메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 29, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 930-938

The embodiment of sexualized virtual selves: The Proteus effect and experiences of self-objectification via avatars

Author keywords

Avatars; Objectification; Proteus effect; Sex role stereotypes; Video games; Virtual environments

Indexed keywords

AVATARS; OBJECTIFICATION; PROTEUS EFFECT; SEX-ROLE; VIDEO GAME;

EID: 84872783897     PISSN: 07475632     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2012.12.027     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (187)

References (74)
  • 1
    • 79959988609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-endorsing versus other-endorsing in virtual environments: The effect on brand preference
    • 10.2753/JOA0091-3367400207
    • S.J. Ahn, and J.N. Bailenson Self-endorsing versus other-endorsing in virtual environments: The effect on brand preference Journal of Advertising 40 2011 93 106 10.2753/JOA0091-3367400207
    • (2011) Journal of Advertising , vol.40 , pp. 93-106
    • Ahn, S.J.1    Bailenson, J.N.2
  • 2
    • 84872761353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of embodied experiences on self-other merging, attitude, and helping behavior
    • (in press)
    • Ahn, S. J.; Le, A. M. T.; & Bailenson, J. N. (in press). The effect of embodied experiences on self-other merging, attitude, and helping behavior. Media Psychology.
    • Media Psychology
    • Ahn S., .J.1    Le A. .M., .T.2    Bailenson J., .N.3
  • 3
    • 84986409258 scopus 로고
    • A Meta-Analysis Summarizing the Effects of Pornography II: Aggression After Exposure
    • M. Allen, D. D'Alessio, and K. Brezgel A meta-analysis summarizing the effects of pornography II: Aggression after exposure Human Communication Research 22 1995 258 283 10.1111/j.1468-2958.1995.tb00368.x (Pubitemid 126120693)
    • (1995) Human Communication Research , vol.22 , Issue.2 , pp. 258-283
    • Allen, M.1    D'Alessio, D.2    Brezgel, K.3
  • 4
    • 84985120449 scopus 로고
    • Exposure to pornography and acceptance of rape myths
    • 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1995.tb00711.x
    • M. Allen, T. Emmers, L. Gebhardt, and M. Giery Exposure to pornography and acceptance of rape myths Journal of Communication 45 1995 5 26 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1995.tb00711.x
    • (1995) Journal of Communication , vol.45 , pp. 5-26
    • Allen, M.1    Emmers, T.2    Gebhardt, L.3    Giery, M.4
  • 5
    • 84872773991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Psychological Association, Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls (2010). Report of the APA Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls. Washington, DC: Author.
    • American Psychological Association, Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls (2010). Report of the APA Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls. Washington, DC: Author.
  • 6
    • 0035464222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, physiological arousal, and prosocial behavior: A Meta-Analytic Review of the Scientific Literature
    • C.A. Anderson, and B.J. Bushman Effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, physiological arousal, and prosocial behavior: A meta-analytic review of the scientific literature Psychological Science 12 2001 353 359 10.1111/1467-9280.00366 (Pubitemid 33653543)
    • (2001) Psychological Science , vol.12 , Issue.5 , pp. 353-359
    • Anderson, C.A.1    Bushman, B.J.2
  • 7
    • 33845429093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exposure to sexually objectifying media and body self-perceptions among college women: An examination of the selective exposure hypothesis and the role of moderating variables
    • DOI 10.1007/s11199-006-9070-7
    • J.S. Aubrey Exposure to sexually objectifying media and body self-perceptions among college women: An examination of the selective exposure hypothesis and the role of moderating variables Sex Roles 55 2006 159 172 10.1007/s11199-006-9070-7 (Pubitemid 44893032)
    • (2006) Sex Roles , vol.55 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 159-172
