Inflammation as a target in prostate cancer

Drug Management of Prostate Cancer

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 375-386

  Lucia, Marshall Scott ^a   Lambert, James R ^a   Platz, Elizabeth A ^b   De Marzo, Angelo M ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b JOHNS HOPKINS BLOOMBERG SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^c JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Carcinogenesis; Chemoprevention; Chemotherapy; Cytokines; Inflammation; Oxidative stress; Prostate cancer

Indexed keywords

EID: 84871739734     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-829-4_33     Document Type: Chapter

References (100)

1. Kuper H, Adami HO, Trichopoulos D. Infections as a major preventable cause of human cancer. J Intern Med 2000; 248(3):171-183.
2. Bostwick DG, de la RG, Dundore P, Corica FA, Iczkowski KA. Intraepithelial and stromal lymphocytes in the normal human prostate. Prostate 2003; 55(3):187-193.
3. Theyer G, Kramer G, Assmann I et al. Phenotypic characterization of infltrating leukocytes in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Lab Invest 1992; 66(1):96-107.
4. De Marzo AM, Platz EA, Sutcliffe S et al. Infammation in prostate carcinogenesis. Nat Rev Cancer 2007; 7(4): 256-269.
5. Steiner G, Gessl A, Kramer G, Schollhammer A, Forster O, Marberger M. Phenotype and function of peripheral and prostatic lymphocytes in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol 1994; 151(2):480-484.
6. Steiner GE, Stix U, Handisurya A et al. Cytokine expression pattern in benign prostatic hyperplasia infltrating T cells and impact of lymphocytic infltration on cytokine mRNA profle in prostatic tissue. Lab Invest 2003; 83(8): 1131-1146.
7. Steiner GE, Djavan B, Kramer G et al. The picture of the prostatic lymphokine network is becoming increasingly complex. Rev Urol 2002; 4(4):171-177.
8. Steiner GE, Newman ME, Paikl D et al. Expression and function of pro-infammatory interleukin IL-17 and IL-17 receptor in normal, benign hyperplastic, and malignant prostate. Prostate 2003; 56(3):171-182.
9. Groh V, Rhinehart R, Secrist H, Bauer S, Grabstein KH, Spies T. Broad tumor-associated expression and recognition by tumor-derived gamma delta T cells of MICA and MICB. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96(12): 6879-6884.
10. Kramer G, Mitteregger D, Marberger M. Is benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) an immune infammatory disease? Eur Urol 2007; 51(5):1202-1216.
11. De Marzo AM, Marchi VL, Epstein JI, Nelson WG. Proliferative infammatory atrophy of the prostate: implications for prostatic carcinogenesis. Am J Pathol 1999; 155(6):1985-1992.
12. De Marzo AM, Platz EA, Epstein JI et al. A working group classifcation of focal prostate atrophy lesions. Am J Surg Pathol 2006; 30(10):1281-1291.
13. Nakayama M, Bennett CJ, Hicks JL et al. Hypermethylation of the human glutathione S-transferase-pi gene (GSTP1) CpG island is present in a subset of proliferative infamma-tory atrophy lesions but not in normal or hyperplastic epithelium of the prostate: a detailed study using laser-capture microdissection. Am J Pathol 2003; 163(3):923-933.
14. Sutcliffe S, Zenilman JM, Ghanem KG et al. Sexually transmitted infections and prostatic infammation/cell damage as measured by serum prostate specifc antigen concentration. J Urol 2006; 175(5):1937-1942.
15. Dennis LK, Dawson DV. Meta-analysis of measures of sexual activity and prostate cancer. Epidemiology 2002; 13(1):72-79.
16. Taylor ML, Mainous AG, III, Wells BJ. Prostate cancer and sexually transmitted diseases: a meta-analysis. Fam Med 2005; 37(7):506-512.
17. Sutcliffe S, Giovannucci E, Alderete JF et al. Plasma antibodies against Trichomonas vaginalis and subsequent risk of prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006; 15(5):939-945.
