Do apolipoprotein e genotype and educational attainment predict the rate of cognitive decline in normal aging? A 12-year follow-up of the maastricht aging study

Neuropsychology

Volumn 26, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 459-472

  Van Gerven, Pascal W M ^a   Van Boxtel, Martin P J ^a   Ausems, Eleonora E B ^a   Bekers, Otto ^b   Jolles, Jelle ^c  

^a MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^c VU UNIVERSITY AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

APOE genotype; Cognitive reserve; Education; Longitudinal design; Normal aging

Indexed keywords

APOLIPOPROTEIN E4; APOLIPOPROTEIN E;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; FOLLOW UP; GENOTYPE; HEALTH; HETEROZYGOSITY; HUMAN; LETTER DIGIT SUBSTITUTION TEST; LONG TERM MEMORY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MENTAL HEALTH; MINI MENTAL STATE EXAMINATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOLOGIC TEST; SHORT FORM 36; STROOP TEST; VERBAL LEARNING TEST; AGING; ATTENTION; FEMALE; GENETICS; LEARNING; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; PHYSIOLOGY; PREDICTIVE VALUE; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOLOGICAL RATING SCALE; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; TIME;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; AGING; APOLIPOPROTEINS E; ATTENTION; COGNITION DISORDERS; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; FEMALE; GENOTYPE; HUMANS; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; TIME FACTORS; VERBAL LEARNING;

