Cell wall evolution and diversity

Frontiers in Plant Science

Volumn 3, Issue JUL, 2012, Pages

  Fangel, Jonatan U ^a   Ulvskov, Peter ^a   Knox, J P ^b   Mikkelsen, Maria D ^a   Harholt, Jesper ^a   Popper, Zoë A ^c   Willats, William G T ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

^c NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND   (Ireland)

Author keywords

Biomechanics; Carbohydrate microarrays; CAZy; Diversity; Evolution; Glycome; Monoclonal antibodies; Plant cell wall

Indexed keywords

EID: 84872261244     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1664462X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00152     Document Type: Review

References (80)

1. Abercrombie, J. M., O'Meara, B. C., Moffatt, A. R., and Williams, J. H. (2011). Developmental evolution of flowering plant pollen tube cell walls: callose synthase (CalS) gene expression patterns. EvoDevo 2, 14.
2. Anders, N., Wilkinson, M. D., Lovegrove, A., Freeman, J., Tryfona, T., Pellny, T. K., Weimar, T., Mortimer, J. C., Stott, K., Baker, J. M., Defoin-Platel, M., Shewry, P. R., Dupree, P., and Mitchell, R. A. C. (2012). Glycosyl transferases in family 61 mediate arabinofuranosyl transfer onto xylan in grasses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 17, 989-993.
3. Bacic, A., Harris, A. J., and Stone, B. A. (1988). "Structure and function of plant cell walls, " in The Biochemistry of Plants, ed J. Preiss (New York: Academic Press), 297-371.
4. Banks, J. A., Nishiyama, T., Hasebe, M., Bowman, J. L., Gribskov, M., dePamphilis, C., Albert, V. A., Aono, N., Aoyama, T., Ambrose, B. A., Ashton, N. W., Axtell, M. J., Barker, E., Barker, M. S., Bennetzen, J. L., Bonawitz, N. D., Chapple, C., Cheng, C., Correa, L. G., Dacre, M., DeBarry, J., Dreyer, I., Elias, M., Engstrom, E. M., Estelle, M., Feng, L., Finet, C., Floyd, S. K., Frommer, W. B., Fujita, T., Gramzow, L., Gutensohn, M., Harholt, J., Hattori, M., Heyl, A., Hirai, T., Hiwatashi, Y., Ishikawa, M., Iwata, M., Karol, K. G., Koehler, B., Kolukisaoglu, U., Kubo, M., Kurata, T., Lalonde, S., Li, K., Li, Y., Litt, A., Lyons, E., Manning, G., Maruyama, T., Michael, T. P., Mikami, K., Miyazaki, S., Morinaga, S., Murata, T., Mueller-Roeber, B., Nelson, D. R., Obara, M., Oguri, Y., Olmstead, R. G., Onodera, N., Petersen, B. L., Pils, B., Prigge, M., Rensing, S. A., Riaño-Pachón, D. M., Roberts, A. W., Sato, Y., Scheller, H. V., Schulz, B., Schulz, C., Shakirov, E. V., Shibagaki, N., Shinohara, N., Shippen, D. E., Sørensen, I., Sotooka, R., Sugimoto, N., Sugita, M., Sumikawa, N., Tanurdzic, M., Theissen, G., Ulvskov, P., Wakazuki, S., Weng, J. K., Willats, W. W., Wipf, D., Wolf, P. G., Yang, L., Zimmer, A. D., Zhu, Q., Mitros, T., Hellsten, U., Loqué, D., Otillar, R., Salamov, A., Schmutz, J., Shapiro, H., Lindquist, E., Lucas, S., Rokhsar, D., and Grigoriev, I. V. (2011). The Selaginellagenome identifies genetic changes associated with the evolution of vascular plants. Science 332, 960-963.
5. Boerjan, W., Ralph, J., and Baucher, M. (2003). Lignin biosynthesis. Annu. Rev. Plant. Biol. 54, 519-546.
6. Burget, I. (2006). Exploring the micromechanical design of plant cell walls. Am. J. Bot. 93, 1391-1401.
7. Burton, R. A., Wilson, S. M., Hrmova, M., Harvey, A. J., Shirley, N. J., Medhurst, A., Stone, B. A., Newbigin, E. J., Bacic, A., and Fincher, G. B. (2006). Cellulose synthase-like CslF genes mediate the synthesis of cell wall (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucans. Science 311, 1940-1942.
