Microbial degradation of chlorpyrifos in liquid media and soil

Journal of Environmental Management

Volumn 114, Issue , 2013, Pages 372-380

  Chishti, Zia ^a   Hussain, Sarfraz ^a   Arshad, Khaliq R ^a   Khalid, Azeem ^b   Arshad, Muhammad ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE   (Pakistan)

^b PMAS ARID AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY   (Pakistan)

Author keywords

Biodegradation; Chlorpyrifos; Enzymes; Genes; Modeling; Optimization; Soil; Water

Indexed keywords

BIODEGRADATION; BIOGEOCHEMISTRY; BIOTECHNOLOGY; DETOXIFICATION; ENZYMES; GENES; MICROORGANISMS; PESTICIDES; SOIL MOISTURE; SOIL POLLUTION;

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE; BROAD SPECTRUM; CHLORPYRIFOS; CONTAMINATED SITES; ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS; LIQUID MEDIA; MICROBIAL DEGRADATION; MODELING; NUMBER OF METHODS; OPTIMISATIONS;

BIOREMEDIATION;

CHLORPYRIFOS; HYDROLASE; MONOPHENOL MONOOXYGENASE; PHOSPHATASE;

BIODEGRADATION; BIOREMEDIATION; CHLORPYRIFOS; DETOXIFICATION; ENZYME ACTIVITY; GENE EXPRESSION; MICROBIAL ACTIVITY; MICROBIAL COMMUNITY; OPTIMIZATION; PESTICIDE APPLICATION; SOIL POLLUTION; WATER POLLUTION;

ARTICLE; BACTERIAL GENE; BACTERIAL GROWTH; BACTERIUM CULTURE; CRYSTAL STRUCTURE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE; FOOD CHAIN; FUNGAL GENE; FUNGUS CULTURE; FUNGUS GROWTH; GENE FUNCTION; HUMAN; IN VITRO STUDY; LIQUID; MICROBIAL DEGRADATION; NONHUMAN; NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY; PH; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PSEUDOMONAS; SOIL POLLUTION; SOIL TREATMENT; URINE LEVEL; VOLATILIZATION; WATER POLLUTION; WATER TREATMENT;

EID: 84871931987     PISSN: 03014797     EISSN: 10958630     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.10.032     Document Type: Article

References (135)

