Catecholamine-related gene expression in blood correlates with tic severity in tourette syndrome

Psychiatry Research

Volumn 200, Issue 2-3, 2012, Pages 593-601

  Gunther, Joan ^a   Tian, Yingfang ^a   Stamova, Boryana ^a   Lit, Lisa ^a   Corbett, Blythe ^c   Ander, Brad ^a   Zhan, Xinhua ^a   Jickling, Glen ^a   Bos Veneman, Netty ^b   Liu, Da ^a   Hoekstra, Pieter ^b   Sharp, Frank ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

^c VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

ADHD; Basal ganglia; Catecholamine; OCD; Peripheral blood gene expression; Tourette syndrome

Indexed keywords

ADRENALIN; AMINE OXIDASE (FLAVIN CONTAINING) ISOENZYME B; BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; DOPAMINE; DOPAMINE 2 RECEPTOR; HISTAMINE H3 RECEPTOR; NORADRENALIN; SEROTONIN TRANSPORTER; SYNAPTOSOMAL ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 25;

ADOLESCENT; ARTICLE; BASAL GANGLION; BLOOD ANALYSIS; BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR GENE; CHILD; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR D2 GENE; FEMALE; GENE; GENE EXPRESSION; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GILLES DE LA TOURETTE SYNDROME; HISTAMINE RECEPTOR H3 GENE; HUMAN; MALE; MICROARRAY ANALYSIS; MOLECULAR DYNAMICS; MONOAMINE OXIDASE B GENE; NEUROPATHOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RNA PROCESSING; SCHOOL CHILD; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SOLUTE CARRIER FAMILY 22 MEMBER 3 GENE; SOLUTE CARRIER FAMILY 6 MEMBER 4 GENE; SYNAPTOSOMAL ASSOCIATED 25 GENE;

ADOLESCENT; BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; CHILD; FEMALE; GENE EXPRESSION; GENETIC ASSOCIATION STUDIES; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HUMANS; MALE; MONOAMINE OXIDASE; ORGANIC CATION TRANSPORT PROTEINS; RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D2; SEROTONIN PLASMA MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; SYNAPTOSOMAL-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 25; TICS; TOURETTE SYNDROME;

EID: 84872403778     PISSN: 01651781     EISSN: 18727123     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.04.034     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Al Hadithy A.F., Wilffert B., Stewart R.E., Looman N.M., Bruggeman R., Brouwers J.R., Matroos G.E., van Os J., Hoek H.W., van Harten P.N. Pharmacogenetics of parkinsonism, rigidity, rest tremor, and bradykinesia in African-Caribbean inpatients: differences in association with dopamine and serotonin receptors. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics 2008, 147B(6):890-897.
2. Alsobrook J.P., Pauls D.L. Molecular approaches to child psychopathology. Human Biology 1998, 70(2):413-432.
3. APA Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, DSM-IV-TR 2000, American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C.
4. Banaschewski T., Becker K., Scherag S., Franke B., Coghill D. Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an overview. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2010, 19(3):237-257.
5. Barr T.L., Conley Y., Ding J., Dillman A., Warach S., Singleton A., Matarin M. Genomic biomarkers and cellular pathways of ischemic stroke by RNA gene expression profiling. Neurology 2010, 75(11):1009-1014.
6. Baym C.L., Corbett B.A., Wright S.B., Bunge S.A. Neural correlates of tic severity and cognitive control in children with Tourette syndrome. Brain 2008, 131(Pt. 1):165-179.
7. Best J.D., Alderton W.K. Zebrafish: an in vivo model for the study of neurological diseases. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 2008, 4(3):567-576.
8. Bestha D.P., Jeevarakshagan S., Madaan V. Management of tics and Tourette's disorder: an update. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 2010, 11(11):1813-1822.
9. Blake J.A., Harris M.A. The gene ontology (GO) project: structured vocabularies for molecular biology and their application to genome and expression analysis. Current Protocols in Bioinformatics 2002, (chapter 7, unit 7 2).
10. Bloch M.H., Leckman J.F. Clinical course of Tourette syndrome. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2009, 67(6):497-501.