8. Burton, R. A., Gidley, M. J., and Fincher, G. B. (2010). Heterogeneity in the chemistry, structure and function of plant cell walls. Nat. Chem. Biol. 6, 724-732.
9. Caffall, K. H., and Mohnen, D. (2009). The structure, function, and biosynthesis of plant cell wall pectic polysaccharides. Carbohydr. Res. 344, 1879-1900.
10. Cantarel, B. L., Coutinho, P. M., Rancurel, C., Bernard, T., Lombard, V., and, Henrissat, B. (2009). The Carbohydrate-Active EnZymes database (CAZy): an expert resource for glycogenomics. Nucleic Acids Res. 37, 233-238.
11. Carpita, N. C., and Gibeaut, D. M. (1993). Structural models of primary cell walls in flowering plants: consistency of molecular structure with the physical properties of the walls during growth. Plant J. 3, 1-30.
12. Chanliaud, E., Burrows, K. M., Jeronimidis, G., and Gidley, M. J. (2002). Mechanical properties of primary cell wall analogues. Planta 215, 989-996.
13. Cosgrove, D. (2005). Growth of the plant cell wall. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6, 850-861.
14. Davies, L. J., Lilley, C. J., Knox, J. P., and Urwin, P. E. (2012). Syncytia formed by adult female Heterodera schachtii on Arabidopsis thaliana roots have a distinct cell wall molecular architecture. New Phytol. (in press).
15. Dhugga, K. S. (2012). Biosynthesis of non-cellulosic polysaccharides of plant cell walls. Phytochemistry 74, 8-19.
16. Doblin, M. S., Pettolino, F. A., Wilson, S. M., Campbell, R., Burton, R. A., Fincher, G. B., Newbigin, E., and Bacic, A. (2009). A barley cellulose synthase-like CSLH gene mediates (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucan synthesis in transgenicArabidopsis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106, 5996-6001.
17. Domozych, D. S., Sørensen, I., and Willats, W. G. T. (2009). The distribution of cell wall polymers during antheridium development and spermatogenesis in the Charophycean green alga, Chara corallina. Ann. Bot. 104, 1045-1056.
18. Egelund, J., Obel, N., Ulvskov, P., Geshi, N., Pauly, M., Bacic, A., and Petersen, B. L. (2007). Molecular characterization of two Arabidopsis thaliana glycosyltransferase mutants, rra1 and rra2, which have a reduced residual arabinose content in a polymer tightly associated with the cellulosic wall residue. Plant Mol. Biol. 64, 439-451.
19. Endler, A., and Persson, S. (2011). Cellulose synthases and synthesis in Arabidopsis. Mol. Plant 4, 199-211.
20. Estevez, J. M., Fernández, P. V., Kasulin, L., Dupree, P., and Ciancia, M. (2009). Chemical and in situcharacterization of macromolecular components of the cell walls from the green seaweed Codium fragile. Glycobiology 19, 212-228.
21. Feingold, D. S., and Avigad, G. (1980). "Sugar nucleotide transformations in plants, " in The Biochemistry of Plants: A Comprehensive Treatise, eds P. K. Stumpf and E. E. Conn (New York: Academic Press), 101-170.
22. Fry, S. C. (2001). The Growing Plant Cell Wall: Chemical and Metabolic Analysis, Reprint edition. New Jersey: The Blackburn Press.
23. Fry, S. C. (2004). Primary cell wall metabolism: tracking the careers of wall polymers in living plant cells. New Phytol. 161, 641-675.
24. Fry, S. C., Mohler, K. E., Nesselrode, B. H. W. A., and Franková, L. (2008). Mixed-linkage β-glucan: xyloglucan endotransglucosylase, a novel wall-remodelling enzyme from Equisetum (horsetails) and charophytic algae. Plant J. 55, 240-252.