    • Aubrey, J.S.1
  • 10
    • 0035567173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social Cognitive Theory of Mass Communication
    • A. Bandura Social cognitive theory of mass communication Media Psychology 3 2001 265 299 10.1207/S1532785XMEP0303-03 (Pubitemid 33689283)
    • (2001) Media Psychology , vol.3 , Issue.3 , pp. 265-299
    • Bandura, A.1
  • 11
    • 84937381236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shirts vs. skins: Clothing as an indicator of gender role stereotyping in video games
    • 10.1207/S15327825MCS0503-3
    • B. Beasley, and T.C. Standley Shirts vs. skins: Clothing as an indicator of gender role stereotyping in video games Mass Communication & Society 5 2002 279 293 10.1207/S15327825MCS0503-3
    • (2002) Mass Communication & Society , vol.5 , pp. 279-293
    • Beasley, B.1    Standley, T.C.2
  • 12
    • 84868203825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mirrored selves: The influence of self-presence in a virtual world on health, appearance, and well-being
    • 10.1016/j.chb.2012.07.023
    • E. Behm-Morawitz Mirrored selves: The influence of self-presence in a virtual world on health, appearance, and well-being Computers in Human Behavior 29 2013 119 128 10.1016/j.chb.2012.07.023
    • (2013) Computers in Human Behavior , vol.29 , pp. 119-128
    • Behm-Morawitz, E.1
  • 13
    • 76149143385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of the sexualization of female video game characters on gender stereotyping and female self-concept
    • 10.1007/s11199-009-9683-8
    • E. Behm-Morawitz, and D. Mastro The effects of the sexualization of female video game characters on gender stereotyping and female self-concept Sex Roles 61 2009 808 823 10.1007/s11199-009-9683-8
    • (2009) Sex Roles , vol.61 , pp. 808-823
    • Behm-Morawitz, E.1    Mastro, D.2
  • 14
    • 77956834782 scopus 로고
    • Self perception theory
    • L. Berkowitz, Academic Press New York
    • D. Bem Self perception theory L. Berkowitz, Advances in experimental social psychology Vol. 6 1972 Academic Press New York 2 57
    • (1972) Advances in Experimental Social Psychology , vol.6 , pp. 2-57
    • Bem, D.1
  • 15
    • 41149130642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Avatar-mediated networking: Increasing social presence and interpersonal trust in net-based collaborations
    • 10.1111/j.1468-2958.2008.00322.x
    • G. Bente, S. Rüggenberg, N.C. Krämer, and F. Eschenburg Avatar-mediated networking: Increasing social presence and interpersonal trust in net-based collaborations Human Communication Research 34 2008 287 318 10.1111/j.1468-2958.2008.00322.x
    • (2008) Human Communication Research , vol.34 , pp. 287-318
    • Bente, G.1    Rüggenberg, S.2    Krämer, N.C.3    Eschenburg, F.4
  • 16
    • 85140349585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biocca, F. (1997). The cyborg's dilemma: Progressive embodiment in virtual environments. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 3(2). < >.
    • Biocca, F. (1997). The cyborg's dilemma: Progressive embodiment in virtual environments. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 3(2). < http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol3/issue2/biocca2.html >.
  • 17
    • 0036375333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immersive virtual environment technology as a methodological tool for social psychology
    • J. Blascovich, J. Loomis, A.C. Beall, K.R. Swinth, C.L. Hoyt, and J.N. Bailenson Immersive virtual environment technology as methodological tool for social psychology Psychological Inquiry 13 2002 103 124 10.1207/ S15327965PLI1302-01 (Pubitemid 36704071)
    • (2002) Psychological Inquiry , vol.13 , Issue.2 , pp. 103-124
    • Blascovich, J.1    Loomis, J.2    Beall, A.C.3    Swinth, K.R.4    Hoyt, C.L.5    Bailenson, J.N.6
  • 18
    • 84872798100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blizzard Entertainment. (2011, January 10). World of Warcraft: Cataclysm one month sales top 4.7 million. < >.
    • Blizzard Entertainment. (2011, January 10). World of Warcraft: Cataclysm one month sales top 4.7 million. < http://us.blizzard.com/en-us/company/ press/ >.