11. Bortolato M., Chen K., Shih J.C. Monoamine oxidase inactivation: from pathophysiology to therapeutics. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 2008, 60(13-14):1527-1533.
12. Bowton E., Saunders C., Erreger K., Sakrikar D., Matthies H.J., Sen N., Jessen T., Colbran R.J., Caron M.G., Javitch J.A., Blakely R.D., Galli A. Dysregulation of dopamine transporters via dopamine D2 autoreceptors triggers anomalous dopamine efflux associated with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Neuroscience 2010, 30(17):6048-6057.
13. Carboni L., Becchi S., Piubelli C., Mallei A., Giambelli R., Razzoli M., Mathe A.A., Popoli M., Domenici E. Early-life stress and antidepressants modulate peripheral biomarkers in a gene-environment rat model of depression. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 2010, 34(6):1037-1048.
14. CDC, 2009. Prevalence of Diagnosed Tourette Syndrome in Persons Aged 6-17 Years-United States, 2007. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 58 (21), 581-585.
15. Chaussabel D., Pascual V., Banchereau J. Assessing the human immune system through blood transcriptomics. BMC Biology 2010, 8:84.
16. Collins S. Treating Tourette's. A gene mutation that causes low histamine levels may be behind some tic disorders. Scientific American 2011, 304(6):22.
17. Comings D.E Clinical and molecular genetics of ADHD and Tourette syndrome. Two related polygenic disorders. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2001, 931:50-83.
18. Comings D.E., Wu S., Chiu C., Ring R.H., Gade R., Ahn C., MacMurray J.P., Dietz G., Muhleman D. Polygenic inheritance of Tourette syndrome, stuttering, attention deficit hyperactivity, conduct, and oppositional defiant disorder: the additive and subtractive effect of the three dopaminergic genes--DRD2, D beta H, and DAT1. American Journal of Medical Genetics 1996, 67(3):264-288.
19. Corbett B.A., Mendoza S.P., Baym C.L., Bunge S.A., Levine S. Examining cortisol rhythmicity and responsivity to stress in children with Tourette syndrome. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2008, 33(6):810-820.
20. Cramer S.C., Sampat A., Haske-Palomino M., Nguyen S., Procaccio V., Hermanowicz N. Increased prevalence of val(66)met BDNF genotype among subjects with cervical dystonia. Neuroscience Letters 2010, 468(1):42-45.
21. Davis F.P., Eddy S.R. A tool for identification of genes expressed in patterns of interest using the Allen Brain Atlas. Bioinformatics 2009, 25(13):1647-1654.
22. de Bartolomeis A., Fiore G., Iasevoli F. Dopamine-glutamate interaction and antipsychotics mechanism of action: implication for new pharmacological strategies in psychosis. Current Pharmaceutical Design 2005, 11(27):3561-3594.
23. Elizondo L.I., Jafar-Nejad P., Clewing J.M., Boerkoel C.F. Gene clusters, molecular evolution and disease: a speculation. Current Genomics 2009, 10(1):64-75.
24. Ercan-Sencicek A.G., Stillman A.A., Ghosh A.K., Bilguvar K., O'Roak B.J., Mason C.E., Abbott T., Gupta A., King R.A., Pauls D.L., Tischfield J.A., Heiman G.A., Singer H.S., Gilbert D.L., Hoekstra P.J., Morgan T.M., Loring E., Yasuno K., Fernandez T., Sanders S., Louvi A., Cho J.H., Mane S., Colangelo C.M., Biederer T., Lifton R.P., Gunel M., State M.W. l-histidine decarboxylase and Tourette's syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine 2010, 362(20):1901-1908.
25. Ersche K.D., Roiser J.P., Lucas M., Domenici E., Robbins T.W., Bullmore E.T. Peripheral biomarkers of cognitive response to dopamine receptor agonist treatment. Psychopharmacology 2011, 214(4):779-789.
26. Fukuchi M., Fujii H., Takachi H., Ichinose H., Kuwana Y., Tabuchi A., Tsuda M. Activation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene transcription induced by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its selective inhibition through Ca(2+) signals evoked via the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. Brain Research 2010, 1366:18-26.