1. Abdollahi M., Donyavi M., Pournourmohammadi S., Saadat M. Hyperglycemia associated with increased hepatic glycogen phosphorylase and phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase in rats following subchronic exposure to malathion. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C: Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2004, 137:343-347.
2. Abo-Amer A.E. Biodegradation of diazinon by Serratia marcescens DI101 and its use in bioremediation of contaminated environment. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2011, 21:71-80.
3. Alexander M. Biodegradation and Bioremediation 1999, Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 249-264.
4. Al-Mihanna A.A., Salamaa A.K., Abdallaa M.Y. Biodegradation of chlorpyrifos by either single or combined cultures of some soilborne plant pathogenic fungi. J. Environ. Sci. Health 1998, 33:693-704.
5. Amitai G., Adani R., Sod-Moriah G., Rabinovitz I., Vincze A., Leader H., Chefetz B., Leiovitz-Persky L., Friesem D., Hadar Y. Oxidative biodegradation of phosphorothiolates by fungal laccase. FEBS Lett. 1998, 438:195-200.
6. Ang E.L., Zhao H., Obbard J.P. Recent advances in the bioremediation of persistent organic pollutants via biomolecular engineering. Enz. Microb. Technol. 2005, 37:487-496.
7. Anwar S., Liaquat F., Khan Q.M., Khalid Z.M., Iqbal S. Biodegradation of chlorpyrifos and its hydrolysis product 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol by Bacillus pumilus strain C2A1. J. Hazard. Mater. 2009, 168:400-405.
8. Arshad M., Hussain S., Saleem M. Optimization of environmental parameters for biodegradation of alpha and beta endosulfan in soil slurry by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2008, 104:364-370.
9. Aston L.S., Seiber J.N. Fate of summertime airborne organophosphate pesticide residues in the Sierra Nevada mountains. J. Environ. Qual. 1997, 26:1483-1492.
10. Awad N.S., Sabit H.H., Abo-Aba S.E.M., Bayoumi R.A. Isolation, characterization and fingerprinting of some chlorpyrifos-degrading bacterial strains isolated from Egyptian pesticides-polluted soils. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. 2011, 5:2855-2862.
11. 14C dimethoate residues in tomatoes and tomato products. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2004, 73:352-357.
12. Baskaran S., Kookana R.S., Naidu R. Degradation of bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos and imidacloprid in soil and bedding materials at termiticidal application rates. Pestic. Sci. 1999, 55:1222-1228.
13. Benning M.M., Kuo J.M., Raushel F.M., Holden H.M. Three-dimensional structure of phosphotriesterase: an enzyme capable of detoxifying organophosphate nerve agents. Biochemistry 1994, 33:15001-15007.
14. Bhagobaty R.K., Malik A. Utilization of chlorpyrifos as a sole source of carbon by bacteria isolated from wastewater irrigated agricultural soils in an industrial area of western Uttar Pradesh, India. Res. J. Microbiol. 2008, 3:293-307.
15. Bootharaju M.S., Pradeep T. Understanding the degradation pathway of the pesticide, chlorpyrifos by noble metal nanoparticles. Langmuir 2012, 28:2671-2679.
16. Bumpus J.A., Kakkar S.N., Coleman R.D. Fungal degradation of organophosphorus insecticides. J. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 1993, 39-40:715-726.
17. Cain R.B., Houghton C., Wright K.A. Microbial metabolism of the pyridine ring. Metabolism of 2- and 3-hydroxypyridines by the maleamate pathway in Achromobacter sp. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1974, 78:577-587.
18. Chandra S., Mahindrakar A.N., Shinde L.P. Determination of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos in vegetables by GC-ECD. Intl. J. Chem. Tech. Res. 2010, 2:908-911.
19. Chapman R.A., Cole C.M. Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides. J. Environ. Sci. Health 1982, 17:487-504.
20. Chapman R.A., Harris C.R. Persistence of chlorpyrifos in a mineral and an organic soil. J. Environ. Sci. Health B 1980, 15:39-46.
21. Chapman R.A., Harris C.R., Svec H.J. Persistence and mobility of granular insecticides in an organic soil following furrow application for onion maggot control. J. Environ. Sci. Health B 1984, 19:259-270.
22. Chen W., Georgiou G. Cell-surface display of heterologous proteins: from high throughput screening to environmental applications. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2002, 79:496-503.
