메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 21, Issue 2-3, 2009, Pages 216-234

Level of processing and reaction time in young and middle-aged adults and the effect of education

Author keywords

Ageing; Education; Reaction time

Indexed keywords


EID: 62249169910     PISSN: 09541446     EISSN: 14640635     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09541440802091780     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (16)

References (59)
  • 1
    • 0027614202 scopus 로고
    • Influence of age and processing stage on visual word recognition
    • Allen, P. A., Madden, D. J., Weber, T. A., & Groth, K. E. (1993). Influence of age and processing stage on visual word recognition. Psychology and Aging, 8, 274-282.
    • (1993) Psychology and Aging , vol.8 , pp. 274-282
    • Allen, P.A.1    Madden, D.J.2    Weber, T.A.3    Groth, K.E.4
  • 2
    • 0034113888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Education, activity, health, blood pressure and apolipoprotein E as predictors of cognitive change in old age: A review
    • Anstey, K., & Christensen, H. (2000). Education, activity, health, blood pressure and apolipoprotein E as predictors of cognitive change in old age: A review. Gerontology, 46(3), 163-177.
    • (2000) Gerontology , vol.46 , Issue.3 , pp. 163-177
    • Anstey, K.1    Christensen, H.2
  • 3
  • 4
    • 21544455887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lifespan psychology: Theory and application to intellectual functioning
    • Baltes, P. B., Staudinger, U. M., & Lindenberger, U. (1999). Lifespan psychology: Theory and application to intellectual functioning. Annual Review of Psychology, 50, 471-507.
    • (1999) Annual Review of Psychology , vol.50 , pp. 471-507
    • Baltes, P.B.1    Staudinger, U.M.2    Lindenberger, U.3
  • 5
    • 0033013150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ERP manifestations of processing printed words at different psycholinguistic levels: Time course and scalp distribution
    • Bentin, S., Mouchetant-Rostaing, Y., Giard, M. H., Echallier, J. F., & Pernier, J. (1999). ERP manifestations of processing printed words at different psycholinguistic levels: Time course and scalp distribution. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 11, 235-260.
    • (1999) Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , vol.11 , pp. 235-260
    • Bentin, S.1    Mouchetant-Rostaing, Y.2    Giard, M.H.3    Echallier, J.F.4    Pernier, J.5
  • 8
    • 62249185596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Buchner, A, Faul, F, & Erdfelder, E, 1992, GPOWER: A priori, post hoc, and compromise power analyses for the Macintosh Version 2.1, Bonn, Germany: Bonn University
    • Buchner, A., Faul, F., & Erdfelder, E. (1992). GPOWER: A priori-, post hoc-, and compromise power analyses for the Macintosh (Version 2.1). Bonn, Germany: Bonn University.
  • 9
    • 0006721232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does education influence the age-related cognitive decline? A further inquiry
    • Capitani, E., Barbarotto, R., & Laiacona, M. (1996). Does education influence the age-related cognitive decline? A further inquiry. Developmental Neuropsychology, 12, 231-240.
    • (1996) Developmental Neuropsychology , vol.12 , pp. 231-240
    • Capitani, E.1    Barbarotto, R.2    Laiacona, M.3
  • 10
    • 0031932521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Domain-specific knowledge systems in the brain the animate-inanimate distinction
    • Caramazza, A., & Shelton, J. R. (1998). Domain-specific knowledge systems in the brain the animate-inanimate distinction. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 10, 1-34.
    • (1998) Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , vol.10 , pp. 1-34
    • Caramazza, A.1    Shelton, J.R.2
  • 13
    • 0033551472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relation of education to brain size in normal aging: Implications for the reserve hypothesis
    • Coffey, C. E., Saxton, J. A., Ratcliff, G., Bryan, R. N., & Lucke, J. F. (1999). Relation of education to brain size in normal aging: Implications for the reserve hypothesis. Neurology, 53, 189-196.