25. Geisler-Lee, J., Geisler, M., Coutinho, P. M., Segerman, B., Nishikubo, N., Takahashi, J., Aspeborg, H., Djerbi, S., Master, E., Andersson-Gunneras, S., Sundberg, B., Karpinski, S., Teeri, T. T., Kleczkowski, L. A., Henrissat, B., and Mellerowicz, E. J. (2006). Poplar carbohydrate-active enzymes. Gene identification and expression analyses. Plant Physiol. 140, 946-962.
26. Goubet, F., Jackson, P., Deery, M. J., and Dupree, P. (2002). Polysaccharide analysis using carbohydrate gel electrophoresis: a method to study plant cell wall polysaccharides and polysaccharide hydrolases. Anal. Biochem.300, 53-68.
27. Hansen, S. F., Harholt, J., Oikawa, A., and Scheller, H. V. (2012). Plant glycosyltransferases beyond CAZy: a perspective on DUF families. Front. Plant Sci. 3:59. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00059
28. Harholt, J., Suttangkakul, A., and Vibe Scheller, H. (2010). Biosynthesis of pectin. Plant Physiol. 153, 384-395.
29. Harholt, J., Sørensen, I., Fangel, J. U., Roberts, A., Willats, W. G. T., Scheller, H. V., Bent Larsen Petersen, B. L., Banks, J. A., and Ulvskov, P. (2012). The glycosyltransferase repertoire of the spikemoss Selaginella moellendorffiiand a comparative study of the cell wall structure. PLoS ONE 7, e35846. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035846
30. Hepler, P. K., Fosket, D. E., and Newcomb, E. H. (1970). Lignification during secondary wall formation in Coleus: an electron microscopy study. Am. J. Bot. 57, 85-96.
31. Hervé, C., Rogowski, A., Gilbert, H. J., and Knox, J. P. (2009). Enzymatic treatments reveal differential capacities for xylan recognition and degradation in primary and secondary plant cell walls. Plant J. 58, 413-422.
32. Iraki, N. M., Bressan, R. A., Hasegawa, P. M., and Carpita, N. C. (1989a). Alteration of the physical and chemical structure of the primary cell wall of growth-limited plant cells adapted to osmotic stress. Plant Physiol. 91, 39-47.
33. Iraki, N. M., Singh, N., Bressan, R. A., and Carpita, N. C. (1989b). Cell walls of tobacco cells and changes in composition associated with reduced growth upon adaptation to water and saline stress. Plant Physiol. 91, 48-53.
34. Iraki, N. M., Bressan, R. A., and Carpita, N. C. (1989c). Extracellular polysaccharides and proteins of tobacco cell cultures and changes in composition associated with growth-limiting adaptation to water and saline stress. Plant Physiol. 91, 54-61.
35. Kenrick, P., and Crane, P. R. (1997). The origin and early evolution of plants on land. Nature 389, 33-39.
36. Lee, K. J. D., Marcus, S. E., and Knox, J. P. (2011). Plant cell wall biology: perspectives from cell wall imaging. Mol. Plant 4, 212-219.
37. Lerouxel, O., Choo, T. S., Seveno, M., Usadel, B., Faye, L., Lerouge, P., and Pauly, M. (2002). Rapid structural phenotyping of plant cell wall mutants by enzymatic oligosaccharide fingerprinting. Plant Physiol. 130, 1754-1763.
38. Mackie, W., and Sto, R. D. P. R. (1968). The occurrence of mannan microfibrils in the green algae Codium fragile andAcetabularia crenulata. Planta 253, 249-253.
39. Marcus, S. E., Blake, A. W., Benians, T. A. S., Lee, K. J. D., Poyser, C., Donaldson, L., Leroux, O., Rogowski, A., Petersen, H. L., Boraston, A., Gilbert, H. J., Willats, W. G. T., and Knox, J. P. (2010). Restricted access of proteins to mannan polysaccharides in intact plant cell walls. Plant J. 64, 191-203.
40. Matsunaga, T., Ishii, T., Matsumoto, S., Higuchi, M., Darvill, A., Albersheim, P., and O'Neill, M. A. (2004). Occurrence of the primary cell wall polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan II in pteridophytes, lycophytes, and bryophytes: implications for the evolution of vascular plants. Plant Physiol. 134, 339-351.
41. Mitchell, R. A., Dupree, P., and Shewry, P. R. (2007). A novel bioinformatics approach identifies candidate genes for the synthesis and feruloylation of arabinoxylan. Plant Physiol. 144, 43-53.
