The paradox of the immune response in HIV infection: When inflammation becomes harmful

Clinica Chimica Acta

Volumn 416, Issue , 2013, Pages 96-99

  Ipp, Hayley ^a   Zemlin, Annalise ^a  

^a NATIONAL HEALTH LABORATORY SERVICE   (South Africa)

Author keywords

CD4+ T cells; HIV infection; Immune activation; Inflammation

Indexed keywords

ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; ATORVASTATIN; CYCLOSPORIN A; CYTOKINE; HYDROXYUREA; INTEGRASE INHIBITOR; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID; PREDNISONE; VALGANCICLOVIR;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; APOPTOSIS; CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTE; CELL LOSS; CHRONIC INFLAMMATION; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; FIBROSIS; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; IMMUNE RESPONSE; INFECTION CONTROL; INNATE IMMUNITY; INTESTINE MUCOSA; LYMPHADENOPATHY; MIXED INFECTION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; THROMBOSIS; VIRUS LOAD; VIRUS REACTIVATION;

ANTIGENS, CD4; DISEASE PROGRESSION; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION;

EID: 84871648235     PISSN: 00098981     EISSN: 18733492     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.11.025     Document Type: Review

References (58)

1. Appay V., Sauce D. Immune activation and inflammation in HIV-1 infection: causes and consequences. J Pathol 2008, 214:231-241.
2. Hazenberg M.D., Otto S.A., van Benthem B.H., et al. Persistent immune activation in HIV-1 infection is associated with progression to AIDS. AIDS 2003, 17:1881-1888.
3. Neuhaus J., Jacobs D.R., Baker J.V., et al. Markers of inflammation, coagulation, and renal function are elevated in adults with HIV. J Infect Dis 2010, 201:1788-1795.
4. Dauby N., De Wit S., Delforge M., Necsoi V.C., Clumeck N. Characteristics of non-AIDS-defining malignancies in the HAART era: a clinico-epidemiological study. J Int AIDS Soc 2011, 14:16. 10.1186/1758-2652-14-16.
5. Bonnet F., Burty C., Lewden C., et al. Changes in cancer mortality among HIV-infected patients: the Mortalite 2005 Survey. J Clin Infect Dis 2009, 48:633-639.
6. Deeks S.G., Phillips A.N. HIV infection, antiretroviral treatment, ageing, and non-AIDS related morbidity. Br Med J 2009, 338:a3172.
7. Alimonti J.B., Ball T.B., Fowke K.R. Mechanisms of CD4+ T lymphocyte cell death in human immunodeficiency virus and AIDS. J Gen Virol 2003, 84:1649-1661.
8. Badley A.D., Pilon A.A., Landay A., Lynch D.H. Mechanisms of HIV-associated lymphocyte apoptosis. Blood 2000, 96:2951-2964.
9. Muro-Cacho C.A., Pantaleo G., Fauci A.S. Analysis of apoptosis in lymph nodes of HIV-infected persons. Intensity of apoptosis correlates with the general state of activation of the lymphoid tissue and not with stage of disease or viral burden. J Immunol 1995, 154:5555-5566.
10. Roberts A.I., Devadas S., Zhang X., et al. The role of activation-induced cell death in the differentiation of T-helper-cell subsets. Immunol Res 2003, 28(3):285-293.
11. Van Parijs L., Refaeli Y., Lord J.D., Nelson B.H., Abbas A.K., Baltimore D. Uncoupling IL-2 signals that regulate T cell proliferation, survival, and Fas-mediated activation-induced cell death. Immunity 1999, 11:281-288.
12. Bäumler C.B., Böhler T., Herr I., Benner A., Krammer P.H., Debatin K.M. Activation of the CD95 system in T cells from HIV infected children. Blood 1996, 88:1741-1746.
13. Sloand E.M., Young N.S., Kumar P., Weichold F.F., Sato T., Maciejewski J.P. Role of Fas ligand and receptor in the mechanism of T cell depletion in AIDS: effect on CD4 lymphocyte depletion and HIV replication. Blood 1997, 89:1357-1363.
14. Zauli G., Gibellini D., Secchiero P., et al. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Nef protein sensitizes CD4+ T lymphoid cells to apoptosis via functional up-regulation of the CD95/CD95 ligand pathway. Blood 1999, 93:1000-1010.
15. Campbell G.R., Watkins J.D., Esquieu D., Pasquier E., Loret E.P., Spector S.A. The C terminus of HIV-1 Tat modulates the extent of CD178-mediated apoptosis of T cells. J Biol Chem 2005, 280:38376-38382.