  • 19
    • 28844509959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The causal impact of rape myth acceptance on men's rape proclivity: Comparing sexually coercive and noncoercive men
    • DOI 10.1002/ejsp.284
    • G. Bohner, C.I. Jarvis, F. Eyssel, and F. Siebler The causal impact of rape myth acceptance on men's rape proclivity: Comparing sexually coercive and noncoercive men European Journal of Social Psychology 35 2005 819 828 10.1002/ejsp. 284 (Pubitemid 41766858)
    • (2005) European Journal of Social Psychology , vol.35 , Issue.6 , pp. 819-828
    • Bohner, G.1    Jarvis, C.I.2    Eyssel, F.3    Siebler, F.4
  • 20
    • 34548226091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex, lies, and video games: The portrayal of male and female characters on video game covers
    • 10.1007/s11199-007-9250-0
    • M.C.R. Burgess, S.P. Stermer, and S.R. Burgess Sex, lies, and video games: The portrayal of male and female characters on video game covers Sex Roles 57 2007 419 433 10.1007/s11199-007-9250-0
    • (2007) Sex Roles , vol.57 , pp. 419-433
    • Burgess, M.C.R.1    Stermer, S.P.2    Burgess, S.R.3
  • 21
    • 0018981709 scopus 로고
    • Cultural myths and supports for rape
    • 10.1037/0022-3514.38.2.217
    • M.R. Burt Cultural myths and supports for rape Journal of Personality & Social Psychology 38 1980 217 230 10.1037/0022-3514.38.2.217
    • (1980) Journal of Personality & Social Psychology , vol.38 , pp. 217-230
    • Burt, M.R.1
  • 22
    • 76549083303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Power, sex, and rape myth acceptance. Testing two models of rape proclivity
    • 10.1080/00224490902954323
    • K.M. Chapleau, and D.L. Oswald Power, sex, and rape myth acceptance. Testing two models of rape proclivity Journal of Sex Research 47 2010 66 78 10.1080/00224490902954323
    • (2010) Journal of Sex Research , vol.47 , pp. 66-78
    • Chapleau, K.M.1    Oswald, D.L.2
  • 23
    • 0032369821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An examination of violence and gender role portrayals in video games: Implications for gender socialization and aggressive behavior
    • 10.1023/A:1018709905920
    • T.L. Dietz An examination of violence and gender role portrayals in video games: Implications for gender socialization and aggressive behavior Sex Roles 38 1998 425 442 10.1023/A:1018709905920
    • (1998) Sex Roles , vol.38 , pp. 425-442
    • Dietz, T.L.1
  • 24
    • 36849003985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Video game characters and the socialization of gender roles: Young people's perceptions mirror sexist media depictions
    • 10.1007/s11199-007-9278-1
    • K.E. Dill, and K.P. Thill Video game characters and the socialization of gender roles: Young people's perceptions mirror sexist media depictions Sex Roles 57 2007 851 864 10.1007/s11199-007-9278-1
    • (2007) Sex Roles , vol.57 , pp. 851-864
    • Dill, K.E.1    Thill, K.P.2
  • 25
    • 77954688862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Keeping abreast of hypersexuality: A video game character content analysis
    • 10.1007/s11199-009-9637-1
    • E. Downs, and S.L. Smith Keeping abreast of hypersexuality: A video game character content analysis Sex Roles 62 2010 721 733 10.1007/s11199-009-9637-1
    • (2010) Sex Roles , vol.62 , pp. 721-733
    • Downs, E.1    Smith, S.L.2
  • 26
    • 80255129234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • My avatar and me: Gender and personality predictors of avatar self-discrepancy
    • 10.1016/j.chb.2011.08.015
    • R.A. Dunn, and R.E. Guadagno My avatar and me: Gender and personality predictors of avatar self-discrepancy Computers in Human Behavior 28 2012 97 106 10.1016/j.chb.2011.08.015
    • (2012) Computers in Human Behavior , vol.28 , pp. 97-106
    • Dunn, R.A.1    Guadagno, R.E.2
  • 27
    • 84872800274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Entertainment Software Association. (2012). 2012 sales, demographic and usage data: Essential facts about the computer and video game industry. Washington, DC: Author.