18. Strickler HD, Goedert JJ. Sexual behavior and evidence for an infectious cause of prostate cancer. Epidemiol Rev 2001; 23(1):144-151.
19. Urisman A, Molinaro RJ, Fischer N et al. Identifcation of a novel Gammaretrovirus in prostate tumors of patients homozygous for R462Q RNASEL variant. PLoS Pathog 2006; 2(3):e25.
20. Savage PA, Vosseller K, Kang C et al. Recognition of a ubiquitous self antigen by prostate cancer-infltrating CD8+ T lymphocytes. Science 2008; 319(5860):215-220.
21. Ponniah S, Arah I, Alexander RB. PSA is a candidate self-antigen in autoimmune chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Prostate 2000; 44(1):49-54.
22. Dehm SM, Tindall DJ. Molecular regulation of androgen action in prostate cancer. J Cell Biochem 2006; 99(2):333-344.
23. Harkonen PL, Makela SI. Role of estrogens in development of prostate cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2004; 92(4):297-305.
24. Ho E, Boileau TW, Bray TM. Dietary infuences on endocrine-infammatory interactions in prostate cancer development. Arch Biochem Biophys 2004; 428(1):109-117.
25. Giovannucci E. Tomato products, lycopene, and prostate cancer: a review of the epidemiological literature. J Nutr 2005; 135(8):2030S-2031S.
26. Heinonen OP, Albanes D, Virtamo J et al. Prostate cancer and supplementation with alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene: incidence and mortality in a controlled trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90(6):440-446.
27. Duffeld-Lillico AJ, Dalkin BL, Reid ME et al. Selenium supplementation, baseline plasma selenium status and incidence of prostate cancer: an analysis of the complete treatment period of the Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Trial. BJU Int 2003; 91(7):608-612.
28. Knize MG, Felton JS. Formation and human risk of carcinogenic heterocyclic amines formed from natural precursors in meat. Nutr Rev 2005; 63(5):158-165.
29. Nakai Y, Nelson WG, De Marzo AM. The dietary charred meat carcinogen 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4, 5-b]pyridine acts as both a tumor initiator and promoter in the rat ventral prostate. Cancer Res 2007; 67(3):1378-1384.
30. Leitzmann MF, Platz EA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Giovannucci E. Ejaculation frequency and subsequent risk of prostate cancer. JAMA 2004; 291(13):1578-1586.
31. Lichtenstein P, Holm N V, Verkasalo PK et al. Environmental and heritable factors in the causation of cancer-analyses of cohorts of twins from Sweden, Denmark, and Finland. N Engl J Med 2000; 343(2):78-85.
32. Page WF, Braun MM, Partin AW, Caporaso N, Walsh P. Heredity and prostate cancer: a study of World War II veteran twins. Prostate 1997; 33(4):240-245.
33. Gronberg H, Damber L, Damber JE. Studies of genetic factors in prostate cancer in a twin population. J Urol 1994; 152(5 Pt 1):1484-1487.
34. Smith JR, Freije D, Carpten JD et al. Major susceptibility locus for prostate cancer on chromosome 1 suggested by a genome-wide search. Science 1996; 274(5291): 1371-1374.
35. Lindmark F, Zheng SL, Wiklund F et al. H6D polymorphism in macrophage-inhibitory cytokine-1 gene associated with prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004; 96(16):1248-1254.
36. Xu J, Zheng SL, Komiya A et al. Germline mutations and sequence variants of the macrophage scavenger receptor 1 gene are associated with prostate cancer risk. Nat Genet 2002; 32(2):321-325.
37. Sun J, Turner A, Xu J, Gronberg H, Isaacs W. Genetic variability in infammation pathways and prostate cancer risk. Urol Oncol 2007; 25(3):250-259.
38. Castelli JC, Hassel BA, Wood KA et al. A study of the interferon antiviral mechanism: apoptosis activation by the 2-5A system. J Exp Med 1997; 186(6):967-972.
