Looking for gender: Gender roles and behaviors among online gamers

Journal of Communication

Volumn 59, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 700-725

  Williams, Dmitri ^a   Consalvo, Mia ^b   Caplan, Scott ^c   Yee, Nick ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b OHIO UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE   (United States)

^d STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DATA SET; GENDER ISSUE; GENDER ROLE; SPORT;

EID: 71949094515     PISSN: 00219916     EISSN: 14602466     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2009.01453.x     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Anderson C. An update on the effects of playing violent video games. Journal of Adolescence 2004, 27:113-122.
2. Anderson C, Dill K. Video games and aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behavior in the laboratory and in life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2000, 78(4):772-790.
3. Barak A. Sexual harassment on the Internet. Social Science Computer Review 2005, 23(1):77-92.
4. Bem S. The lenses of gender: Transforming the debate on sexual inequality 1993, New Haven, CT, Yale University Press
5. Blumberg F C, Sokol L M. Boys' and girls' use of cognitive strategy when learning to play video games. Journal of General Psychology 2004, 131(2):151-158.
6. Brown R, Hall L, Holtzer R. Gender and video game performance. Sex Roles 1997, 36(11/12):793-812.
7. Buss A H, Perry M. The aggression questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1992, 63(3):452-459.
8. Chodorow N J. Feminities, masculinities, sexualities: Freud and beyond 1994, Lexington, Kentucky, University Press of Kentucky
9. Dill K, Thill K. Video game characters and socialization of gender roles: Young people's perceptions mirror sexist media depictions. Sex Roles 2007, 57:851-664.
10. Donaghue N, Fallon B. Gender-role self-stereotyping and the relationship between equity and satisfaction in close relationships. Sex Roles 2003, 48(5/6):217-230.
11. Douglas S. Inventing American broadcasting, 1899-1922 1987, Baltimore, MD, Johns Hopkins University Press
12. Eagly A, Karau S. Gender and the emergence of leaders: A meta-analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1991, 60(5):685-710.
13. Fallows D. How women and men use the Internet 2005, Washington, DC, Pew Internet & American Life Project
14. Ferguson C. The good, the bad and the ugly: A meta-analytic review of positive and negative effects of violent video games. Psychiatric Quarterly 2007, 78(4):309-316.
15. Fullerton T, Fron J, Pearce C, Morie J, Kafai Y, Heeter C, Denner J, Sun J. Getting girls into the game: Towards a 'virtuous cycle'. Beyond Barbie and Mortal Kombat: New perspectives on gender and computer games 2008, 161-176. In, (Eds.),, (pp., Cambridge, MA, The MIT Press
16. Gallacher F, Klieger D. Sex role orientation and fear. Journal of Psychology 2001, 129:41-49.
17. Gentile D A, Lynch P J, Linder J R, Walsh D A. The effects of violent video game habits on adolescent hostility, aggressive behaviors, and school performance. Journal of Adolescence 2004, 27(1):5-22.
18. Gershuny J. Social leisure and home IT: A panel time-diary approach. IT & Society 2002, 1(1):54-72.
19. Hall S, Marris P, Thronham S. Encoding/Decoding. Media studies: A reader 2000, 51-61). In, (Ed.),, (2nd ed., pp., New York, New York University Press
20. Heikes E. When men are the minority: The case of men in nursing. The Sociological Quarterly 1991, 32(3):389-401.
21. Herz J C. Joystick nation 1997, Boston, Little, Brown and Company
22. Ivory J. Still a man's game: Gender representation in online reviews of video games. Mass Communication & Society 2006, 9(1):103-114.
23. Kafai Y, Kinder M. Video game designs by girls and boys: Variability and consistency of gender differences. Kids' media culture 1999, 293-315. In, (Ed.),, (pp., Durham, NC, Duke University Press
24. Kerr A. (Girls) women just want to have fun: A study of adult female players of digital games. 2003, Paper presented at the Level up. Digital Games Research Conference Utrecht,, The Netherlands
25. Kidder D. The influence of gender on the performance of organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Management 2002, 28(5):629-648.
26. Kidder D, Parks J. The good soldier: Who is s(he)? Journal of Organizational Behavior 2001, 22:939-959.
27. Kraut R, Kiesler S, Boneva B, Cummings J, Helgegson V, Crawford A. Internet paradox revisited. Journal of Social Issues 2002, 58(1):49-74.
28. Lanningham-Foster L, Jensen T B, Foster R C, Redmond A B, Walker B A, Heinz D. Energy expenditure of sedentary screen time compared with active screen time for children. Pediatrics 2006, 118(6):E1831-E1835.
29. Laurel B. Design research: Methods and perspectives 2003, Cambridge, MA, The MIT Press
30. Lin S, Lepper M R. Correlates of children's usage of videogames and computers. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 1987, 17(1):72-93.
31. Lowery S, DeFluer M. Milestones in mass communication research: Media effects 1995, White Plains, New York, Longman Publishers USA
32. Malcom N. Constructing female athleticism: A study of girls' recreational softball. American Behavioral Scientist 2003, 46(10):1387-1404.
33. McQuivey J, Aldoory E T L. The digital locker room: The young, white male as center of the video gaming universe. The gender challenge to media: Diverse voices from the field 2001, 183-214. In, (Ed.),, (pp., Cresskill, NJ, Hampton Press