    • Entertainment Software Association. (2012). 2012 sales, demographic and usage data: Essential facts about the computer and video game industry. Washington, DC: Author.
  • 29
    • 62349133040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Virtual self-modeling: The effects of vicarious reinforcement and identification on exercise behaviors
    • 10.1080/15213260802669474
    • J. Fox, and J.N. Bailenson Virtual self-modeling: The effects of vicarious reinforcement and identification on exercise behaviors Media Psychology 12 2009 1 25 10.1080/15213260802669474
    • (2009) Media Psychology , vol.12 , pp. 1-25
    • Fox, J.1    Bailenson, J.N.2
  • 30
    • 70349878540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Virtual virgins and vamps: The effects of exposure to female characters' sexualized appearance and gaze in an immersive virtual environment
    • 10.1007/s11199-009-9599-3
    • J. Fox, and J.N. Bailenson Virtual virgins and vamps: The effects of exposure to female characters' sexualized appearance and gaze in an immersive virtual environment Sex Roles 61 2009 147 157 10.1007/s11199-009-9599-3
    • (2009) Sex Roles , vol.61 , pp. 147-157
    • Fox, J.1    Bailenson, J.N.2
  • 31
    • 70349668764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Virtual experiences, physical behaviors: The effect of presence on imitation of an eating avatar
    • 10.1162/pres.18.4.294
    • J. Fox, J.N. Bailenson, and J. Binney Virtual experiences, physical behaviors: The effect of presence on imitation of an eating avatar PRESENCE: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments 18 2009 294 303 10.1162/pres.18.4.294
    • (2009) PRESENCE: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments , vol.18 , pp. 294-303
    • Fox, J.1    Bailenson, J.N.2    Binney, J.3
  • 33
    • 0031165748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Objectification theory: Toward understanding women's lived experienced and mental health risks
    • 10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x
    • B.L. Fredrickson, and T.-A. Roberts Objectification theory: Toward understanding women's lived experienced and mental health risks Psychology of Women Quarterly 21 1997 173 206 10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x
    • (1997) Psychology of Women Quarterly , vol.21 , pp. 173-206
    • Fredrickson, B.L.1    Roberts, T.-A.2
  • 34
    • 0032113854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • That Swimsuit Becomes You: Sex Differences in Self-Objedification, Restrained Eating, and Math Performance
    • B.L. Fredrickson, T.-A. Roberts, S.M. Noll, D.M. Quinn, and J.M. Twenge That swimsuit becomes you: Sex differences in self-objectification, restrained eating, and math performance Journal of Personality & Social Psychology 75 1998 269 284 10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.269 (Pubitemid 128452436)
    • (1998) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.75 , Issue.1 , pp. 269-284
    • Fredrickson, B.L.1    Noll, S.M.2    Roberts, T.-A.3    Quinn, D.M.4    Twenge, J.M.5
  • 35
    • 78449283858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Even in virtual environments women shop and men build: A social role perspective on Second Life
    • 10.1016/j.chb.2010.08.008
    • R.E. Guadagno, N.L. Muscanell, B.M. Okdie, N.M. Burk, and T.B. Ward Even in virtual environments women shop and men build: A social role perspective on Second Life Computers in Human Behavior 27 2011 304 308 10.1016/j.chb.2010.08. 008
    • (2011) Computers in Human Behavior , vol.27 , pp. 304-308
    • Guadagno, R.E.1    Muscanell, N.L.2    Okdie, B.M.3    Burk, N.M.4    Ward, T.B.5
  • 36
    • 80052786398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social evaluations of embodied agents and avatars
    • 10.1016/j.chb.2011.07.017
    • R.E. Guadagno, K.R. Swinth, and J. Blascovich Social evaluations of embodied agents and avatars Computers in Human Behavior 27 2011 2380 2385 10.1016/j.chb.2011.07.017
    • (2011) Computers in Human Behavior , vol.27 , pp. 2380-2385
    • Guadagno, R.E.1    Swinth, K.R.2    Blascovich, J.3
  • 37
    • 34547699520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting objectification: Do provocative clothing and observer characteristics matter?