23. Cheng T.C., Harvey S.P., Stroup A.N. Purification and properties of a highly active organophosphorus acid anhydrolase from Alteromonas undina. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1993, 59:3138-3140.
24. Cheng T.C., Rastogi V.K., DeFrank J.J., Anderson D.M., Hamilton A.B. Nucleotide sequence of a gene encoding and organophosphorus never agent degrading enzyme from Alteromonas haloplanktis. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1997, 18:49-55.
25. Chino-Flores C., Dantan-Gonzalez E., Vazquez-Ramos A., Tinoco-Valencia R., Diaz-Mendez R., Sanchez-Salinas E., Castrejon-Godinez M.L., Ramos-Quintana F., Ortiz-Hernandez M.L. Isolation of the opdE gene that encodes for a new hydrolase of Enterobacter sp. capable of degrading organophosphorus pesticides. Biodegradation 2012, 23:387-397.
26. Cho C.M.H., Mulchandani A., Chen W. Bacterial cell surface display of organophosphorus hydrolase for selective screening of improved hydrolysis of organophosphate nerve agent. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2002, 68:2026-2030.
27. Chu X.Q., Fang H., Pan X.D., Wang X., Shan M., Feng B., Yu Y.L. Degradation of chlorpyrifos alone and in combination with chlorothalonil and their effects on soil microbial populations. J. Environ. Sci. 2008, 20:464-469.
28. Chungjatupornchai W., Fa-Aroonsawat S. Biodegradation of organophosphate pesticide using recombinant cyanobacteria with surface- and intracellular-expressed organophosphorus hydrolase. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2008, 18:946-951.
29. Cisar J.L., Snyder G.H. Mobility and persistence of turf grass pesticides in a U. S. Golf Association green: pesticides in percolate, thatch, soil, and clippings, and approaches to reduced fenamiphos and fenamiphos metabolite leaching. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 743 2000, 106-126. Oxford University Press, New York. J.M. Clark, M.P. Kenna (Eds.).
30. Cui Z., Li S., Fu G. Isolation of methyl parathion-degrading strain M6 and cloning of the methyl parathion hydrolase gene. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2001, 67:4922-4925.
31. DeFrank J.J., White W.E. Phosphofluoridates: Biological Activity and Biodegradation. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry 2002, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg. A.H. Neilson (Ed.).
32. Diez M.C. Biological aspects involved in the degradation of organic pollutants. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 2010, 10:244-267.
33. Dow Agro Sciences The Science Behind Chlorpyrifos: Physical/Chemical Properties 2003, http://www.dowagro.com/chlorp/ap/science/prop.htm.
34. Dubey K.K., Fulekar M.H. Chlorpyrifos bioremediation in Pennisetum rhizosphere by a novel potential degrader Stenotrophomonas maltophilia MHF ENV20. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2012, 28:1715-1725.
35. Dumas D.P., Caldwell S.R., Wild J.R., Raushel F.M. Purification and properties of the phosphotriesterase from Pseudomonas diminuta. J. Biol. Chem. 1989, 264:19659-19665.
36. EPA Persistent Bioaccumulative Toxic (PBT) Chemicals; Lowering of Reporting Thresholds for Certain PBT Chemicals; Addition of Certain PBT Chemicals; Community Right-to-know Toxic Chemical Reporting 1999, October 29, 1999, US EPA, Washington (DC).
37. Fang H., Yu Y.L., Wang X., Shan M., Wu X.M., Yu J.Q. Dissipation of chlorpyrifos in pakchoi-vegetated soil in a greenhouse. J. Environ. Sci. 2006, 18:60-764.
38. Fang H., Xiang Y.Q., Hao Y.J., Chu X.Q., Pan X.D., Yu J.Q., Yu Y.L. Fungal degradation of chlorpyrifos by Verticillium sp. DSP in pure cultures and its use in bioremediation of contaminated soil and pakchoi. Int. Biodeter. Biodegr. 2008, 61:294-303.
39. Feng Y., Racke K.D., Bollag J.M. Isolation and characterization of a chlorinated pyridinol-degrading bacterium. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1997, 63:4096-4098.
40. Feng Y.E., Minard R.D., Bollag J.M. Photolytic and microbial degradation of 3, 5, 6-trichloro-2-pyridinol. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1998, 17:814-819.
41. Frank R., Braun H.E., Chapman N., Burchat C. Degradation of parent compounds of nine organophosphorus insecticides in Ontario surface and ground waters under controlled conditions. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1991, 47:374-380.
42. Fulekar M.H., Geetha M. Bioremediation of chlorpyrifos by Pseudomonas aeruginosa using scale up technique. J. Appl. Biosci. 2008, 12:657-660.