    • (1999) Neurology , vol.53 , pp. 189-196
    • Coffey, C.E.1    Saxton, J.A.2    Ratcliff, G.3    Bryan, R.N.4    Lucke, J.F.5
  • 14
    • 0025902150 scopus 로고
    • Longitudinal application of cognitive function measures in a defined population of community-dwelling elders
    • Colsher, P. L., & Wallace, R. B. (1991). Longitudinal application of cognitive function measures in a defined population of community-dwelling elders. Annals of Epidemiology, 1(3), 215-230.
    • (1991) Annals of Epidemiology , vol.1 , Issue.3 , pp. 215-230
    • Colsher, P.L.1    Wallace, R.B.2
  • 16
  • 20
    • 0028876533 scopus 로고
    • Education and change in cognitive function: The Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study
    • Farmer, M. E., Kittner, S. J., Rae, D. S., Bartko, J. J., & Regier, D. A. (1995). Education and change in cognitive function: The Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. Annals of Epidemiology, 5(1), 1-7.
    • (1995) Annals of Epidemiology , vol.5 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-7
    • Farmer, M.E.1    Kittner, S.J.2    Rae, D.S.3    Bartko, J.J.4    Regier, D.A.5
  • 21
    • 0029068188 scopus 로고
    • Structural equation model of intellectual change and continuity and predictors of intelligence in older men
    • Gold, D. P., Andres, D., Etezadi, J., Arbuckle, T., Schwartzman, A., & Chaikelson, J. (1995). Structural equation model of intellectual change and continuity and predictors of intelligence in older men. Psychology and Aging, 10, 294-303.
    • (1995) Psychology and Aging , vol.10 , pp. 294-303
    • Gold, D.P.1    Andres, D.2    Etezadi, J.3    Arbuckle, T.4    Schwartzman, A.5    Chaikelson, J.6
  • 22
    • 0002342772 scopus 로고
    • Are neurons of the human cerebral cortex really lost during aging? A morphometric examination
    • J. Traber & W. H. Gispen Eds, New York: Springer-Verlag
    • Haug, H. (1985). Are neurons of the human cerebral cortex really lost during aging? A morphometric examination. In J. Traber & W. H. Gispen (Eds.), Senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (pp. 150-163). New York: Springer-Verlag.
    • (1985) Senile dementia of the Alzheimer type , pp. 150-163
    • Haug, H.1
  • 23
    • 0001900005 scopus 로고
    • Differences in neuropsychological test performance associated with age, education, and sex
    • I. Grant & K. M. Adams Eds, New York: Oxford University Press
    • Heaton, R. K., Grant, I., & Matthews, C. G. (1986). Differences in neuropsychological test performance associated with age, education, and sex. In I. Grant & K. M. Adams (Eds.), Neuropsychological assessment of neuropsychiatric disorders (pp. 100-120). New York: Oxford University Press.
    • (1986) Neuropsychological assessment of neuropsychiatric disorders , pp. 100-120
    • Heaton, R.K.1    Grant, I.2    Matthews, C.G.3
  • 24
    • 0027546505 scopus 로고
    • Age-related decline of psychomotor speed: Effects of age, brain health, sex, and education
    • Houx, P. J., & Jolles, J. (1993). Age-related decline of psychomotor speed: Effects of age, brain health, sex, and education. Perceptual Motor Skills, 76, 195-211.
    • (1993) Perceptual Motor Skills , vol.76 , pp. 195-211
    • Houx, P.J.1    Jolles, J.2
  • 25
    • 0027425633 scopus 로고
    • Stroop interference: Aging effects assessed with the Stroop Color-Word Test
    • Houx, P. J., Jolles, J., & Vreeling, F. W. (1993). Stroop interference: Aging effects assessed with the Stroop Color-Word Test. Experimental Aging Research, 19, 209-224.