27. Fumagalli F., Racagni G., Riva M.A. Shedding light into the role of BDNF in the pharmacotherapy of Parkinson's disease. Pharmacogenomics J 2006, 6(2):95-104.
28. Gadow K.D., Roohi J., DeVincent C.J., Kirsch S., Hatchwell E. Association of COMT (Val158Met) and BDNF (Val66Met) gene polymorphisms with anxiety, ADHD and tics in children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2009, 39(11):1542-1551.
29. Garcia-Reitbock P., Anichtchik O., Bellucci A., Iovino M., Ballini C., Fineberg E., Ghetti B., Della Corte L., Spano P., Tofaris G.K., Goedert M., Spillantini M.G. SNARE protein redistribution and synaptic failure in a transgenic mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Brain 2010, 133(Pt 7):2032-2044.
30. Gelernter J., Pauls D.L., Leckman J., Kidd K.K., Kurlan R. D2 dopamine receptor alleles do not influence severity of Tourette's syndrome. Results from four large kindreds. Archives of Neurology 1994, 51(4):397-400.
31. Gelernter J., Pakstis A.J., Pauls D.L., Kurlan R., Gancher S.T., Civelli O., Grandy D., Kidd K.K. Gilles de la Tourette syndrome is not linked to D2-dopamine receptor. Archives of General Psychiatry 1990, 47(11):1073-1077.
32. Grados M.A., Mathews C.A. Latent class analysis of gilles de la tourette syndrome using comorbidities: clinical and genetic implications. Biological Psychiatry 2008, 64(3):219-225.
33. Granata A., Watson R., Collinson L.M., Schiavo G., Warner T.T. The dystonia-associated protein torsinA modulates synaptic vesicle recycling. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2008, 283(12):7568-7579.
34. Hall D., Dhilla A., Charalambous A., Gogos J.A., Karayiorgou M. Sequence variants of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene are strongly associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Human Genetics 2003, 73(2):370-376.
35. Hazari M.S., Pan J.H., Myers A.C. Nerve growth factor acutely potentiates synaptic transmission in vitro and induces dendritic growth in vivo on adult neurons in airway parasympathetic ganglia. American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular 2007, 292(4):L992-1001.
36. Hochheiser H., Yanowitz J. If I only had a brain: exploring mouse brain images in the Allen Brain Atlas. Biology of the Cell 2007, 99(7):403-409.
37. Hoekstra P.J., Kallenberg C.G., Korf J., Minderaa R.B. Is Tourette's syndrome an autoimmune disease?. Molecular Psychiatry 2002, 7(5):437-445.
38. Hoekstra P.J., Anderson G.M., Limburg P.C., Korf J., Kallenberg C.G., Minderaa R.B. Neurobiology and neuroimmunology of Tourette's syndrome: an update. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 2004, 61(7-8):886-898.
39. Hoffman K.L., Hornig M., Yaddanapudi K., Jabado O., Lipkin W.I. A murine model for neuropsychiatric disorders associated with group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection. Journal of Neuroscience 2004, 24(7):1780-1791.
40. Hong J.J., Loiselle C.R., Yoon D.Y., Lee O., Becker K.G., Singer H.S. Microarray analysis in Tourette syndrome postmortem putamen. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 2004, 225(1-2):57-64.
41. Jia Y., Gall C.M., Lynch G. Presynaptic BDNF promotes postsynaptic long-term potentiation in the dorsal striatum. Journal of Neuroscience 2010, 30(43):14440-14445.
42. Jiang S., Xin R., Lin S., Qian Y., Tang G., Wang D., Wu X. Linkage studies between attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and the monoamine oxidase genes. American Journal of Medical Genetics 2001, 105(8):783-788.
43. Jickling G.C., Xu H., Stamova B., Ander B.P., Zhan X., Tian Y., Liu D., Turner R.J., Mesias M., Verro P., Khoury J., Jauch E.C., Pancioli A., Broderick J.P., Sharp F.R. Signatures of cardioembolic and large-vessel ischemic stroke. Annals of Neurology 2010, 68(5):681-692.