43. Furlong C.E., Holland N., Richter R.J., Bradman A., Ho A., Eskenazi B. PON1 status of farmworker mothers and children as a predictor of organophosphate sensitivity. Pharmacogenet. Genomic. 2006, 16:183-190.
44. Gao Y., Chen S., Hu M., Hu Q., Luo J., Li Y. Purification and Characterization of a novel chlorpyrifos hydrolase from Cladosporium cladosporioides Hu-01. PLOS ONE 2012, 7(6):e38137. 10.1371/journal.pone.0038137.
45. Gebremariam S.Y., Beutel M.W., Yonge D.R., Flury M., Harsh J.B. Adsorption and desorption of chlorpyrifos to soils and sediments. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2012, 215:123-175.
46. Ghanem I., Orfi M., Shamma M. Biodegradation of chlorpyrifos by Klebsiella sp. isolated from an activated sludge sample of waste water treatment plant in Damascus. Folia Microbiol. 2007, 52:423-427.
47. Gilani S.T.S., Ageen M., Shah H., Raza S. Chlorpyrifos degradation in soil and its effect on soil microorganisms. J. Anim. Plant Sci. 2010, 20:99-102.
48. Giordano G., Afsharinejad Z., Guizzetti M., Vitalone A., Kavanagh T.G., Costa L.G. Organophosphorus insecticides chlorpyrifos and diazinon and oxidative stress in neuronal cells in a genetic model of glutathione deficiency. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2007, 219:181-189.
49. Griffin P., Mason H., Heywood K., Cocker J. Oral and dermal absorption of chlorpyrifos: a human volunteer study. Occup. Environ. Med. 1999, 56:10-13.
50. Guha A., Kumari B., Bora T.C., Roy M.K. Possible involvement of plasmids in degradation of malathion and chlorpyrifos by Micrococcus sp. Folia Microbiol. 1997, 42:574-576.
51. Halimah M., Tan Y.A., Ismail B.S., Nashriyah M. Downward movement of chlorpyrifos in the soil of an oil palm plantation in Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia. J. Oil Palm Res. 2010, 22:721-728.
52. Harnly M., McLaughlin R., Bradman A., Anderson M., Gunier R. Correlating agricultural use of organophosphates with outdoor air concentrations: a particular concern for children. Environ. Health Perspect. 2005, 113:1184-1189.
53. Horne I., Sutherland T.D., Harcourt R.L., Russell R.J., Oakeshott J.G. Identification of an opd (organophosphate degradation) gene in an Agrobacterium isolate. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2002, 68:3371-3376.
54. Hui T.J., Ariffin M.M., Tahir N.M. Hydrolysis of chlorpyrifos in aqueous solutions at different temperatures and pH. Malays. J. Anal. Sci. 2010, 14:50-55.
55. Hussain S., Siddique T., Arshad M., Saleem M. Bioremediation and phytoremediation of pesticides: recent advances. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 39:843-907.
56. Kaiser J.P., Feng Y., Bollag J.M. Microbial metabolism of pyridine, quinoline, acridine and their derivatives under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Microbiol. Rev. 1996, 60:483-498.
57. Karpouzas D.G., Walker A. Factors influencing the ability of Pseudomonas putida epI to degrade ethoprophos in soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2000, 32:1753-1762.
58. Kidd H., James D.R. The Agrochemicals Handbook 1991, Royal Society of Chemistry Information Services, Cambridge, UK. third ed.
59. Kim J.R., Ahn Y.J. Identification and characterization of chlorpyrifos-methyl and 3, 5, 6-trichloro-2-pyridinol degrading Burkholderia sp. strain KR100. Biodegradation 2009, 20:487-497.
60. Korade D.L., Fulekar M.H. Rhizosphere remediation of chlorpyrifos in mycorrhizospheric soil using ryegrass. J. Hazard. Mater. 2009, 172:1344-1350.
61. Kulshrestha G., Kumari A. Fungal degradation of chlorpyrifos by Acremonium sp. strain (GFRC-1) isolated from a laboratory-enriched red agricultural Biol. Fertil. Soils 2011, 47:219-225.
62. Kumar S. Bioremediation of chlorpyrifos by bacteria isolated from the cultivated soils. Int. J. Pharm. Bio Sci. 2011, 2:359-366.
63. Lakshmi C.V., Kumar M., Khanna S. Biotransformation of chlorpyrifos and bioremediation of contaminated soil. Int. Biodeter. Biodegr. 2008, 62:204-209.
64. Latifi A.M., Khodi S., Mirzaei M., Miresmaeili M., Babavalian H. Isolation and characterization of five chlorpyrifos degrading bacteria. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2012, 11:3140-3146. 10.5897/AJB11.2814.
65. Lee W.J., Blair A., Hoppin J.A., Lubin J.H., Rusiecki J.A., Sandler D.P., Dosemeci M., Alavanja M.C. Cancer incidence among pesticide applicators exposed to chlorpyrifos in the agricultural health study. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 2004, 96:1781-1791.