42. Mohnen, D. (2008). Pectin structure and biosynthesis. Curr. Opin. Plant. Biol. 11, 266-277.
43. Moller, I., Sørensen, I., Bernal, A. J., Blaukopf, C., Lee, K., Öbro, J., Pettolino, F., Roberts, A., Mikkelsen, J. D., Knox, J. P., Bacic, A., and Willats, W. G. T. (2007). High-throughput mapping of cell-wall polymers within and between plants using novel microarrays. Plant J. 50, 1118-1128.
44. Mouille, G., Robin, S., Lecomte, M., Pagant, S., and Höfte, H. (2003). Classification and identification of Arabidopsis cell wall mutants using Fourier-Transform InfraRed (FT-IR) microspectroscopy. Plant J. 35, 393-404.
45. Niklas, K. J. (2004). The cell walls that bind the tree of life. BioScience 54, 831-841.
46. Niklas, K. J., and Kutschera, U. (2010). The evolution of the land plant life cycle. New Phytol. 185, 27-41.
47. Parre, E., and Geitmann, A. (2005). Pectin and the role of the physical properties of the cell-wall in pollen tube growth of Solanum chacoense. Planta 220, 582-592.
48. Park, S., Szumlanski, A. L., Gu, F., Guo, F., and Nielsen, E. (2011). A role for CSLD3 during cell-wall synthesis in apical plasma membranes of tip-growing root-hair cells. Nat. Cell. Biol. 13, 973-980.
49. Pattathil, S., Avci, U., Baldwin, D., Swennes, A. G., McGill, J. A., Popper, Z., Bootten, T., Albert, A., Davis, R. H., Chennareddy, C., Dong, R., O'Shea, B., Rossi, R., Leoff, C., Freshour, G., Narra, R., O'Neil, M., York, W. S., and Hahn, M. G. (2010). A comprehensive toolkit of plant cell wall glycan-directed monoclonal antibodies. Plant Physiol. 153, 514-525.
50. Pauly, M., and Keegstra, K. (2010). Plant cell wall polymers as precursors for biofuels. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 13, 305-312.
51. Popper, Z. A. (2008). Evolution and diversity of green plant cell walls. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 11, 286-292.
52. Popper, Z. A., and Tuohy, M. G. (2010). Beyond the green: understanding the evolutionary puzzle of plant and algal cell walls. Plant Physiol. 153, 373-383.
53. Popper, Z. A., Michel, G., Hervé, C., Domozych, D. S., Willats, W. G., Tuohy, M. G., Kloareg, B., and Stengel, D. B. (2011). Evolution and diversity of plant cell walls: from algae to flowering plants. Annu. Rev. Plant. Biol. 62, 567-590.
54. Qu, Y., Egelund, J., Gilson, P. R., Houghton, F., Gleeson, P. A., Schultz, C. J., and Bacic, A. (2004). Identification of a novel group of putative Arabidopsis thaliana β-(1,3)-galactosyltransferases. Plant Mol. Biol. 68, 43-59.
55. Roberts, A. W., Roberts, E. M., and Delmer, D. P. (2002). Cellulose Synthase (CesA) Genes in the green algaMesotaenium caldariorum. Eukaryot. Cell 1, 847-855.
56. Sarkar, P., Bosneaga, E., and Auer, M. (2009). Plant cell walls throughout evolution: towards a molecular understanding of their design principles. J. Exp. Bot. 60, 3615-3635.
57. Scheible, W. R., and Pauly, M. (2004). Glycosyltransferases and cell wall biosynthesis: novel players and insights. Curr. Opin. Plant. Biol. 7, 285-295.
58. Scheller, H. V., and Ulvskov, P. (2010.) Hemicelluloses. Annu. Rev. Plant. Biol. 61, 263-289.
59. Scheller, H. V., Ulvskov, P., and Harholt, J. (2010). Stress-tolerant plants expr-essing mannosylglycerate-producing enzymes. US National Stage Patent Application No. 13/318,661. WIPO Patent WO/2010/129574A1. Available at: http://www.sumobrain.com/patents/wipo/Stress-tolerant-plants-expressing-mannosylglycerate/WO2010129574A1.pdf
60. Scherp, P., Grotha, R., and Kutschera, U. (2001). Occurrence and phylogenetic significance of cytokinesis-related callose in green algae, bryophytes, ferns and seed plants. Plant Cell Reports 20, 143-149.