39. Schaid DJ. The complex genetic epidemiology of prostate cancer. Hum Mol Genet 2004; 13 Spec No 1:R103-R121.
40. Bootcov MR, Bauskin AR, Valenzuela SM et al. MIC-1, a novel macrophage inhibitory cytokine, is a divergent member of the TGF-beta superfamily. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94(21):11514-11519.
41. Baek SJ, Kim KS, Nixon JB, Wilson LC, Eling TE. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors regulate the expression of a TGF-beta superfamily member that has proapoptotic and antitumorigenic activities. Mol Pharmacol 2001; 59(4):901-908.
42. Tan M, Wang Y, Guan K, Sun Y. PTGF-beta, a type beta transforming growth factor (TGF-beta) superfamily member, is a p53 target gene that inhibits tumor cell growth via TGF-beta signaling pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97(1):109-114.
43. Paralkar VM, Vail AL, Grasser WA et al. Cloning and characterization of a novel member of the transforming growth factor-beta/bone morphogenetic protein family. J Biol Chem 1998; 273(22):13760-13767.
44. Shim M, Eling TE. Protein kinase C-dependent regulation of NAG-1/placental bone morphogenic protein/MIC-1 expression in LNCaP prostate carcinoma cells. J Biol Chem 2005; 280(19):18636-18642.
45. Fairlie WD, Moore AG, Bauskin AR, Russell PK, Zhang HP, Breit SN. MIC-1 is a novel TGF-beta superfamily cytokine associated with macrophage activation. J Leukoc Biol 1999; 65(1):2-5.
46. Hayes VM, Severi G, Southey MC et al. Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 H6D polymorphism, prostate cancer risk, and survival. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006; 15(6):1223-1225.
47. Gough PJ, Greaves DR, Gordon S. A naturally occurring isoform of the human macrophage scavenger receptor (SR-A) gene generated by alternative splicing blocks modifed LDL uptake. J Lipid Res 1998; 39(3):531-543.
48. Peiser L, De Winther MP, Makepeace K et al. The class A macrophage scavenger receptor is a major pattern recognition receptor for Neisseria meningitidis which is independent of lipopolysaccharide and not required for secretory responses. Infect Immun 2002; 70(10):5346-5354.
49. Sun J, Hsu FC, Turner AR et al. Meta-analysis of association of rare mutations and common sequence variants in the MSR1 gene and prostate cancer risk. Prostate 2006; 66(7):728-737.
50. Alexander RB, Ponniah S, Hasday J, Hebel JR. Elevated levels of proinfammatory cytokines in the semen of patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Urology 1998; 52(5):744-749.
51. Kim SJ, Uehara H, Karashima T, Mccarty M, Shih N, Fidler IJ. Expression of interleukin-8 correlates with angio-genesis, tumorigenicity, and metastasis of human prostate cancer cells implanted orthotopically in nude mice. Neoplasia 2001; 3(1):33-42.
52. Zheng SL, ugustsson-Balter K, Chang B et al. Sequence variants of toll-like receptor 4 are associated with prostate cancer risk: results from the Cancer Prostate in Sweden Study. Cancer Res 2004; 64(8):2918-2922.
53. Sun J, Wiklund F, Zheng SL et al. Sequence variants in Tolllike receptor gene cluster (TLR6-TLR1-TLR10) and prostate cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005; 97(7):525-532.
54. Burnet FM. Immunological surveillance in neoplasia. Transplant Rev 1971; 7:3-25.
55. Langowski JL, Zhang X, Wu L et al. IL-23 promotes tumour incidence and growth. Nature 2006; 442(7101):461-465.
56. O'Byrne KJ, Dalgleish AG. Chronic immune activation and infammation as the cause of malignancy. Br J Cancer 2001; 85(4):473-483.