66. Li X., He J., Li S. Isolation of a chlorpyrifos-degrading bacterium, Sphingomonas sp. strain Dsp-2, and cloning of the mpd gene. Res. Microbiol. 2007, 158:143-149.
67. Li X., Jiang J., Gu L., Ali S.W., He J., Li S. Diversity of chlorpyrifos-degrading bacteria isolated from chlorpyrifos-contaminated samples. Int. Biodeter. Biodegr. 2008, 62:331-335.
68. Li K., Wang S., Shi Y., Qu J., Zhai Y., Xu L., Xu Y., Song J., Liu L., Anis ur Rahman M., Yan Y. Genome sequence of Paracoccus sp. strain TRP, a chlorpyrifos biodegrader. J. Bacteriol. 2011, 193:1786-1787.
69. Liu B., McConnell L.L., Torrents A. Hydrolysis of chlorpyrifos in natural waters of the Chesapeake Bay. Chemosphere 2001, 44:1315-1323.
70. Liu Y.H., Liu H., Chen Z.H., Lian J., Huang X., Chung Y.C. Purification and characterization of a novel organophosphorus pesticide hydrolase from Penicillium lilacinum BP303. Enz. Microb. Technol. 2004, 34:297-303.
71. Liu Z., Chen X., Shi Y., Su Z. Bacterial degradation of chlorpyrifos by Bacillus cereus. Adv. Mater. Res. 2012, 356-360:676-680.
72. Lu J., Wu L., Newman J., Faber B., Gan J. Degradation of pesticides in nursery recycling pond waters. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2006, 54:2658-2663.
73. Madhuri R.J., Rangaswamy V. Influence of selected insecticides on phosphatase activity in groundnut (Arachis hypogeae L.) soils. J. Environ. Biol. 2002, 23:393-397.
74. Madhuri R.J., Rangaswamy V. Biodegradation of selected insecticides by Bacillus and Pseudomonas sp. in ground nut fields. Toxicol. Int. 2009, 16:127-132.
75. Mallick B.K., Banerji A., Shakli N.A., Sethunathan N.N. Bacterial degradation of chlorpyrifos in pure culture and in soil. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1999, 62:48-55.
76. Marino M.A., Chu X., Hantush M.M. Pesticide transport modelling in soils, ground water and surface water. Proceedings of ICWRER 2002, vol. II. Dresden, Germany. G.H. Schmitz (Ed.).
77. Massiha A., Majid M.R., Pahlaviani1 K., Issazadeh K. Microbial Degradation of Pesticides in Surface Soil Using Native Strain in Iran. Int. Conf. Biotechnol. Environ. Manag. 2011, vol. 18. IPCBEE. IACSIT Press, Singapore, pp. 76-81.
78. Maya K., Singh R.S., Upadhyay S.N., Dubey S.K. Kinetic analysis reveals bacterial efficacy for biodegradation of chlorpyrifos and its hydrolyzing metabolite TCP. Process Biochem. 2011, 46:2130-2136.
79. McCall P.J., Laskowski D.A., Swann R.L., Dishburger H.J. Estimation of environmental partitioning of organic chemicals in model ecosystems. Residual Rev. 1983, 85:231-244.
80. Mohan S.V., Sirisha K., Rao N.C. Degradation of chlorpyrifos contaminated soil by bioslurry reactor operated in sequencing batch mode: bioprocess monitoring. J. Hazard. Mater. 2004, 116:39-48.
81. Monod J. The growth of bacterial cultures. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 1949, 3:371-394.
82. Muhammad S.G. Kinetic studies of catalytic photodegradation of chlorpyrifos insecticide in various natural waters. Arabian J. Chem. 2010, 3:127-133.
83. Mulligan C.N. Environmental applications of biosurfactants as biological and immunological molecules. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 2005, 133:183-198.
84. Nawaz K., Hussain K., Choudary N., Majeed A., Ilyas U., Ghani A., Lin F., Ali K., Afghan S., Raza G., Lashari M.I. Eco-friendly role of biodegradation against agricultural pesticides hazards. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. 2011, 5:177-183.
85. Ngan C.K., Cheah U.B., Wan Abdullah W.Y., Lim K.P., Ismail B.S. Fate of chlorothalonil, chlorpyrifos and profenofos in a vegetable farm in Cameron Highlands, Malaysia. Water Air Soil Poll. Focus 2005, 5:125-136.
86. Nolan R.J., Rick D.L., Freshour N.L., Saunders J.H. Chlorpyrifos: pharmacokinetics in human volunteers. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1984, 73:8-15.
87. Noordman W.H., Wachter J.H.J., De Boer G.J., Janssen D.B. The enhancement by surfactants of hexadecane degradation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa varies with substrate availability. J. Biotechnol. 2002, 94:195-212.
88. Omar S.A. Availability of phosphorus and sulfur of insecticide origin by fungi. Biodegradation 1998, 9:327-336.
89. Pimentel D. Amounts of pesticides reaching target pests: environmental impacts and ethics. J. Agric. Environ. Ethics 1995, 8:17-29.
