.
45. Muslimovic D., Post B., Speelman J.D., Schmand B. Cognitive profile of patients with newly diagnosed Parkinson disease. Neurology 2005, 65(8):1239-1245.
46. Nieuwboer A., Kwakkel G., Rochester L., Jones D., van Wegen E., Willems A.M., et al. Cueing training in the home improves gait-related mobility in Parkinson's disease: the RESCUE trial. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 2007, 78(2):134-140.
47. Nieuwboer A., Rochester L., Muncks L., Swinnen S.P. Motor learning in Parkinson's disease: limitations and potential for rehabilitation. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 2009, 15(Suppl 3):S53-S58.
48. Nieuwboer A., Vercruysse S., Feys P., Levin O., Spildooren J., Swinnen S. Upper limb movement interruptions are correlated to freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease. The European Journal of Neuroscience 2009, 29(7):1422-1430.
49. Nissen M.J., Bullemer P. Attentional requirements of learning: evidence from performance measures. Cognitive Psychology 1987, 19(1):1-32.
50. Oliveira R.M., Gurd J.M., Nixon P., Marshall J.C., Passingham R.E. Micrographia in Parkinson's disease: the effect of providing external cues. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1997, 63(4):429-433.
51. Ondo W.G., Satija P. Withdrawal of visual feedback improves micrographia in Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders 2007, 22(14):2130-2131.
52. Onla-or S., Winstein C.J. Determining the optimal challenge point for motor skill learning in adults with moderately severe Parkinson's disease. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2008, 22(4):385-395.
53. Passingham R. The Frontal Lobes and Voluntary Action 1997, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
54. Pendt L.K., Reuter I., Muller H. Motor skill learning, retention, and control deficits in Parkinson's disease. PLoS ONE 2011, 6(7):e21669.
55. Ponsen M.M., Daffertshofer A., Wolters E., Beek P.J., Berendse H.W. Impairment of complex upper limb motor function in de novo Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 2008, 14(3):199-204.
56. Price A., Shin J.C. The impact of Parkinson's disease on sequence learning: perceptual pattern learning and executive function. Brain and Cognition 2009, 69(2):252-261.
57. Rauch S.L., Whalen P.J., Savage C.R., Curran T., Kendrick A., Brown H.D., et al. Striatal recruitment during an implicit sequence learning task as measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Human Brain Mapping 1997, 5(2):124-132.
58. Redgrave P., Vautrelle N., Reynolds J.N. Functional properties of the basal ganglia's re-entrant loop architecture: selection and reinforcement. Neuroscience 2011, 198:138-151.
59. Ringenbach S.D., van Gemmert A.W., Shill H.A., Stelmach G.E. Auditory instructional cues benefit unimanual and bimanual drawing in Parkinson's disease patients. Human Movement Science 2011, 30(4):770-782.
60. Rochester L., Baker K., Hetherington V., Jones D., Willems A.M., Kwakkel G., et al. Evidence for motor learning in Parkinson's disease: acquisition, automaticity and retention of cued gait performance after training with external rhythmical cues. Brain Research 2010, 1319:103-111.
61. Rochester L., Burn D.J., Woods G., Godwin J., Nieuwboer A. Does auditory rhythmical cueing improve gait in people with Parkinson's disease and cognitive impairment? A feasibility study. Movement Disorders 2009, 24(6):839-845.
62. Salmoni A.W., Schmidt R.A., Walter C.B. Knowledge of results and motor learning: a review and critical reappraisal. Psychological Bulletin 1984, 95(3):355-386.
63. Schmidt R.A., Lee T.D. Motor control and learning: a behavioral emphasis 2011, Human Kinetics, Champaign. 5th ed.
64. Schneider W., Chein J.M. Controlled and automatic processing: behavior, theory, and biological mechanisms. Cognitive Science 2003, 27:525-559.