44. Jijun L., Zaiwang L., Anyuan L., Shuzhen W., Fanghua Q., Lin Z., Hong L. Abnormal expression of dopamine and serotonin transporters associated with the pathophysiologic mechanism of Tourette syndrome. Neurology India 2010, 58(4):523-529.
45. Jimenez-Jimenez F.J., Garcia-Ruiz P.J. Pharmacological options for the treatment of Tourette's disorder. Drugs 2001, 61(15):2207-2220.
46. Jimenez-Shahed J. Tourette syndrome. Neurologic Clinics 2009, 27(3):737-755. vi.
47. Jones A.R., Overly C.C., Sunkin S.M. The Allen Brain Atlas: 5 years and beyond. Nature Reviews: Neuroscience 2009, 10(11):821-828.
48. Kalueff A.V., Fox M.A., Gallagher P.S., Murphy D.L. Hypolocomotion, anxiety and serotonin syndrome-like behavior contribute to the complex phenotype of serotonin transporter knockout mice. Genes Brain and Behavior 2007, 6(4):389-400.
49. Kataoka Y., Kalanithi P.S., Grantz H., Schwartz M.L., Saper C., Leckman J.F., Vaccarino F.M. Decreased number of parvalbumin and cholinergic interneurons in the striatum of individuals with Tourette syndrome. Journal of Comparative Neurology 2010, 518(3):277-291.
50. Klaffke S., Konig I.R., Poustka F., Ziegler A., Hebebrand J., Bandmann O. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor: a genetic risk factor for obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette syndrome?. Movement Disorders 2006, 21(6):881-883.
51. Klein C., Brin M.F., Kramer P., Sena-Esteves M., de Leon D., Doheny D., Bressman S., Fahn S., Breakefield X.O., Ozelius L.J. Association of a missense change in the D2 dopamine receptor with myoclonus dystonia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1999, 96(9):5173-5176.
52. Koo M.S., Kim E.J., Roh D., Kim C.H. Role of dopamine in the pathophysiology and treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 2010, 10(2):275-290.
53. Korff S., Harvey B.H. Animal models of obsessive-compulsive disorder: rationale to understanding psychobiology and pharmacology. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 2006, 29(2):371-390.
54. Leckman J.F., Bloch M.H., Smith M.E., Larabi D., Hampson M. Neurobiological substrates of Tourette's disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2010, 20(4):237-247.
55. Leckman J.F., Riddle M.A., Hardin M.T., Ort S.I., Swartz K.L., Stevenson J., Cohen D.J. The Yale Global Tic Severity Scale: initial testing of a clinician-rated scale of tic severity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1989, 28(4):566-573.
56. Lee C.C., Chou I.C., Tsai C.H., Wang T.R., Li T.C., Tsai F.J. Dopamine receptor D2 gene polymorphisms are associated in Taiwanese children with Tourette syndrome. Pediatric Neurology 2005, 33(4):272-276.
57. Li J., Wang Y., Hu S., Zhou R., Yu X., Wang B., Guan L., Yang L., Zhang F., Faraone S.V. The monoamine oxidase B gene exhibits significant association to ADHD. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics 2008, 147(3):370-374.
58. Liao I.H., Corbett B.A., Gilbert D.L., Bunge S.A., Sharp F.R. Blood gene expression correlated with tic severity in medicated and unmedicated patients with Tourette syndrome. Pharmacogenomics 2010, 11(12):1733-1741.
59. Lipscomb C.E. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 2000, 88(3):265-266.
60. Lit L., Gilbert D.L., Walker W., Sharp F.R. A subgroup of Tourette's patients overexpress specific natural killer cell genes in blood: a preliminary report. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics 2007, 144B(7):958-963.
61. Lit L., Enstrom A., Sharp F.R., Gilbert D.L. Age-related gene expression in Tourette syndrome. Journal of Psychiatric Research 2009, 43(3):319-330.
62. Liu W., Zhao N., Xiong J., Shi M., Hu J. Association analysis of serotonin and catecholamine system candidate genes in obsessive-compulsive disorder in the Chinese population. Psychiatry Research 2011, 188(1):170-172.