    • 10.1007/s11199-007-9219-z
    • R.A.R. Gurung, and C.J. Chrouser Predicting objectification: Do provocative clothing and observer characteristics matter? Sex Roles 57 2007 91 99 10.1007/s11199-007-9219-z
    • (2007) Sex Roles , vol.57 , pp. 91-99
    • Gurung, R.A.R.1    Chrouser, C.J.2
  • 38
    • 0031498124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • College women's fears and precautionary behaviors relating to acquaintance rape and stranger rape
    • S.E. Hickman, and C.L. Muehlenhard College women's fears and precautionary behaviors relating to acquaintance rape and stranger rape Psychology of Women Quarterly 21 1997 527 547 10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00129.x (Pubitemid 127160466)
    • (1997) Psychology of Women Quarterly , vol.21 , Issue.4 , pp. 527-547
    • Hickman, S.E.1    Muehlenhard, C.L.2
  • 39
    • 79958015716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Television's role in the culture of violence toward women: A study of television viewing and the cultivation of rape myth acceptance in the United States
    • 10.1080/08838151.2011.566085
    • L.A. Kahlor, and M.S. Eastin Television's role in the culture of violence toward women: A study of television viewing and the cultivation of rape myth acceptance in the United States Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 55 2011 215 231 10.1080/08838151.2011.566085
    • (2011) Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , vol.55 , pp. 215-231
    • Kahlor, L.A.1    Eastin, M.S.2
  • 40
    • 34547348106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Television viewing and rape myth acceptance among college women
    • 10.1007/s11199-007-9232-2
    • L.A. Kahlor, and D. Morrison Television viewing and rape myth acceptance among college women Sex Roles 56 2007 729 739 10.1007/s11199-007-9232-2
    • (2007) Sex Roles , vol.56 , pp. 729-739
    • Kahlor, L.A.1    Morrison, D.2
  • 41
    • 84872811916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kaiser Family Foundation (2010, January). Generation M2: Media in the lives of 8- to 18-year-olds. Menlo Park, CA: Author.
    • Kaiser Family Foundation (2010, January). Generation M2: Media in the lives of 8- to 18-year-olds. Menlo Park, CA: Author.
  • 42
    • 0346561168 scopus 로고
    • Processes of opinion change
    • 10.1086/266996
    • H.C. Kelman Processes of opinion change Public Opinion Quarterly 25 1961 57 78 10.1086/266996
    • (1961) Public Opinion Quarterly , vol.25 , pp. 57-78
    • Kelman, H.C.1
  • 43
    • 0017360990 scopus 로고
    • The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data
    • R. Landis, and G.G. Koch The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data Biometrics 33 1977 159 174 (Pubitemid 8054849)
    • (1977) Biometrics , vol.33 , Issue.1 , pp. 159-174
    • Landis, J.R.1    Koch, G.G.2
  • 44
    • 0035321467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Virtually there
    • APRIL
    • J. Lanier Virtually there Scientific American 284 April 2001 66 75
    • (2001) Scientific American , vol.284 , pp. 66-75
    • Lanier, J.1
  • 45
    • 1842832073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Presence, explicated
    • K.M. Lee Presence, explicated Communication Theory 14 2004 27 50 10.1111/j.1468-2885.2004.tb00302.x (Pubitemid 38485483)
    • (2004) Communication Theory , vol.14 , Issue.1 , pp. 27-50
    • Lee, K.M.1
  • 46
    • 85140350616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lombard, M.; & Ditton, T. (1997). At the heart of it all: The concept of presence. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 3(2). < >.
    • Lombard, M.; & Ditton, T. (1997). At the heart of it all: The concept of presence. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 3(2). < http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol3/issue2/lombard.html >.