    • (1993) Experimental Aging Research , vol.19 , pp. 209-224
    • Houx, P.J.1    Jolles, J.2    Vreeling, F.W.3
  • 26
    • 0003513154 scopus 로고
    • Jolles, J, Houx, P, van Boxtel, M. P, & Ponds, R. W, Eds, Maastricht: Neuropsych Publishers
    • Jolles, J., Houx, P., van Boxtel, M. P., & Ponds, R. W. (Eds.).(1995). Maastricht Aging Study: Determinants of cognitive aging. Maastricht: Neuropsych Publishers.
    • (1995) Maastricht Aging Study: Determinants of cognitive aging
  • 29
    • 0021925656 scopus 로고
    • Age-related slowing in the retrieval of information from long-term memory
    • Madden, D. J. (1985). Age-related slowing in the retrieval of information from long-term memory. Journal of Gerontology, 40, 208-210.
    • (1985) Journal of Gerontology , vol.40 , pp. 208-210
    • Madden, D.J.1
  • 30
    • 0026552459 scopus 로고
    • Four to ten milliseconds per year: Age-related slowing of visual word identification
    • Madden, D. J. (1992). Four to ten milliseconds per year: Age-related slowing of visual word identification. Journal of Gerontology, 47(2), P59-P68.
    • (1992) Journal of Gerontology , vol.47 , Issue.2
    • Madden, D.J.1
  • 31
    • 0027767882 scopus 로고
    • Age-related slowing and the time course of semantic priming in visual word identification
    • Madden, D. J., Pierce, T. W., & Allen, P. A. (1993). Age-related slowing and the time course of semantic priming in visual word identification. Psychology and Aging, 8, 490-507.
    • (1993) Psychology and Aging , vol.8 , pp. 490-507
    • Madden, D.J.1    Pierce, T.W.2    Allen, P.A.3
  • 32
    • 0037810244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Constraining questions about the organisation and representation of conceptual knowledge
    • Mahon, B. Z., & Caramazza, A. (2003). Constraining questions about the organisation and representation of conceptual knowledge. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 20, 433-450.
    • (2003) Cognitive Neuropsychology , vol.20 , pp. 433-450
    • Mahon, B.Z.1    Caramazza, A.2
  • 33
    • 62249123550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mares, A. M. H. M, Ed, Yearbook education in numbers, Voorburg/Heerlen, the Netherlands: Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek
    • Mares, A. M. H. M. (Ed.). (2004). Jaarboek onderwijs in cijfers [Yearbook education in numbers]. Voorburg/Heerlen, the Netherlands: Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek.
    • (2004) Jaarboek onderwijs in cijfers
  • 34
    • 85046520133 scopus 로고
    • Sequential and coordinative complexity: Age-based processing limitations in figural transformations
    • Mayr, U., & Kliegl, R. (1993). Sequential and coordinative complexity: Age-based processing limitations in figural transformations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 19, 1297-1320.
    • (1993) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , vol.19 , pp. 1297-1320
    • Mayr, U.1    Kliegl, R.2
  • 35
    • 0025501969 scopus 로고
    • The information-loss model: A mathematical theory of age-related cognitive slowing
    • Myerson, J., Hale, S., Wagstaff, D., Poon, L. W., & Smith, G. A. (1990). The information-loss model: A mathematical theory of age-related cognitive slowing. Psychological Review, 97, 475-487.
    • (1990) Psychological Review , vol.97 , pp. 475-487
    • Myerson, J.1    Hale, S.2    Wagstaff, D.3    Poon, L.W.4    Smith, G.A.5
  • 36
    • 0020544970 scopus 로고
    • Adult age differences in accessing and retrieving information from long-term memory
    • Petros, T. V., Zehr, D., & Chabot, R. (1983). Adult age differences in accessing and retrieving information from long-term memory. Journal of Gerontology, 38, 589-592.