63. Marazziti D., Consoli G., Masala I., Catena Dell'Osso M., Baroni S. Latest advancements on serotonin and dopamine transporters in lymphocytes. Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 2010, 10(1):32-40.
64. Martino D., Dale R.C., Gilbert D.L., Giovannoni G., Leckman J.F. Immunopathogenic mechanisms in tourette syndrome: a critical review. Movement Disorders 2009, 24(9):1267-1279.
65. McCarthy M. Allen Brain Atlas maps 21,000 genes of the mouse brain. The Lancet Neurology 2006, 5(11):907-908.
66. McGough J., McCracken J., Swanson J., Riddle M., Kollins S., Greenhill L., Abikoff H., Davies M., Chuang S., Wigal T., Wigal S., Posner K., Skrobala A., Kastelic E., Ghuman J., Cunningham C., Shigawa S., Moyzis R., Vitiello B. Pharmacogenetics of methylphenidate response in preschoolers with ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2006, 45(11):1314-1322.
67. Michultka D.M., Blanchard E.B., Rosenblum E.L. Stress management and Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Biofeedback and Self Regulation 1989, 14(2):115-123.
68. Muller-Vahl K.R., Meyer G.J., Knapp W.H., Emrich H.M., Gielow P., Brucke T., Berding G. Serotonin transporter binding in Tourette syndrome. Neuroscience Letters 2005, 385(2):120-125.
69. O'Rourke J.A., Scharf J.M., Yu D., Pauls D.L. The genetics of Tourette syndrome: a review. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2009, 67(6):533-545.
70. Obeso J.A., Marin C., Rodriguez-Oroz C., Blesa J., Benitez-Temino B., Mena-Segovia J., Rodriguez M., Olanow C.W. The basal ganglia in Parkinson's disease: current concepts and unexplained observations. Annals of Neurology 2008, 64(Suppl. 2):S30-46.
71. Olszewski P.K., Cedernaes J., Olsson F., Levine A.S., Schioth H.B. Analysis of the network of feeding neuroregulators using the Allen Brain Atlas. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 2008, 32(5):945-956.
72. Pandey G.N., Dwivedi Y., Rizavi H.S., Ren X., Zhang H., Pavuluri M.N. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene and protein expression in pediatric and adult depressed subjects. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 2010, 34(4):645-651.
73. Pang T.Y., Du X., Zajac M.S., Howard M.L., Hannan A.J. Altered serotonin receptor expression is associated with depression-related behavior in the R6/1 transgenic mouse model of Huntington's disease. Human Molecular Genetics 2009, 18(4):753-766.
74. Paquette J., Tokuyasu T. EGAN: exploratory gene association networks. Bioinformatics 2010, 26(2):285-286.
75. Pauls D.L. The genetics of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a review. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 2010, 12(2):149-163.
76. Pine A., Shiner T., Seymour B., Dolan R.J. Dopamine, time, and impulsivity in humans. Journal of Neuroscience 2010, 30(26):8888-8896.
77. Raghavachari N., Xu X., Munson P.J., Gladwin M.T. Characterization of whole blood gene expression profiles as a sequel to globin mRNA reduction in patients with sickle cell disease. PLoS One 2009, 4(8):e6484.
78. Roselli F., Pisciotta N.M., Pennelli M., Aniello M.S., Gigante A., De Caro M.F., Ferrannini E., Tartaglione B., Niccoli-Asabella A., Defazio G., Livrea P., Rubini G. Midbrain SERT in degenerative parkinsonisms: a 123I-FP-CIT SPECT study. Movement Disorders 2010, 25(12):1853-1859.
79. Runne H., Regulier E., Kuhn A., Zala D., Gokce O., Perrin V., Sick B., Aebischer P., Deglon N., Luthi-Carter R. Dysregulation of gene expression in primary neuron models of Huntington's disease shows that polyglutamine-related effects on the striatal transcriptome may not be dependent on brain circuitry. Journal of Neuroscience 2008, 28(39):9723-9731.
80. Scahill L., Riddle M.A., King R.A., Hardin M.T., Rasmusson A., Makuch R.W., Leckman J.F. Fluoxetine has no marked effect on tic symptoms in patients with Tourette's syndrome: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 1997, 7(2):75-85.