  • 47
    • 84965454778 scopus 로고
    • Rape myths: In review
    • 10.1111/j.1471-6402.1994.tb00448.x
    • K.A. Lonsway, and L.F. Fitzgerald Rape myths: In review Psychology of Women Quarterly 18 1994 133 164 10.1111/j.1471-6402.1994.tb00448.x
    • (1994) Psychology of Women Quarterly , vol.18 , pp. 133-164
    • Lonsway, K.A.1    Fitzgerald, L.F.2
  • 49
    • 0034570272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pornography and sexual aggression: Are there reliable effects and can we understand them?
    • N.M. Malamuth, T. Addison, and M. Koss Pornography and sexual aggression: Are there reliable effects and can we understand them? Annual Review of Sex Research 11 2000 26 93
    • (2000) Annual Review of Sex Research , vol.11 , pp. 26-93
    • Malamuth, N.M.1    Addison, T.2    Koss, M.3
  • 50
    • 35448979150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender differences in video game characters' roles, appearances, and attire as portrayed in video game magazines
    • 10.1007/s11199-007-9307-0
    • M.K. Miller, and A. Summers Gender differences in video game characters' roles, appearances, and attire as portrayed in video game magazines Sex Roles 57 2007 733 742 10.1007/s11199-007-9307-0
    • (2007) Sex Roles , vol.57 , pp. 733-742
    • Miller, M.K.1    Summers, A.2
  • 51
    • 84872787192 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moore, L. (2012, August 20). Rep. Todd Akin: The statement and the reaction. New York Times. < >.
    • Moore, L. (2012, August 20). Rep. Todd Akin: The statement and the reaction. New York Times. < http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/21/us/politics/ rep-todd-akin-legitimate-rape-statement-and-reaction.html >.
  • 52
    • 55849114567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Objectification theory and psychology of women: A decade of advances and future directions
    • 10.1111/j.1471-6402.2008.00452.x
    • B. Moradi, and Y.-P. Huang Objectification theory and psychology of women: A decade of advances and future directions Psychology of Women Quarterly 32 2008 377 398 10.1111/j.1471-6402.2008.00452.x
    • (2008) Psychology of Women Quarterly , vol.32 , pp. 377-398
    • Moradi, B.1    Huang, Y.-P.2
  • 53
    • 0036896451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-objectification and its psychological outcomes for college women
    • 10.1111/1471-6402.t01-1-00076
    • J.J. Muehlenkamp, and R.N. Saris-Baglama Self-objectification and its psychological outcomes for college women Psychology of Women Quarterly 26 2002 371 379 10.1111/1471-6402.t01-1-00076
    • (2002) Psychology of Women Quarterly , vol.26 , pp. 371-379
    • Muehlenkamp, J.J.1    Saris-Baglama, R.N.2
  • 55
    • 0033933096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Machines and mindlessness: Social responses to computers
    • C. Nass, and Y. Moon Machines and mindlessness: Social responses to computers Journal of Social Issues 56 2000 81 103 10.1006/ijhc.1996.0073 (Pubitemid 30442265)
    • (2000) Journal of Social Issues , vol.56 , Issue.1 , pp. 81-103
    • Nass, C.1    Moon, Y.2
  • 56
    • 0032264754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A mediational model linking self-objectification, body shame, and disordered eating
    • S.M. Noll, and B.L. Fredrickson A mediational model linking self-objectification, body shame, and disordered eating Psychology of Women Quarterly 22 1998 623 636 10.1111/j.1471-6402.1998.tb00181.x (Pubitemid 128395504)
    • (1998) Psychology of Women Quarterly , vol.22 , Issue.4 , pp. 623-636
    • Noll, S.M.1    Fredrickson, B.L.2
  • 57
    • 27744489943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of the avatar on online perceptions of anthropomorphism, androgyny, credibility, homophily, and attraction
    • 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.tb00308.x
    • K.L. Nowak, and C. Rauh The influence of the avatar on online perceptions of anthropomorphism, androgyny, credibility, homophily, and attraction Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 11 2006 153 178 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006. tb00308.x