EID: 84871685052     PISSN: 08944105     EISSN: 19311559     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0028685     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Aarts, S., Van den Akker, M., Tan, F. E. S., Verhey, F. R. J., Metsemakers, J. F. M., & Van Boxtel, M. P. J. (2011). Influence of multimorbidity on cognition in a normal aging population: A 12-year follow-up in the Maastricht Aging Study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 26, 1046-1053. doi:10.1002/gps.2642
2. Anstey, K., & Christensen, H. (2000). Education, activity, health, blood pressure and apolipoprotein E as predictors of cognitive change in old age: A review. Gerontology, 46, 163-177. doi:10.1159/000022153
3. Arrindell, W. A., & Ettema, J. H. M. (1986). SCL-90: Handleiding bij een multidemensionele psycholpathologie indicator [SCL-90: Manual to a multidimensional psychopathology indicator]. Lisse, the Netherlands: Swetz & Zeitlinger.
4. Baars, M. A. E., Van Boxtel, M. P. J., Dijkstra, J. B., Visser, P. J., Van den Akker, M., Verhey, F. R. J., & Jolles, J. (2009). Predictive value of mild cognitive impairment for dementia: The influence of case definition and age. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 27, 173-181. doi:10.1159/000200465
5. Bekers, O., Op den Buijsch, R. A. M., De Vries, J. E., Wijnen, P., & Van Dieijen-Visser, M. P. (2002). Capillary electrophoretic detection in apolipoprotein E genotyping. Electrophoresis, 23, 1878-1881. doi:10.1002/1522-2683(200206)23:12<1878::AID-ELPS1878>3.0.CO; 2-G
6. Brand, N., & Jolles, J. (1985). Learning and retrieval rate of words presented auditorily and visually. Journal of General Psychology, 112, 201-210. doi:10.1080/00221309.1985.9711004
7. Christensen, H., Anstey, K. J., Parslow, R. A., Maller, J., Mackinnon, A., & Sachdev, P. (2007). The brain reserve hypothesis, brain atrophy and aging. Gerontology, 53, 82-95. doi:10.1159/000096482
8. Comijs, H. C., Jonker, C., Beekman, A. T. F., & Deeg, D. J. H. (2001). The association between depressive symptoms and cognitive decline in community-dwelling elderly persons. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16, 361-367. doi:10.1002/gps.343
9. Corder, E. H., Saunders, A. M., Strittmatter, W. J., Schmechel, D. E., Gaskell, P. C., Small, G. W.,... Pericak-Vance, M. A. (1993). Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type-4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in late onset families. Science, 261, 921-923. doi:10.1126/ science.8346443
10. Dallinga-Thie, G. M., Van Tol, A., Hattori, H., Rensen, P. C. N., & Sijbrands, E. J. G. (2006). Plasma phospholipid transfer protein activity is decreased in Type 2 diabetes during treatment with atorvastatin: A role for apolipoprotein E? Diabetes, 55, 1491-1496. doi:10.2337/db05- 1685
11. De Bie, S. E. (1987). Standaardvragen 1987: Voorstellen voor uniformering van vraagstellingen naar achtergrondkenmerken en interviews [Standard questions 1987: Proposal for uniformization of questions regarding background variables and interviews] (2nd ed.). Leiden, the Netherlands: Leiden University Press.
12. Dik, M. G., Deeg, D. J. H., Bouter, L. M., Corder, E. H., Kok, A., & Jonker, C. (2000). Stroke and apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 are independent risk factors for cognitive decline: A population-based study. Stroke, 31, 2431-2436. doi:10.1161/01.STR.31.10.2431
13. Eisenberg, D. T. A., Kuzawa, C. W., & Hayes, M. G. (2010). Worldwide allele frequencies of the human apolipoprotein E gene: Climate, local adaptations, and evolutionary history. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 143, 100-111. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21298
14. Farrer, L. A., Cupples, L. A., Haines, J. L., Hyman, B., Kukull, W. A., Mayeux, R.,... Van Duijn, C. M. (1997). Effects of age, sex, and ethnicity on the association between apolipoprotein E genotype and Alzheimer disease: A meta-analysis. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 278, 1349 -1356. doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03550160069041
15. Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). "Mini-mental state": A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189 -198. doi:10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6
16. Jolles, J., Houx, P. J., Van Boxtel, M. P. J., & Ponds, R. W. H. M. (Eds.). (1995). The Maastricht Aging Study: Determinants of cognitive aging. Maastricht, the Netherlands: NeuroPsych Publishers.
17. Jorm, A. F., Mather, K. A., Butterworth, P., Anstey, K. J., Christensen, H., & Easteal, S. (2007). APOE genotype and cognitive functioning in a large age-stratified population sample. Neuropsychology, 21, 1-8. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.21.1.1
18. Kalmijn, S., Feskens, E. J. M., Launer, L. J., & Kromhout, D. (1997). Longitudinal study of the effect of apolipoprotein e4 allele on the association between education and cognitive decline in elderly men. British Medical Journal, 314, 34-35. doi:10.1136/bmj.314.7073.34
19. Liu, F., Pardo, L. M., Schuur, M., Sanchez-Juan, P., Isaacs, A., Sleegers, K.,... Van Duijn, C. M. (2010). The apolipoprotein E gene and its age-specific effects on cognitive function. Neurobiology of Aging, 31, 1831-1833. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.015
20. Mahley, R. W. (1988). Apolipoprotein E: Cholesterol transport protein with expanding role in cell biology. Science, 240, 622-630. doi:10.1126/science.3283935
21. Mayeux, R., Small, S. A., Tang, M. X., Tycko, B., & Stern, Y. (2001). Memory performance in healthy elderly without Alzheimer's disease: Effects of time and apolipoprotein-E. Neurobiology of Aging, 22, 683- 689. doi:10.1016/S0197-4580(01)00223-8
22. Meijer, W. A., De Groot, R. H. M., Van Gerven, P. W. M., Van Boxtel, M. P. J., & Jolles, J. (2009). Level of processing and reaction time in young and middle-aged adults and the effect of education. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 21, 216 -234. doi:10.1080/ 09541440802091780
23. Meijer, W. A., Van Boxtel, M. P. J., Van Gerven, P. W. M., Van Hooren, S. A. H., & Jolles, J. (2009). Interaction effects of education and health status on cognitive change: A 6-year follow-up of the Maastricht Aging Study. Aging & Mental Health, 13, 521-529. doi:10.1080/ 13607860902860821