    • (1983) Journal of Gerontology , vol.38 , pp. 589-592
    • Petros, T.V.1    Zehr, D.2    Chabot, R.3
  • 37
    • 1542284194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From orthography to phonetics: ERP measures of grapheme-to-phoneme conversion mechanisms in reading
    • Proverbio, A. M., Vecchi, L., & Zani, A. (2004). From orthography to phonetics: ERP measures of grapheme-to-phoneme conversion mechanisms in reading. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16, 301-317.
    • (2004) Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , vol.16 , pp. 301-317
    • Proverbio, A.M.1    Vecchi, L.2    Zani, A.3
  • 38
    • 0041696567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do clever brains age more slowly? Further exploration of a nun result
    • Rabbitt, P., Chetwynd, A., & McInnes, L. (2003). Do clever brains age more slowly? Further exploration of a nun result. British Journal of Psychology, 94, 63-71.
    • (2003) British Journal of Psychology , vol.94 , pp. 63-71
    • Rabbitt, P.1    Chetwynd, A.2    McInnes, L.3
  • 39
    • 0030194684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition
    • Salthouse, T. A. (1996). The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition. Psychological Review, 103, 403-428.
    • (1996) Psychological Review , vol.103 , pp. 403-428
    • Salthouse, T.A.1
  • 40
    • 0003688881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Schaie, K. W, Ed, New York: Cambridge University Press
    • Schaie, K. W. (Ed.).(1996). Intellectual development in adulthood. New York: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1996) Intellectual development in adulthood
  • 41
    • 0030732235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of intelligence and education on the development of dementia: A test of the brain reserve hypothesis
    • Schmand, B., Smit, J. H., Geerlings, M. I., & Lindeboom, J. (1997). The effects of intelligence and education on the development of dementia: A test of the brain reserve hypothesis. Psychological Medicine, 27, 1337-1344.
    • (1997) Psychological Medicine , vol.27 , pp. 1337-1344
    • Schmand, B.1    Smit, J.H.2    Geerlings, M.I.3    Lindeboom, J.4
  • 42
    • 62249126923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Schneider, W.', Eschman, A., & Zuccolotto, A. (Eds.).(2002). E-prime user's guide (Version 1.0). Pittsburgh, PA: Psychology Software Tools.
    • Schneider, W.', Eschman, A., & Zuccolotto, A. (Eds.).(2002). E-prime user's guide (Version 1.0). Pittsburgh, PA: Psychology Software Tools.
  • 43
    • 0346384291 scopus 로고
    • Controlled and automatic human processing: 1. Detection, search, and attention
    • Schneider, W., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1977). Controlled and automatic human processing: 1. Detection, search, and attention. Psychological Review, 84, 1-66.
    • (1977) Psychological Review , vol.84 , pp. 1-66
    • Schneider, W.1    Shiffrin, R.M.2
  • 44
    • 0024747015 scopus 로고
    • A distributed, developmental model of word recognition and naming
    • Seidenberg, M. S., & McClelland, J. L. (1989). A distributed, developmental model of word recognition and naming. Psychological Review, 96, 523-568.
    • (1989) Psychological Review , vol.96 , pp. 523-568
    • Seidenberg, M.S.1    McClelland, J.L.2
  • 45
    • 30544445655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does normal processing provide evidence of specialized semantic subsystems?
    • Shapiro, L. R., & Olson, A. C. (2005). Does normal processing provide evidence of specialized semantic subsystems? Language and Cognitive Processes, 20, 697-724.
    • (2005) Language and Cognitive Processes , vol.20 , pp. 697-724
    • Shapiro, L.R.1    Olson, A.C.2
  • 47
    • 0036218635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept
    • Stern, Y. (2002). What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 8, 448-460.
    • (2002) Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , vol.8 , pp. 448-460
    • Stern, Y.1
  • 48
    • 62249167652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The development of intelligence at midlife
    • M. E. Lachman Ed, New York: Wiley
    • Sternberg, S., Grigorenko, E. L., & Oh, S. (2001). The development of intelligence at midlife. In M. E. Lachman (Ed.), Handbook of midlife development (pp. 217-248). New York: Wiley.