61. Sørensen, I., Domozych, D., and Willats, W. G. (2010). How have plant cell walls evolved? Plant Physiol. 153, 366-372.
62. Sørensen, I., Pedersen, H. L., and Willats, W. G. (2009). An array of possibilities for pectin. Carbohydr. Res. 344, 1872-1878.
63. Sørensen, I., Pettolino, F. A, Bacic, A., Ralph, J., Lu, F., O'Neill, M. A, Fei, Z., Rose, J. K. C., Domozych, D. S., and Willats, W. G. T. (2011). The charophycean green algae provide insights into the early origins of plant cell walls. Plant J. 68, 201-211.
64. Spatz, H.-C., Rowe, N., Speck, T., and Daviero, V. (1998). Biomechanics of hollow stemmed Sphenopsids: II. Calamites-to have or not to have secondary xylem. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 102, 63-77.
65. Timme, R. E., and Delwiche, C. F. (2010). Uncovring the evolutionary origin of plant molecular processes: comparison of Coleochaete (Coleochaetales) and Spirogyra (Zygnematales) transcriptomes. BMC Plant Biol. 10, 96. doi: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-96
66. Timme, R. E., Bachvaroff, T. R., and Delwiche, C. F. (2012). Broad phylogenomic sampling and the sister lineage of land plants. PLoS ONE 7, e29696. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029696
67. Tsekos, I. (1999). The sites of cellulose synthesis in algae: diversity and evolution of cellulose-synthesizing enzyme complexes. J. Phycol. 35, 635-655.
68. Velasquez, S. M., Ricardi, M. M., Dorosz, J. G., Fernandez, P. V., Nadra, A. D., Pol-Fachin, L., Egelund, J., Gille, S., Harholt, J., Ciancia, M., Verli, H., Pauly, M., Bacic, A., Olsen, C. E., Ulvskov, P., Petersen, B. L, Somerville, C., Iusem, N. D., and Estevez, J. M. (2011). O-Glycosylated cell wall proteins are essential in root hair growth. Science 332, 1401-1403.
69. Verhertbruggen, Y., Marcus, S. E., Haeger, A., Verhoef, R., Schols, H. A., McCleary, B. V., McKee, L., Gilbert, H. J., and Knox, J. P. (2009). Developmental complexity of arabinan polysaccharides and their processing in plant cell walls. Plant J. 59, 413-425.
70. Vogel, J. P., Garvin, D. F., Mockler, T. C., Schmutz, J., Rokhsar, D., Bevan, M. W., Barry, K., Lucas, S., Harmon-Smith, M., Lail, K., Tice, H., Schmutz, J., Grimwood, J., McKenzie, N., Bevan, M. W., Huo, N., Gu, Y. Q., Lazo, G. R., Anderson, O. D., Vogel, J. P., You, F. M., Luo, M. C., Dvorak, J., Wright, J., Febrer, M., Bevan, M. W., Idziak, D., Hasterok, R., Garvin, D. F., Lindquist, E., Wang, M., Fox, S. E., Priest, H. D., Filichkin, S. A., Givan, S. A., Bryant, D. W., Chang, J. H., Mockler, T. C., Wu, H., Wu, W., Hsia, A. P., Schnable, P. S., Kalyanaraman, A., Barbazuk, B., Michael, T. P., Hazen, S. P., Bragg, J. N., Laudencia-Chingcuanco, D., Vogel, J. P., Garvin, D. F., Weng, Y., McKenzie, N., Bevan, M. W., Haberer, G., Spannagl, M., Mayer, K., Rattei, T., Mitros, T., Rokhsar, D., Lee, S. J., Rose, J. K., Mueller, L. A., York, T. L., Wicker, T., Buchmann, J. P., Tanskanen, J., Schulman, A. H., Gundlach, H., Wright, J., Bevan, M., de Oliveira, A. C., Maia