65. Schultz W. Behavioral theories and the neurophysiology of reward. Annual Review of Psychology 2006, 57:87-115.
66. Shiner T., Seymour B., Wunderlich K., Hill C., Bhatia K.P., Dayan P., et al. Dopamine and performance in a reinforcement learning task: evidence from Parkinson's disease. Brain: A Journal of Neurology 2012, 135:1871-1883.
67. Siegert R.J., Taylor K.D., Weatherall M., Abernethy D.A. Is implicit sequence learning impaired in Parkinson's disease? A meta-analysis. Neuropsychology 2006, 20(4):490-495.
68. Srovnalova H., Marecek R., Rektorova I. The role of the inferior frontal gyri in cognitive processing of patients with Parkinson's disease: a pilot rTMS study. Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society 2011, 26(8):1545-1548.
69. Stephan M.A., Meier B., Zaugg S.W., Kaelin-Lang A. Motor sequence learning performance in Parkinson's disease patients depends on the stage of disease. Brain and Cognition 2011, 75(2):135-140.
70. Stucki G. International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF): a promising framework and classification for rehabilitation medicine. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation/Association of Academic Physiatrists 2005, 84(10):733-740.
71. Swinnen S.P., Steyvers M., Van Den Bergh L., Stelmach G.E. Motor learning and Parkinson's disease: refinement of within-limb and between-limb coordination as a result of practice. Behavioural Brain Research 2000, 111(1-2):45-59.
72. Tanaka S., Sandrini M., Cohen L.G. Modulation of motor learning and memory formation by non-invasive cortical stimulation of the primary motor cortex. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 2011, 21(5):650-675.
73. Teulings H.L., Contreras-Vidal J.L., Stelmach G.E., Adler C.H. Adaptation of handwriting size under distorted visual feedback in patients with Parkinson's disease and elderly and young controls. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 2002, 72(3):315-324.
74. Tucha O., Mecklinger L., Thome J., Reiter A., Alders G.L., Sartor H., et al. Kinematic analysis of dopaminergic effects on skilled handwriting movements in Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neural Transmission 2006, 113(5):609-623.
75. van der Graaf F.H., Maguire R.P., Leenders K.L., de Jong B.M. Cerebral activation related to implicit sequence learning in a Double Serial Reaction Time task. Brain research 2006, 1081(1):179-190.
76. Van Gemmert A.W., Adler C.H., Stelmach G.E. Parkinson's disease patients undershoot target size in handwriting and similar tasks. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 2003, 74(11):1502-1508.
77. Van Gemmert A.W., Teulings H.L., Contreras-Vidal J.L., Stelmach G.E. Parkinson's disease and the control of size and speed in handwriting. Neuropsychologia 1999, 37(6):685-694.
78. van Tilborg I., Hulstijn W. Implicit motor learning in patients with Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease: differences in learning abilities?. Motor Control 2010, 14(3):344-361.
79. Vandenbossche J., Deroost N., Soetens E., Kerckhofs E. Does implicit learning in non-demented Parkinson's disease depend on the level of cognitive functioning?. Brain and Cognition 2009, 69(1):194-199.
80. Verschueren S.M., Swinnen S.P., Dom R., De Weerdt W. Interlimb coordination in patients with Parkinson's disease: motor learning deficits and the importance of augmented information feedback. Experimental Brain Research 1997, 113(3):497-508.
81. Wagle Shukla A., Ounpraseuth S., Okun M.S., Gray V., Schwankhaus J., Metzer W.S. Micrographia and related deficits in Parkinson's disease: a cross-sectional study. BMJ 2012, 2(3).
82. Winstein C.J. Knowledge of results and motor learning-implications for physical therapy. Physical Therapy 1991, 71(2):140-149.
83. Wu T., Hallett M. A functional MRI study of automatic movements in patients with Parkinson's disease. Brain: A Journal of Neurology 2005, 128(Pt 10):2250-2259.