57. Balkwill F, Mantovani A. Infammation and cancer: back to Virchow? Lancet 2001; 357(9255):539-545.
58. Beutler BA. The role of tumor necrosis factor in health and disease. J Rheumatol Suppl 1999; 57:16-21.
59. Mizokami A, Gotoh A, Yamada H, Keller ET, Matsumoto T. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha represses androgen sensitivity in the LNCaP prostate cancer cell line. J Urol 2000; 164(3 Pt 1):800-805.
60. Li Q, Verma IM. NF-kappaB regulation in the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol 2002; 2(10):725-734.
61. Naugler WE, Karin M. NF-kappaB and cancer-identifying targets and mechanisms. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2008; 18(1): 19-26.
62. Luo JL, Tan W, Ricono JM et al. Nuclear cytokine-activated IKKalpha controls prostate cancer metastasis by repressing Maspin. Nature 2007; 446(7136):690-694.
63. Breen EC. VEGF in biological control. J Cell Biochem 2007; 102(6):1358-1367.
64. Aita M, Fasola G, Defferrari C et al. Targeting the VEGF pathway: Antiangiogenic strategies in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2008; 68(3):183-196.
65. Kollermann J, Helpap B. Expression of vascular endothe-lial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor Flk-1 in benign, premalignant, and malignant prostate tissue. Am J Clin Pathol 2001; 116(1):115-121.
66. Ito R, Kitadai Y, Kyo E et al. Interleukin 1 alpha acts as an autocrine growth stimulator for human gastric carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 1993; 53(17):4102-4106.
67. Bar-Eli M. Role of interleukin-8 in tumor growth and metastasis of human melanoma. Pathobiology 1999; 67(1):12-18.
68. Brigati C, Noonan DM, Albini A, Benelli R. Tumors and infammatory infltrates: friends or foes? Clin Exp Metastasis 2002; 19(3):247-258.
69. Xie K. Interleukin-8 and human cancer biology. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2001; 12(4):375-391.
70. Coussens LM, Werb Z. Infammation and cancer. Nature 2002; 420(6917):860-867.
71. Moore BB, Arenberg DA, Stoy K et al. Distinct CXC chemokines mediate tumorigenicity of prostate cancer cells. Am J Pathol 1999; 154(5):1503-1512.
72. Parsons JK, Nelson CP, Gage WR, Nelson WG, Kensler TW, De Marzo AM. GSTA1 expression in normal, preneo-plastic, and neoplastic human prostate tissue. Prostate 2001; 49(1):30-37.
73. Kovacic P, Jacintho JD. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis: focus on oxidative stress and electron transfer. Curr Med Chem 2001; 8(7):773-796.
74. Sawa T, Ohshima H. Nitrative DNA damage in infamma-tion and its possible role in carcinogenesis. Nitric Oxide 2006; 14(2):91-100.
75. Zidek Z. Role of cytokines in the modulation of nitric oxide production by cyclic AMP. Eur Cytokine Netw 2001; 12(1):22-32.
76. Shen Z, Wu W, Hazen SL. Activated leukocytes oxidatively damage DNA, RNA, and the nucleotide pool through halide-dependent formation of hydroxyl radical. Biochemistry 2000; 39(18):5474-5482.
77. Hayes JD, Pulford DJ. The glutathione S-transferase super-gene family: regulation of GST and the contribution of the isoenzymes to cancer chemoprotection and drug resistance. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 1995; 30(6):445-600.
78. Nelson WG, De Marzo AM, Deweese TL. The molecular pathogenesis of prostate cancer: implications for prostate cancer prevention. Urology 2001; 57(4 Suppl 1):39-45.
79. Bostwick DG, Alexander EE, Singh R et al. Antioxidant enzyme expression and reactive oxygen species damage in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and cancer. Cancer 2000; 89(1):123-134.
80. Ripple MO, Henry WF, Rago RP, Wilding G. Prooxidant-antioxidant shift induced by androgen treatment of human prostate carcinoma cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997; 89(1): 40-48.
81. Hirst DG, Robson T. Nitrosative stress in cancer therapy. Front Biosci 2007; 12:3406-3418.
82. Jackson AL, Loeb LA. The contribution of endogenous sources of DNA damage to the multiple mutations in cancer. Mutat Res 2001; 477(1-2):7-21.