34. Meehan E, Riordan E. Sex & money: Feminism and political economy in the media 2002, (Eds.). (, Minneapolis, MN, University of Minnesota Press
35. Mitchell E. The dynamics of family interaction around home video games. Marriage and Family Review 1985, 8(1):121-135.
36. Morlock H, Yando T, Nigolean K. Motivation of video game players. Psychological Reports 1985, 57:247-250.
37. Mosher W, Chandra A, Jones J. Sexual behavior and selected health measures: Men and women 15-44 years of age, United States. 2002, Hyattsville, MD, National Center for Health Statistics
38. Ogden C, Fryar C, Carroll M, Flegal K. Mean body weight, height, and body mass index, United States, 1960-2002 2004, Hyattsville, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
39. Ogletree S, Drake R. College students' video game participation and perceptions: Gender differences and implications. Sex Roles 2007, 56:537-542.
40. Palapattu A, Kinsgery J, Ginsburg G. Gender role orientation and anxiety symptoms among African American adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2006, 34(3):423-431.
41. Rainee L, Fox S, Horrigan J, Lenhart A. Tracking online life: How women use the Internet to cultivate relationships with family and friends 2000, Washington, DC, Pew Internet & American Life Project
42. Ray S G. Gender inclusive game design: Expanding the market 2004, Hingham, MA, Charles River Media
43. Rideout V, Roberts D, Foehr U. Generation M: Media in the lives of 8-18 year-olds 2005, Washington, DC, Kaiser Family Foundation
44. Royse P, Lee J, Undrahbuyan B, Hopson M, Consalvo M. Women and games: Technologies of the gendered self. New Media & Society 2007, 9(4):555-576.
45. Russell D, Peplau L A, Cutrona C E. The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: Concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1980, 39:472-480.
46. Schiesel S. Game on: Hero returns to slay his dragons. 2007, 1. February 11)., , p.
47. Selwyn N. Hi-tech = Guy-tech? An exploration of undergraduate students' perceptions of information and communication technologies. Sex Roles 2007, 56:525-536.
48. Sheldon J P. Gender stereotypes in educational software for young children. Sex Roles 2004, 51(7-8):433-444.
49. Sherry J. The effects of violent video games on aggression: A meta-analysis. Human Communication Research 2001, 27(3):309-331.
50. Sherry J, Greenberg B, Lucas S, Lachlan K, Vorderer P, Bryant J. Video game uses and gratifications as predictors of use and game preference. Playing computer games: Motives, responses and consequences 2006, In, (Eds.),, Mahwah, NJ, Erlbaum
51. Spigel L, Mann D. Private screenings: Television and the female consumer 1992, (Eds.). (, Minneapolis, MN, University of Minnesota Press
52. Spigel L, Olsson J. Television after TV: Essays on a medium in transition 2004, (Eds.). (, Durham, NC, Duke University Press
53. Steinkuehler C, Williams D. Where everybody knows your (screen) name: Online games as " third places. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 2006, 11(4):885-909. "
54. Stickney L, Konrad A. Gender-role attitudes and earnings: A multinational study of married women and men. Sex Roles 2007, 57(11):801-811.
55. Taylor T L. Power gamers just want to have fun? Instrumental play in a MMOG. 2003, May)., Paper presented at the DiGRA: Level Up, Uthrecht, The Netherlands.
56. Taylor T L. Play between worlds: Exploring online game culture 2006, Cambridge, MA, The MIT Press
57. Thompson K, Tepichin K, Haninger K. Content and ratings of mature-rated video games. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 2006, 160(4):402-410.
58. Top 10 industry facts 2008, http://theesa.com/facts/, Washington, DC, Entertainment Software Association, Retrieved from
59. Weaver J, Tamborini R. Horror films: Current research on audience preferences and reactions 1996, (Eds.). (, Mahwah, NJ, Erlbaum
60. Wellman B, Haythornthwaite C. The Internet in everyday life 2002, Malden, MA, Blackwell Publishing
61. White P. MMOGData: Charts 2008, Tuxedo Park, NY, Voig, Inc
62. Williams D, Vorderer P, Bryant J. A (brief) social history of gaming. Video games: Motivations and consequences of use 2006a, In, (Eds.),, Mahwah, NJ, Erlbaum
63. Williams D. Groups and goblins: The social and civic impact an online game. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 2006b, 50(4):651-670.
64. Williams D. Virtual cultivation: Online worlds, offline perceptions. Journal of Communication 2006c, 56(1):69-87.
65. Williams D, Caplan S, Xiong L. Can you hear me now? The social impact of voice on internet communities. Human Communication Research 2007, 33(4):427-449.
66. Williams D, Ducheneaut N, Xiong L, Zhang Y, Yee N, Nickell E. From tree house to barracks: The social life of guilds in World of Warcraft. Games & Culture 2006, 1(4):338-361.
67. Williams D, Martins N, Consalvo M, Ivory J. The virtual census: Representations of gender, race and age in video games. New Media & Society 2009, 11(5):815-834.
68. Physical status: The use and interpretation of anthropometry. 1995, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, Author.
69. Yee N. The demographics, motivations and derived experiences of users of massively-multiuser online graphical environments. PRESENCE: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 2006, 15:309-329.
70. Yee N. Motivations of play in online games. CyberPsychology & Behavior 2007, 9:772-775.