24. Metsemakers, J. F. M., Höppener, P., Knottnerus, J. A., Kocken, R. J. J., & Limonard, C. B. G. (1992). Computerized health information in the Netherlands: A registration network of family practices. British Journal of General Practice, 42, 102-106.
25. Reitan, R. M. (1958). The validity of the Trail Making Test as an indicator of organic brain damage. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 8, 271-276. doi:10.2466/PMS.8.7.271-276
26. Rey, A. (1958). L'examin clinique en psychologie. Paris, France: Presses Universitaires de France.
27. Seeman, T. E., Huang, M.-H., Bretsky, P., Crimmins, E., Launer, L., & Guralnik, J. M. (2005). Education and APOE-e4 in longitudinal cognitive decline: MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging. Journals of Gerontology: Series B. Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 60, P74-P83. doi:10.1093/geronb/60.2.P74
28. Small, B. J., Rosnick, C. B., Fratiglioni, L., & Bäckman, L. (2004). Apolipoprotein E and cognitive performance: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 19, 592-600. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.19.4.592
29. Smith, A. (1982). Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT): Manual (Rev. ed.). Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
30. Staff, R. T., Murray, A. D., Deary, I. J., & Whalley, L. J. (2004). What provides cerebral reserve? Brain, 127, 1191-1199. doi:10.1093/brain/ awh144
31. Stern, Y. (2002). What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 8, 448-460. doi:10.1017/S1355617702813248
32. Stern, Y. (2009). Cognitive reserve. Neuropsychologia, 47, 2015-2028. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.004
33. Stroop, J. P. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 643- 662. doi:10.1037/ h0054651
34. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (1976). International standard classification of education (ISCED). Paris, France: Author.
35. Van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M., Van Boxtel, M. P. J., Bosma, H., Houx, P. J., Buntinx, F., & Jolles, J. (2002). Predictors of attrition in a longitudinal cognitive aging study: The Maastricht Aging Study (MAAS). Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 55, 216 -223. doi:10.1016/S0895-4356(01) 00473-5
36. Van Boxtel, M. P. J., Buntinx, F., Houx, P. J., Metsemakers, J. F. M., Knottnerus, J. A., & Jolles, J. (1998). The relation between morbidity and cognitive performance in a normal aging population. Journals of Gerontology: Series A. Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 53, M146-M154. doi:10.1093/gerona/53A.2.M147
37. Van der Elst, W., Van Boxtel, M. P. J., Van Breukelen, G. J. P., & Jolles, J. (2005). Rey's Verbal Learning Test: Normative data for 1855 healthy participants aged 24-81 years and the influence of age, sex, education, and mode of presentation. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 11, 290-302. doi:10.1017/S1355617705050344
38. Van der Elst, W., Van Boxtel, M. P. J., Van Breukelen, G. J. P., & Jolles, J. (2006a). The Stroop Color-Word Test: Influence of age, sex, and education; and normative data for a large sample across the adult age range. Assessment, 13, 62-79. doi:10.1177/1073191105283427
39. Van der Elst, W., Van Boxtel, M. P. J., Van Breukelen, G. J. P., & Jolles, J. (2006b). The Concept Shifting Test: Adult normative data. Psychological Assessment, 18, 424-432. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.18.4.424
40. Van der Elst, W., Van Boxtel, M. P. J., Van Breukelen, G. J. P., & Jolles, J. (2006c). The Letter-Digit Substitution Test: Normative data for 1,858 healthy participants aged 24-81 from the Maastricht Aging Study (MAAS): Influence of age, education, and sex. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 28, 998 -1009. doi:10.1080/ 13803390591004428
41. Van der Zee, K. I., Sanderman, R., Heyink, J. W., & De Haes, H. (1996). Psychometric qualities of the RAND 36-item health survey 1.0: A multidimensional measure of general health status. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 3, 104 -122. doi:10.1207/ s15327558ijbm0302_2
42. Van Dijk, K. R. A., Van Gerven, P. W. M., Van Boxtel, M. P. J., Van der Elst, W., & Jolles, J. (2008). No protective effects of education during normal cognitive aging: Results from the 6-year follow-up of the Maastricht Aging Study. Psychology and Aging, 23, 119-130. doi:10.1037/ 0882-7974.23.1.119
43. Van Gerven, P. W. M., Meijer, W. A., & Jolles, J. (2007). Education does not protect against age-related decline of switching focal attention in working memory. Brain and Cognition, 64, 158-163. doi:10.1016/ j.bandc.2007.02.005
44. Vink, M., & Jolles, J. (1985). A new version of the Trail Making Test as an information processing task. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 7, 162.
45. Wahlin, Å. (2004). Health, disease, and cognitive functioning in old age. In R. A. Dixon, L. Bäckman, & L.-G. Nilsson (Eds.), New frontiers in cognitive aging (pp. 279-302). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525691.003.0014
46. Wahlin, Å., Maitland, S. B., Bäckman, L., & Dixon, R. A. (2003). Interrelations between subjective health and episodic memory change in Swedish and Canadian samples of older adults. The International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 57, 21-35. doi:10.2190/9VAAKMYV-U2HU-PVAW
47. Ware, J. E., & Sherbourne, C. D. (1992). The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Medical Care, 30, 473-483. doi:10.1097/00005650-199206000-00002
48. Wechsler, D. (1945). A standardized memory test for clinical use. Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 19, 87-95. doi:10.1080/ 00223980.1945.9917223
49. Winkens, B., Schouten, H. J. A., Van Breukelen, G. J. P., & Berger, M. P. F. (2006). Optimal number of repeated measures and group sizes in clinical trials with linearly divergent treatment effects. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 27, 57-69. doi:10.1016/j.cct.2005.09.005
50. Wisdom, N. M., Callahan, J. L., & Hawkins, K. A. (2011). The effects of apolipoprotein E on non-impaired cognitive functioning: A meta-analysis. Neurobiology of Aging, 32, 63-74. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.02.003
51. Yau, K. K. W., & Kuk, A. Y. C. (2002). Robust estimation in generalized linear mixed models. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B. Statistical Methodology, 64, 101-117. doi:10.1111/1467-9868.00327