83. Uchida K. A lipid-derived endogenous inducer of COX-2: a bridge between infammation and oxidative stress. Mol Cells 2008; 25(3):347-351.
84. Lu Y, Wahl LM. Oxidative stress augments the production of matrix metalloproteinase-1, cyclooxygenase-2, and prostaglandin E2 through enhancement of NF-kappa B activity in lipopolysaccharide-activated human primary monocytes. J Immunol 2005; 175(8):5423-5429.
85. Fosslien E. Molecular pathology of cyclooxygenase-2 in neoplasia. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2000; 30(1):3-21.
86. Cao Y, Prescott SM. Many actions of cyclooxygenase-2 in cellular dynamics and in cancer. J Cell Physiol 2002; 190(3):279-286.
87. Gately S, Li WW. Multiple roles of COX-2 in tumor angio-genesis: a target for antiangiogenic therapy. Semin Oncol 2004; 31(2 Suppl 7):2-11.
88. Zha S, Gage WR, Sauvageot J et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 is up-regulated in proliferative infammatory atrophy of the prostate, but not in prostate carcinoma. Cancer Res 2001; 61(24):8617-8623.
89. Kirschenbaum A, Liu X, Yao S, Levine AC. The role of cyclooxygenase-2 in prostate cancer. Urology 2001; 58(2 Suppl 1):127-131.
90. Sheng H, Shao J, Morrow JD, Beauchamp RD, DuBois RN. Modulation of apoptosis and Bcl-2 expression by prostaglandin E2 in human colon cancer cells. Cancer Res 1998; 58(2):362-366.
91. Narayanan BA, Narayanan NK, Pittman B, Reddy BS. Regression of mouse prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia by nonsteroidal anti-infammatory drugs in the transgenic adenocarcinoma mouse prostate model. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10(22):7727-7737.
92. Narayanan BA, Narayanan NK, Pttman B, Reddy BS. Adenocarcina of the mouse prostate growth inhibition by celecoxib: downregulation of transcription factors involved in COX-2 inhibition. Prostate 2006; 66(3):257-265.
93. Le NT, Xue M, Castelnoble LA, Jackson CJ. The dual personalities of matrix metalloproteinases in infammation. Front Biosci 2007; 12:1475-1487.
94. Dieli F, Vermijlen D, Fulfaro F et al. Targeting human {gamma}{delta} T cells with zoledronate and interleukin-2 for immunotherapy of hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2007; 67(15):7450-7457.
95. Kottke T, Sanchez-Perez L, Diaz RM et al. Induction of hsp70-mediated Th17 autoimmunity can be exploited as immunotherapy for metastatic prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2007; 67(24):11970-11979.
96. Harris RE, Beebe-Donk J, Alshafe GA. Cancer chemo-prevention by cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) blockade: results of case control studies. Subcell Biochem 2007; 42:193-212.
97. Harris RE, Beebe-Donk J, Doss H, Burr DD. Aspirin, ibuprofen, and other non-steroidal anti-infammatory drugs in cancer prevention: a critical review of non-selective COX-2 blockade (review). Oncol Rep 2005; 13(4):559-583.
98. Smith MR, Manola J, Kaufman DS, Oh WK, Bubley GJ, Kantoff PW. Celecoxib versus placebo for men with prostate cancer and a rising serum prostate-specifc antigen after radical prostatectomy and/or radiation therapy. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24(18):2723-2728.
99. Pruthi RS, Derksen JE, Moore D et al. Phase II trial of cele-coxib in prostate-specifc antigen recurrent prostate cancer after defnitive radiation therapy or radical prostatectomy. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12(7 Pt 1):2172-2177.
100. Sooriakumaran P, Langley SE, Laing RW, Coley HM. COX-2 inhibition: a possible role in the management of prostate cancer? J Chemother 2007; 19(1):21-32.