16. Zheng L., Trageser C.L., Willerford D.M., Lenardo M.J. T cell growth cytokines cause the superinduction of molecules mediating antigen-induced T lymphocyte death. J Immunol 1998, 160:763-769.
17. Mueller Y.M., Makar V., Bojczuk P.M., Witek J., Katsikis P.D. IL-15 enhances the function and inhibits CD95/Fas-induced apoptosis of human CD4+ and CD8+ effector-memory T cells. Int Immunol 2003, 15:49-58.
18. Kaplan D., Sieg S. Role of the Fas/Fas ligand apoptotic pathway in HIV type 1 disease. J Virol 1998, 72:6279-6282.
19. Gulow K., Kaminski M., Darvas K., Suss D., Li-Weber M., Krammer P.H. HIV-1 trans-activator of transcription substitutes for oxidative signaling in activation-induced T cell death. J Immunol 2005, 174:5249-5260.
20. Jacotot E., Ravagnan L., Loeffler M., et al. The HIV-1 viral protein R induces apoptosis via a direct effect on the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. J Exp Med 2000, 191:33-46.
21. Basañez G., Zimmerberg J. HIV and apoptosis: death and the mitochondrion. J Exp Med 2001, 193:F11-F14.
22. Rasola A., Gramaglia D., Boccaccio C., Comoglio P.M. Apoptosis enhancement by the HIV-1 Nef protein. J Immunol 2001, 166:81-88.
23. Banda N.K., Bernier J., Kurahara D.K., et al. Crosslinking CD4 by human immunodeficiency virus gp120 primes T cells for activation-induced apoptosis. J Exp Med 1992, 176:1099-1106.
24. Laurent-Crawford A.G., Coccia E., Krust B., Hovanessian A.G. Membrane-expressed HIV envelope glycoprotein heterodimer is a powerful inducer of cell death in uninfected CD4+ target cells. Res Virol 1995, 146:5-17.
25. Sousa A.E., Carneiro J., Meier-Schellersheim M., Grossman Z., Victorino R.M.M. CD4 T cell depletion is linked directly to immune activation in the pathogenesis of HIV-1 and HIV-2 but only indirectly to the viral load. J Immunol 2002, 169:3400-3406.
26. Rey-Cuillé M.A., Berthier J.L., Bomsel-Demontoy M.C., et al. Simian immunodeficiency virus replicates to high levels in Sooty Mangabeys without inducing disease. J Virol 1998, 72:3872-3886.
27. Silvestri G., Sodora D.L., Koup R.A., et al. Nonpathogenic SIV infection of sooty mangabeys is characterized by limited bystander immunopathology despite chronic high-level viremia. Immunity 2003, 18:441-445.
28. El-Sadr W.M., Lundgren J.D., Neaton J. CD4+ count-guided interruption of antiretroviral treatment. N Engl J Med 2006, 355:2283-2296. and other (the SMART Study Group).
29. Cockerham L., Scherzer R., Zolopa A., et al. Association of HIV infection, demographic and cardiovascular risk factors with all-cause mortality in the recent HAART era. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010, 53:102-106.
30. Hunt P.W., Cao H.L., Muzoora C., et al. Impact of CD8+ T-cell activation on CD4+ T-cell recovery and mortality in HIV-infected Ugandans initiating antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2011, 25:2123-2131.
31. Brenchley J.M., Price D.A., Schacker T.W., et al. Microbial translocation is a cause of systemic immune activation in chronic HIV infection. Nat Med 2006, 12:1365-1371.
32. Piconi S., Parisotto S., Rizzardini G., et al. Hydroxychloroquine drastically reduces immune activation in HIV-infected, ART-treated, immunological non responders. Blood 2011, 118:3263-3272.
33. Mehandru S., Poles M.A., Tenner-Racz K., et al. Lack of mucosal immune reconstitution during prolonged treatment of acute and early HIV-1 infection. PLoS Med 2006, 3(12). [PMID: 17147468].
34. Naeger D.M., Martin J.N., Sinclair E., et al. Cytomegalovirus-specific T cells persist at very high levels during long-term antiretroviral treatment of HIV disease. PLoS One 2010, 5. [PMID: 20126452].
35. Hunt P.W., Martin J.N., Sinclair E., et al. Valganciclovir reduces T cell activation in HIV-infected individuals with incomplete CD4+ T cell recovery on antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis 2011, 203:1474-1483.
36. Buzón M., Massanella M., Llibre J., et al. HIV-1 replication and immune dynamics are affected by raltegravir intensification of HAART-suppressed subjects. Nat Med 2010, 16:460-465.