81. Seeman P. Atypical antipsychotics: mechanism of action. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie 2002, 47(1):27-38.
82. Sesack S.R., Carr D.B., Omelchenko N., Pinto A. Anatomical substrates for glutamate-dopamine interactions: evidence for specificity of connections and extrasynaptic actions. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2003, 1003:36-52.
83. Shafii M. The effects of sympathomimetic and antihistaminic agents on chronic motor tics and Tourette's disorder. New England Journal of Medicine 1986, 315(19):1228-1229.
84. Shapiro A.K., Baron M., Shapiro E., Levitt M. Enzyme activity in Tourette's syndrome. Archives of Neurology 1984, 41(3):282-285.
85. Sharp F.R., Lit L., Xu H., Apperson M., Walker W., Wong B., Gilbert D.L., Hershey A., Glauser T.A. Genomics of brain and blood: progress and pitfalls. Epilepsia 2006, 47(10):1603-1607.
86. Singer H.S. Tourette's syndrome: from behaviour to biology. The Lancet Neurology 2005, 4(3):149-159.
87. Singer H.S. Treatment of tics and tourette syndrome. Current Treatment Options in Neurology 2010, 12(6):539-561.
88. Singer H.S., Morris C., Grados M. Glutamatergic modulatory therapy for Tourette syndrome. Medical Hypotheses 2010, 74(5):862-867.
89. Smith R., Klein P., Koc-Schmitz Y., Waldvogel H.J., Faull R.L., Brundin P., Plomann M., Li J.Y. Loss of SNAP-25 and rabphilin 3a in sensory-motor cortex in Huntington's disease. Journal of Neurochemistry 2007, 103(1):115-123.
90. Sogawa C., Mitsuhata C., Kumagai-Morioka K., Sogawa N., Ohyama K., Morita K., Kozai K., Dohi T., Kitayama S. Expression and function of variants of human catecholamine transporters lacking the fifth transmembrane region encoded by exon 6. PLoS One 2010, 5(8):e11945.
91. State M.W The genetics of child psychiatric disorders: focus on autism and Tourette syndrome. Neuron 2010, 68(2):254-269.
92. Steeves T.D., Ko J.H., Kideckel D.M., Rusjan P., Houle S., Sandor P., Lang A.E., Strafella A.P. Extrastriatal dopaminergic dysfunction in tourette syndrome. Annals of Neurology 2010, 67(2):170-181.
93. Stergiakouli E., Thapar A. Fitting the pieces together: current research on the genetic basis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 2010, 6:551-560.
94. Tian Y., Gunther J.R., Liao I.H., Liu D., Ander B.P., Stamova B.S., Lit L., Jickling G.C., Xu H., Zhan X., Sharp F.R. GABA- and acetylcholine-related gene expression in blood correlate with tic severity and microarray evidence for alternative splicing in Tourette syndrome: a pilot study. Brain Research 2011, 1381:228-236.
95. Tian Y., Liao I.H., Zhan X., Gunther J.R., Ander B.P., Liu D., Lit L., Jickling G.C., Corbett B.A., Bos-Veneman N.G., Hoekstra P.J., Sharp F.R. Exon expression and alternatively spliced genes in Tourette syndrome. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics 2011, 156B(1):72-78.
96. Verkerk A.J., Cath D.C., van der Linde H.C., Both J., Heutink P., Breedveld G., Aulchenko Y.S., Oostra B.A. Genetic and clinical analysis of a large Dutch Gilles de la Tourette family. Molecular Psychiatry 2006, 11(10):954-964.
97. Walkup J.T., LaBuda M.C., Singer H.S., Brown J., Riddle M.A., Hurko O. Family study and segregation analysis of Tourette syndrome: evidence for a mixed model of inheritance. American Journal of Human Genetics 1996, 59(3):684-693.
98. Wood B.L., Klebba K., Gbadebo O., Lichter D., Kurlan R., Miller B. Pilot study of effect of emotional stimuli on tic severity in children with Tourette's syndrome. Movement Disorders 2003, 18(11):1392-1395.