90. Prasertsup P., Ariyakanon N. Removal of chlorpyrifos by water lettuce (Pistla stratiotes L.) and duckweed (Lemna minor L.). Int. J. Phytorem. 2011, 13:383-395.
91. Racke K.D., Laskowsky D.A., Shultz M.R. Resistance of chlorpyrifos to enhanced biodegradation in soil. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1990, 38:1430-1436.
92. Racke K.D., Fontaine D.D., Yoder R.N., Miller J.R. Chlorpyrifos degradation in soil at termicidal application rates. Pestic. Sci. 1994, 42:43-51.
93. Racke K.D., Steele K.P., Yoder R.N., Dick W.A., Avidov E. Factors effecting the hydrolytic degradation of chlorpyrifos in soil. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1996, 44:1582-1592.
94. Racke K.D. Environmental fate of chlorpyrifos. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1993, 131:1-154.
95. Rauh V., Arunajadai S., Horton M., Perera F., Hoepner L., Barr D.B., Whyatt R. 7-Year neuro developmental scores and prenatal exposure to chlorpyrifos, a common agricultural pesticide. Environ. Health Perspect. 2011, 119:1196-1201.
96. Saleem M., Brim H., Hussain S., Arshad M., Leigh M.B., Zia-ul-Hassan Perspectives on microbial cell surface display in bioremediation. Biotechnol. Adv. 2008, 26:151-161.
97. Samadi N., Abadian N., Akhavan A., Fazeli M.R. Biosurfactant production by the strain isolated from contaminated soil. J. Biol. Sci. 2007, 7:1266-1269.
98. Sasikala C., Jiwal S., Rout P., Ramya M. Biodegradation of chlorpyrifos by bacterial consortium isolated from agriculture soil. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2012, 28:1301-1308.
99. Savitha K., Raman D.N.S. Isolation, identification, resistance profile and growth kinetics of chlorpyrifos resistant bacteria from agricultural soil of Bangalore. Res. Biotechnol. 2012, 3:8-13.
100. Seibert C.M., Raushel F.M. Structural and catalytic diversity within the amidohydrolase superfamily. Biochemistry 2005, 44:6383-6391.
101. Serdar C.M., Gibson D.T., Munnecke D.M., Lancaster J.H. Plasmid involvement in parathion hydrolysis by Pseudomonas diminyta. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1982, 44:246-249.
102. Simkins S., Alexander M. Models for mineralization kinetics with the variables of substrate concentration and population density. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1984, 47:1299-1306.
103. Simon D., Helliwell S., Robards K. Analytical chemistry of chlorpyrifos and diuron in aquatic ecosystems. Anal. Chim. Acta 1998, 360:1-16.
104. Singh B.K., Walker A. Microbial degradation of organophosphorus compounds. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 2006, 30:428-471.
105. Singh B.K., Walker A., Morgan J.A., Wright D.J. Effects of soil pH on the biodegradation of chlorpyrifos and isolation of a chlorpyrifos-degrading bacterium. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2003, 69:5198-5206.
106. Singh B.K., Walker A., Morgan A.W., Wright D.J. Biodegradation of chlorpyrifos by Enterobacter strain B-14 and its use in bioremediation of contaminated soils. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2004, 70:4855-4863.
107. Singh B.K., Walker A., Wright D.J. Bioremedial potential of fenamiphos and chlorpyrifos degrading isolates: influence of different environmental conditions. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2006, 38:2682-2693.
108. Singh P.B., Sharma S., Saini H.S., Chadha B.S. Biosurfactant production by Pseudomonas sp. and its role in aqueous phase partitioning and biodegradation of chlorpyrifos. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 2009, 49:378-383.
109. Singh D.P., Khattar J.I.S., Nadda J., Singh Y., Garg A., Kaur N., Gulati A. Chlorpyrifos degradation by the Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PUPCCC 64. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2011, 18:1351-1359. 10.1007/s11356-011-0472-x.
110. Singleton I. Fungal remediation of soils contaminated with persistent organic pollutants. Fungi in Bioremediation 2001, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. G. Gadd (Ed.).
111. Smegal D.C. Human Health Risk Assessment Chlorpyrifos 2000, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, Health Effects Division, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, pp. 1-131.
112. Suntio L.R., Shiu W.Y., Mackay D., Seiber J.N., Glotfelty D. Critical review of Henry's law constants for pesticides. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1988, 103:1-59.