    • (2006) Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication , vol.11 , pp. 153-178
    • Nowak, K.L.1    Rauh, C.2
  • 58
    • 42249095630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Choose your "buddy icon" carefully: The influence of avatar androgyny, anthropomorphism and credibility in online interactions
    • DOI 10.1016/j.chb.2007.05.005, PII S0747563207000933
    • K.L. Nowak, and C. Rauh Choose your "buddy icon" carefully: The influence of avatar androgyny, anthropomorphism and credibility in online interactions Computers in Human Behavior 24 2008 1473 1493 10.1016/j.chb.2007. 05.005 (Pubitemid 351551476)
    • (2008) Computers in Human Behavior , vol.24 , Issue.4 , pp. 1473-1493
    • Nowak, K.L.1    Rauh, C.2
  • 59
    • 34249329225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of presence in virtual reality exposure therapy
    • DOI 10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.11.002, PII S088761850600171X
    • M. Price, and P. Anderson The role of presence in virtual reality exposure therapy Journal of Anxiety Disorders 21 2007 742 751 10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.11.002 (Pubitemid 46817880)
    • (2007) Journal of Anxiety Disorders , vol.21 , Issue.5 , pp. 742-751
    • Price, M.1    Anderson, P.2
  • 60
    • 33845627003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Body on my mind: The lingering effect of state self-objectification
    • DOI 10.1007/s11199-006-9140-x
    • D.M. Quinn, R.W. Kallen, and C. Cathey Body on my mind: The lingering effect of state self-objectification Sex Roles 55 2006 869 874 10.1007/s11199-006-9140-x (Pubitemid 44953035)
    • (2006) Sex Roles , vol.55 , Issue.11-12 , pp. 869-874
    • Quinn, D.M.1    Kallen, R.W.2    Cathey, C.3
  • 61
    • 34547441041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Women and games: Technologies of the gendered self
    • 10.1177/1461444807080322
    • P. Royse, J. Lee, B. Undrahbuyan, M. Hopson, and M. Consalvo Women and games: Technologies of the gendered self New Media & Society 9 2007 555 576 10.1177/1461444807080322
    • (2007) New Media & Society , vol.9 , pp. 555-576
    • Royse, P.1    Lee, J.2    Undrahbuyan, B.3    Hopson, M.4    Consalvo, M.5
  • 62
    • 77951271068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interacting like a body: Objectification can lead women to narrow their presence in social interactions
    • 10.1177/0956797609357751
    • T. Saguy, D.M. Quinn, J.F. Dovidio, and F. Pratto Interacting like a body: Objectification can lead women to narrow their presence in social interactions Psychological Science 20 2010 1 5 10.1177/0956797609357751
    • (2010) Psychological Science , vol.20 , pp. 1-5
    • Saguy, T.1    Quinn, D.M.2    Dovidio, J.F.3    Pratto, F.4
  • 63
    • 34147180137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Virtual Violence: Gender and Aggression in Video Game Advertisements
    • E. Scharrer Virtual violence. Gender and aggression in video game advertisements Mass Communication & Society 7 2004 393 412 10.1207/s15327825mcs0704-2 (Pubitemid 39306151)
    • (2004) Mass communication and society , vol.7 , Issue.4 , pp. 393-412
    • Scharrer, E.1
  • 64
    • 85044812975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender Portrayals Across the Life Span: A Content Analytic Look at Broadcast Commercials
    • S.R. Stern, and D.E. Mastro Gender portrayals across the life span: A content analytic look at broadcast commercials Mass Communication & Society 7 2004 215 236 10.1207/s15327825mcs0702-5 (Pubitemid 38629600)
    • (2004) Mass communication and society , vol.7 , Issue.2 , pp. 215-236
    • Stern, S.R.1    Mastro, D.E.2
  • 65
    • 84872812114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United Press International. (2011, July 28). Hackers compromise data of 35 million users. < >.
    • United Press International. (2011, July 28). Hackers compromise data of 35 million users. < http://www.upi.com >.