Lda, C., Belknap, W., Gu, Y. Q., Jiang, N., Lai. J., Zhu, L., Ma, J., Sun, C., Pritham, E., Salse, J., Murat, F., Abrouk, M., Haberer. G., Spannagl. M., Mayer, K., Bruggmann, R., Messing, J., You, F. M., Luo, M. C., Dvorak, J., Fahlgren, N., Fox, S. E., Sullivan, C. M., Mockler, T. C., Carrington, J. C., Chapman, E. J., May, G. D., Zhai, J., Ganssmann, M., Gurazada, S. G., German, M., Meyers, B. C., Green, P. J., Bragg, J. N., Tyler, L., Wu, J., Gu, Y. Q., Lazo, G. R., Laudencia-Chingcuanco, D., Thomson, J., Vogel, J. P., Hazen, S. P., Chen, S., Scheller, H. V., Harholt, J., Ulvskov, P., Fox, S. E., Filichkin, S. A., Fahlgren, N., Kimbrel, J. A., Chang, J. H., Sullivan, C. M., Chapman, E. J., Carrington, J. C., Mockler, T. C., Bartley, L. E., Cao, P., Jung, K. H., Sharma, M. K., Vega-Sanchez, M., Ronald, P., Dardick, C. D., De Bodt, S., Verelst, W., Inzé, D., Heese, M., Schnittger, A., Yang, X., Kalluri, U. C., Tuskan, G. A., Hua, Z., Vierstra, R. D., Garvin, D. F., Cui, Y., Ouyang, S., Sun, Q., Liu, Z., Yilmaz, A., Grotewold, E., Sibout, R., Hematy, K., Mouille, G., Höfte, H., Michael, T., Pelloux, J., O'Connor, D., Schnable, J., Rowe, S., Harmon, F., Cass, C. L., Sedbrook, J. C., Byrne, M. E., Walsh, S., Higgins, J., Bevan, M., Li, P., Brutnell, T., Unver, T., Budak, H., Belcram, H., Charles, M., Chalhoub, B., and Baxter, I. (2010). Genome sequencing and analysis of the model grassBrachypodium distachyon. Nature 463, 763-768.
71. Vreeland, V., Slomich, M., and Laetsch, W. M. (1984). Monoclonal antibodies as molecular probes for cell wall antigens of the brown alga Fucus. Planta 163, 506-517.
72. Waters, E. R. (2003). Molecular adaptation and the origin of land plants. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 29, 456-463.
73. Weng, J.-K., Li, X., Stout, J., and Chapple, C. (2008). Independent origins of syringyl lignin in vascular plants. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105, 7887-7892.
74. Willats, W. G. T., Knox, J. P., and Mikkelsen, J. D. (2006). Pectin: new insights into an old polymer are starting to gel. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 17, 97-104.
75. Willats, W. G. T., Orfila, C., Limberg, G., Buchholt, H. C., van Alebeek, G.-J. W. M., Voragen, A. G. J., Marcus, S. E., Christensen, T. M. I. E., Mikkelsen, J. D., Murray, B. S., and Knox, J. P. (2001). Modulation of the degree and pattern of methyl-esterification of pectic homogalacturonan in plant cell walls: implications for pectin methyl esterase action, matrix properties and cell adhesion. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 19404-19413.
76. Wodniok, S., Brinkmann, H., Glöckner, G., Heidel, A. J., Philippe, H., Melkonian, M., and Becker, B. (2011). Origin of land plants: do conjugating green algae hold the key? BMC Evol. Biol. 11, 104. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-104
77. Wolf, S., Mouille, G., and Pelloux, J. (2009). Homogalacturonan methyl-esterification and plant development. Mol. Plant 2, 851-860.
78. Xue, X., and Fry, S. C. (2012). Evolution of mixed-linkage (1→3, 1→4)-β-D-glucan (MLG) and xyloglucan in Equisetum (horsetails) and other monilophytes. Ann. Bot. 109, 873-886.
79. Yin, Y., Chen, H., Hahn, M. G., Mohnen, D., and Xu, Y. (2010). Evolution and function of the plant cell wall synthesis-related glycosyltransferase family 8. Plant Physiol. 153, 1729-1746.
80. Yin, Y., Huang, J., and Xu, Y. (2009). The cellulose synthase superfamily in fully sequenced plants and algae. BMC Plant Biol. 9, 99. doi: 10.1186/1471-2229-9-99