113. Surekha R.M., Lakshmi P.K.L., Suvarnalatha D., Jaya M., Aruna S., Jyothi K., Narasimha G., Venkateswarlu K. Isolation and characterization of a chlorpyrifos degrading bacterium from agricultural soil and its growth response. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. 2008, 2:26-31.
114. Swann R.L., Laskowski D.A., McCall P.J., Vander Kuy K., Dishburger H.J. A rapid method for the estimation of the environmental parameters, octanol/water partition coefficient, soil sorption constant, water to air ratio, and water solubility. Residue Rev. 1983, 85:17-28.
115. Thengodkar R.R., Sivakami S. Degradation of chlorpyrifos by an alkaline phosphatase from the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis. Biodegradation 2010, 21:637-644.
116. Theriot C.M., Grunden A.M. Hydrolysis of organophosphorus compounds by microbial enzymes. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2011, 89:35-43.
117. Tomlin C.D.S. The Pesticides Manual 2003, British Crop Protection Council and the Royal Society of Chemistry, UK, pp. 173-174. thirteenth ed.
118. Tomlin C.D.S. The Pesticide Manual, a World Compendium 2006, British Crop Protection Council, Alton, Hampshire, UK, pp. 186-187. fourteenth ed.
119. US EPA National Study of Chemical Residues in Fish 1992, EPA 823-R-92-008a and b, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Science and Technology, Washington, DC.
120. USDA Pesticide Data Program Annual Summary, Calendar Year 2007 2008, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Service, Washington, DC.
121. Vidali M. Bioremediation: an overview. Pure Appl. Chem. 2001, 73:1163-1172.
122. Vijayalakshmi P., Usha M.S. Optimization of chlorpyrifos degradation by Pseudomonas putida. J. Chem. Pharm. Res. 2012, 4:2532-2539.
123. Watson G.K., Houghton C., Cain R.B. Microbial metabolisms of the pyridine ring: the metabolism of pyridine-3, 4-diol (3, 4-dihydroxy-pyridine) by Agrobacterium sp. Biochem. J. 1974, 140:277-292.
124. Whang J.M., Schomburg C.J., Glotfelty D.E., Taylor A.W. Volatilization of fonofos, chlorpyrifos and atrazine from conventional and no-till surface soils in the field. J. Environ. Qual. 1993, 22:173-180.
125. WHO, FAO Report of the Joint Meeting of the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues in Food and the Environment and the WHO Core Assessment Group on Pesticide Residues (2004) Pesticide Residues in Food 2004, WHO and FAO, Rome, pp. 45-48.
126. Worthing C.R. The Pesticide Manual 1979, The British Crop Protection Council, Croydon, England. sixth ed.
127. Wright C.G., Leidy R.B., Dupree H.E. Chlorpyrifos in the air and soil of houses eight years after its application for termite control. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1994, 52:131-134.
128. Xu G.M., Li Y.Y., Zheng W., Peng X., Li W., Yan Y.C. Mineralization of chlorpyrifos by co-culture of Serratia and Trichosporon sp. Biotechnol. Lett. 2007, 29:1469-1473.
129. Xu G., Zheng W., Li Y., Wang S., Zhang J., Yan Y. Biodegradation of chlorpyrifos and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol by a newly isolated Paracoccus sp. strain TRP. Int. Biodeter. Biodegr. 2008, 62:51-56.
130. Yang H., Carr P.D., McLoughlin S.Y., Liu L.W., Horne I., Qui X., Jeffries C.M., Russell R.J., Oakeshott J.G., Ollis D.L. Evolution of an organophosphate degrading enzyme: a comparison of natural and directed evolution. Protein Eng. 2003, 16:135-145.
131. Yang L., Zhao Y., Zhang B., Yang C., Zhang X. Isolation and characterization of a chlorpyrifos and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol degrading bacterium. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2005, 251:67-73.
132. Yang C., Liu N., Guo X.M., Qiao C.L. Cloning of mpd gene from a chlorpyrifos degrading bacterium and use of this strain in bioremediation of contaminated. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2006, 265:118-125.
133. Yu Y.L., Fang H., Wang X., Wu X.M., Shan M., Yu J.Q. Characterization of a fungal strain capable of degrading chlorpyrifos and its use in detoxification of the insecticide on vegetables. Biodegradation 2006, 17:487-494.
134. Zhang Q., Wang B., Cao Z., Yu Y. Plasmid-mediated bioaugmentation for the degradation of chlorpyrifos in soil. J. Hazard. Mater. 2012, 221-222:178-184.
135. Zhu J., Zhao Y., Qiu J. Isolation and application of a chlorpyrifos-degrading Bacillus licheniformis ZHU-1. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. 2010, 4:2410-2413.