  • 66
    • 77956184793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "it doesn't matter what you are!" Explaining social effects of agents and avatars
    • 10.1016/j.chb.2010.06.012
    • A.M. von der Pütten, N.C. Krämer, J. Gratch, and S.-H. Kang "It doesn't matter what you are!" Explaining social effects of agents and avatars Computers in Human Behavior 26 2010 1641 1650 10.1016/j.chb.2010.06. 012
    • (2010) Computers in Human Behavior , vol.26 , pp. 1641-1650
    • Von Der Pütten, A.M.1    Krämer, N.C.2    Gratch, J.3    Kang, S.-H.4
  • 67
    • 33644835429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Virtual cultivation: Online worlds, offline perceptions
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00004.x
    • D. Williams Virtual cultivation: Online worlds, offline perceptions Journal of Communication 56 2006 69 87 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00004.x (Pubitemid 43362002)
    • (2006) Journal of Communication , vol.56 , Issue.1 , pp. 69-87
    • Williams, D.1
  • 68
    • 71949094515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Looking for gender: Gender roles and behaviors among online gamers
    • 10.1080/00224490902954323
    • D. Williams, M. Consalvo, S. Caplan, and N. Yee Looking for gender: Gender roles and behaviors among online gamers Journal of Communication 59 2009 700 725 10.1080/00224490902954323
    • (2009) Journal of Communication , vol.59 , pp. 700-725
    • Williams, D.1    Consalvo, M.2    Caplan, S.3    Yee, N.4
  • 69
    • 70449472638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The virtual census: Representations of gender, race and age in video games
    • 10.1177/1461444809105354
    • D. Williams, N. Martins, M. Consalvo, and J.D. Ivory The virtual census: Representations of gender, race and age in video games New Media & Society 11 2009 815 834 10.1177/1461444809105354
    • (2009) New Media & Society , vol.11 , pp. 815-834
    • Williams, D.1    Martins, N.2    Consalvo, M.3    Ivory, J.D.4
  • 70
    • 76449092004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexual priming, gender stereotyping, and likelihood to sexually harass: Examining the cognitive effects of playing a sexually-explicit video game
    • 10.1007/s11199-009-9695-4
    • M.Z. Yao, C. Mahood, and D. Linz Sexual priming, gender stereotyping, and likelihood to sexually harass: Examining the cognitive effects of playing a sexually-explicit video game Sex Roles 62 2010 77 88 10.1007/s11199-009-9695-4
    • (2010) Sex Roles , vol.62 , pp. 77-88
    • Yao, M.Z.1    Mahood, C.2    Linz, D.3
  • 71
    • 34250185409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Proteus effect: Self transformations in virtual reality
    • 10.1111/j.1468-2958.2007.00299.x
    • N. Yee, and J.N. Bailenson The Proteus effect: Self transformations in virtual reality Human Communication Research 33 2007 271 290 10.1111/j.1468-2958.2007.00299.x
    • (2007) Human Communication Research , vol.33 , pp. 271-290
    • Yee, N.1    Bailenson, J.N.2
  • 72
    • 70449576160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The difference between being and seeing: The relative contribution of self-perception and priming to behavioral changes via digital self-representation
    • 10.1080/15213260902849943
    • N. Yee, and J.N. Bailenson The difference between being and seeing: The relative contribution of self-perception and priming to behavioral changes via digital self-representation Media Psychology 12 2009 195 209 10.1080/15213260902849943
    • (2009) Media Psychology , vol.12 , pp. 195-209
    • Yee, N.1    Bailenson, J.N.2
  • 73
    • 61849089259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Proteus effect: Implications of transformed digital self-representation on online and offline behavior
    • 10.1177/0093650208330254
    • N. Yee, J.N. Bailenson, and N. Duchenaut The Proteus effect: Implications of transformed digital self-representation on online and offline behavior Communication Research 36 2009 285 312 10.1177/0093650208330254
    • (2009) Communication Research , vol.36 , pp. 285-312
    • Yee, N.1    Bailenson, J.N.2    Duchenaut, N.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.