37. Hatano H., Hayes T.L., Dahl V., et al. A randomized, controlled trial of raltegravir intensification in antiretroviral-treated, HIV-infected patients with a suboptimal CD4+ T cell response. J Infect Dis 2011, 203:960-968.
38. Bilodeau M.L., Simon D.I. Clopidogrel for the hot patient. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2009, 2:495-496.
39. Woollard K.J., Suhartoyo A., Harris E.E., et al. Pathophysiological levels of soluble P-selectin mediate adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelium through Mac-1 activation. Circ Res 2008, 103:1128-1138.
40. Becker A.C., Libhaber E., Sliwa K., Stewart S., Essop M.R. Markers of inflammation and endothelial activation in black South Africans with HIV and acute coronary syndromes. J AIDS HIV Res 2010, 2:104-110.
41. Seigneur M., Constans J., Blann A., et al. Soluble adhesion molecules and endothelial cell damage in HIV infected patients. Thromb Haemost 1997, 77:646-649.
42. Kuller L.H., Russell T., Waldo B., Stephane D., Fraser D., Clifford L. Inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers and mortality in patients with HIV infection. PLoS Med 2008, 10:1496-1508.
43. Vandendries E.R., Furie B.C., Furie B. Role of P-selectin and PSGL-1 in coagulation and thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 2004, 92:459-466.
44. Davalos D., Akkassoglou K. Fibrinogen as a key regulator of inflammation in disease. Semin Immunopathol 2012, 34:43-62.
45. van Gils J.M., Zwaginga J.J., Hordijk P.L. Molecular and functional interactions among monocytes, platelets and endothelial cells and their relevance for cardiovascular diseases. J Leukoc Biol 2009, 85:195-204.
46. Sidelmann J.J., Gram J., Jespersen J., Kluft C. Fibrin clot formation and lysis: basic mechanisms. Semin Thromb Hemost 2000, 26:605-618.
47. Jeremiah Z.A., Obazee Y., Okogun G.R., Adias T.C., Mgbere O., Essien E.J. Impact of short-term antiretroviral therapy (START) on some fibrinolytic markers in HIV-infected Nigerian adults: preliminary findings from the START study. HIV/AIDS Res Palliat Care 2012, 4:87-94.
48. Ledwaba L., Tavel J.A., Kahbo P., et al. Pre-ART levels of inflammation and coagulation markers are strong predictors of death in a South African cohort with advanced HIV disease. PLoS One 2012, 7:e24243.
49. Matta F., Yaekoub A.Y., Stein P.D. Human immunodeficiency virus infection and risk of venous thromboembolism. Am J Med Sci 2008, 336:402-406.
50. Funderburg N.T., Mayne E., Sieg S.F., et al. Increased tissue factor expression on circulating monocytes in chronic HIV infection: relationship to in vivo coagulation and immune activation. Blood 2010, 115:161-167.
51. Lederman M.M., Margolis L. The lymph node in HIV pathogenesis. Semin Immunol 2008, 20:187-195.
52. Schacker T., Brenchle J., Beilman G., et al. Lymphatic tissue fibrosis is associated with reduced numbers of naive CD4+ T cells in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2006, 13:556-560.
53. Zeng M., Smith A.J., Wietgrefe S.W., et al. Cumulative mechanisms of lymphoid tissue fibrosis and T cell depletion in HIV-1 and SIV infections. J Clin Invest 2011, 121:998-1008.
54. Hunt P.W., Deeks S.G. Immune-based therapy for HIV infection: are acute and chronic HIV infection different diseases?. J Infect Dis 2006, 194:1632-1634.
55. Lederman M.M., Smeaton L., Smith K.Y., et al. Cyclosporin A provides no sustained immunologic benefit to persons with chronic HIV-1 infection starting suppressive antiretroviral therapy: results of randomized, controlled trial of the AIDS Clinical Trials Group. J Infect Dis 2006, 194:1677-1685.
56. Kvale D., Ormaasen V., Kran A.M., et al. Immune modulatory effects of cyclooxygenase type 2 inhibitors in HIV patients on combination antiretroviral treatment. AIDS 2006, 20:813-820.
57. Ganesan A., Crum-Cianflone N., Higgins J., et al. High dose atorvastatin decreases cellular markers of immune activation without affecting HIV-1 RNA levels: results of a double-blind randomized placebo controlled clinical trial. J Infect Dis 2011, 203:756-764.
58. Davenport M.P., Loh L., Petravic J., Kent S.J. Rates of HIV immune escape and reversion: implications for vaccination. Trends Microbiol 2008, 16:561-566.