    • (2001) Handbook of midlife development , pp. 217-248
    • Sternberg, S.1    Grigorenko, E.L.2    Oh, S.3
  • 50
    • 0036427935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional frontal cortical volumes decrease differentially in aging: An MRI study to compare volumetric approaches and voxel-based morphometry
    • Tisserand, D. J., Pruessner, J. C., Sanz Arigita, E. J., van Boxtel, M. P., Evans, A. C., Jolles, J., & Uylings, H. B. M. (2002). Regional frontal cortical volumes decrease differentially in aging: An MRI study to compare volumetric approaches and voxel-based morphometry. NeuroImage, 17, 657-669.
    • (2002) NeuroImage , vol.17 , pp. 657-669
    • Tisserand, D.J.1    Pruessner, J.C.2    Sanz Arigita, E.J.3    van Boxtel, M.P.4    Evans, A.C.5    Jolles, J.6    Uylings, H.B.M.7
  • 53
    • 33644891613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Normative data for the Animal, Profession and Letter M Naming verbal fluency tests for Dutch speaking participants and the effects of age, education, and sex
    • Van der Elst, W., van Boxtel, M. P., van Breukelen, G. J., & Jolles, J. (2006a). Normative data for the Animal, Profession and Letter M Naming verbal fluency tests for Dutch speaking participants and the effects of age, education, and sex. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 12, 80-89.
    • (2006) Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , vol.12 , pp. 80-89
    • Van der Elst, W.1    van Boxtel, M.P.2    van Breukelen, G.J.3    Jolles, J.4
  • 54
    • 33744513790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Stroop colorword test: Influence of age, sex, and education, and normative data for a large sample across the adult age range
    • Van der Elst, W., van Boxtel, M. P., van Breukelen, G. J., & Jolles, J. (2006b). The Stroop colorword test: Influence of age, sex, and education, and normative data for a large sample across the adult age range. Assessment, 13, 62-79.
    • (2006) Assessment , vol.13 , pp. 62-79
    • Van der Elst, W.1    van Boxtel, M.P.2    van Breukelen, G.J.3    Jolles, J.4
  • 55
    • 43049124802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • No protective effects of education in normal cognitive aging: Results from the 6-year follow-up of the Maastricht Aging Study (MAAS)
    • Van Dijk, K. R. A., van Gerven, P. W. M., van Boxtel, M. P. J., van der Elst, W., & Jolles, J. (2008). No protective effects of education in normal cognitive aging: Results from the 6-year follow-up of the Maastricht Aging Study (MAAS). Psychology and Aging, 23, 119-130.
    • (2008) Psychology and Aging , vol.23 , pp. 119-130
    • Van Dijk, K.R.A.1    van Gerven, P.W.M.2    van Boxtel, M.P.J.3    van der Elst, W.4    Jolles, J.5
  • 56
    • 34250211774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Education does not protect against age-related decline of switching focal attention in working memory
    • Van Gerven, P. W. M., Meijer, W. A., & Jolles, J. (2007). Education does not protect against age-related decline of switching focal attention in working memory. Brain and Cognition, 64, 158-163.
    • (2007) Brain and Cognition , vol.64 , pp. 158-163
    • Van Gerven, P.W.M.1    Meijer, W.A.2    Jolles, J.3
  • 59
    • 34447531314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive trajectories in midlife and cognitive funcioning in old age
    • S. L. Willis & M. Martin Eds, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
    • Willis, S. L., & Schaie, K. W. (2005). Cognitive trajectories in midlife and cognitive funcioning in old age. In S. L. Willis & M. Martin (Eds.), Middle adulthood: A lifespan perspective (pp. 243-277). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    • (2005) Middle adulthood: A lifespan perspective , pp. 243-277
    • Willis, S.L.1    Schaie, K.W.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.