Aging and predicting inferences: A diffusion model analysis

Journal of Memory and Language

Volumn 68, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 240-254

  McKoon, Gail ^a   Ratcliff, Roger ^a  

^a OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Aging; Diffusion model; Predictive inference

Indexed keywords

EID: 84871525551     PISSN: 0749596X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2012.11.002     Document Type: Article

References (162)

1. Alba J.W., Hasher L. Is memory schematic?. Psychological Bulletin 1983, 93:203-231.
2. Albrecht J.E., Myers J.L. The role of context in accessing distant information during reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 1995, 21:1459-1468.
3. Albrecht J.E., Myers J.L. Accessing distant text information during reading: Effects of contextual cues. Discourse Processes 1998, 26:87-107.
4. Albrecht J.E., O'Brien E.J. Updating a mental model: Maintaining both local and global coherence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 1993, 19:1061-1070.
5. Allbritton D. Strategic production of predictive inferences during comprehension. Discourse Processes 2004, 38:309-322.
6. Anderson R.C., Ortony A. On putting apples into bottles - A problem of polysemy. Cognitive Psychology 1975, 7:167-180.
7. Anderson R.C., Pichert J., Goetz E., Schallert D., Stevens K., Trollip S. Instantiation of general terms. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 1976, 15:667-679.
8. Beeman M., Friedman R.B., Grafman J., Perez E., Diamond S., Lindsay M.B. Summation priming and coarse semantic coding in the right hemisphere. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 1994, 6:26-45.
9. Black J.B., Bower G.H. Story understanding as problem solving. Poetics 1980, 9:223-250.
10. Bower G.H., Black J.B., Turner T.J. Scripts in memory for text. Cognitive Psychology 1979, 11:177-220.
11. Bransford J.D., Barclay J.R., Franks J.J. Sentence memory: A constructive versus interpretive approach. Cognitive Psychology 1972, 3:193-209.
12. Bransford J.D., Franks J.J. The abstraction of linguistic ideas. Cognitive Psychology 1971, 2:331-350.
13. Calvo M.G., Castillo M.D. Predictive inferences occur on-line, but with delay: Convergence of naming and reading times. Discourse Processes 1996, 22:57-78.
14. Calvo M.G., Castillo M.D., Estevez A. On-line predictive inferences in reading: Processing time during vs. after the priming context. Memory & Cognition 1999, 27:834-843.
15. Campion N. Predictive inferences are represented as hypothetical facts. Journal of Memory and Language 2004, 50:149-164.
16. Casteel, M. (1998, November). The role of working memory in the generation of predictive inferences. Poster session presented at the 39th annual meeting of the Psychonomics Society, Dallas, TX.
17. Casteel M.A. Contextual support and predictive inferences: What do readers generate and keep available for use?. Discourse Processes 2007, 44:51-72.
18. Cohen G. Language comprehension in old age. Cognitive Psychology 1979, 11:412-429.
19. Cohen G. Inferential reasoning in old age. Cognition 1981, 9:59-72.
20. Cook A.E., Halleran J.G., O'Brien E.J. What is readily available during reading? A memory-based view of text processing. Discourse Processes 1998, 26:109-129.
21. Cook A.E., Limber J.E., O'Brien E.-J. Situation-based context and the availability of predictive inferences. Journal of Memory and Language 2001, 44:220-234.
22. Craik F.I.M. On the transfer of information from temporary to permanent memory. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 1983, 302:341-359.
23. Craik F.I.M., Byrd M. Aging and cognitive deficits: The role of attentional resources. Aging and cognitive processes 1982, 191-211. Plenum, New York. F.I.M. Craik, S.E. Trehub (Eds.).
24. Dixon R.A., Simon E.W., Nowak C.A., Hultsch D.F. Text recall in adulthood as a function of level of information, input modality, and delay interval. Journal of Gerontology 1982, 37:358-364.
25. Dosher B.A. Discriminating pre-experimental (semantic) from learned (episodic) associations: A speed-accuracy study. Cognitive Psychology 1984, 16:519-555.
26. Engelkamp J., Zimmer H.D. Sensory factors in memory for subject-performed tasks. Acta Psychologica 1997, 96:43-60.
27. Estevez A., Calvo M.G. Working memory capacity and time course of predictive inferences. Memory 2000, 8:51-61.
28. Fincher-Kiefer R. The role of predictive inferences in situation model construction. Discourse Processes 1993, 16:99-124.
29. Fincher-Kiefer R. Relative inhibition following the encoding of bridging and predictive inferences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 1995, 21:981-995.
30. Fincher-Kiefer R. Encoding differences between bridging and predictive inferences. Discourse Processes 1996, 22:225-246.
31. Fodor J.A., Bever T.G., Garrett M.F. The psychology of language: An introduction to psycholinguistics and generative grammar 1974, McGraw-Hill Book Co., St. Louis.
32. Forster K.I. Priming and the effects of sentence and lexical contexts on naming time: Evidence for autonomous lexical processing. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 1981, 33A:465-495.
33. Frazier L., Fodor J.D. The sausage machine: A new two stage parsing model. Cognition 1978, 6:291-325.
34. Gerrig R., McKoon G. The readiness is all: The functionality of memory-based text processing. Invited article. Discourse Processes 1998, 26:67-86.
35. Gerrig R., McKoon G. Memory processes and experiential continuity. Psychological Science 2001, 12:82-86.
36. Gerrig R.J., O'Brien E.J. The scope of memory-based processing. Special Issue: Discourse Processes 2005, 39:225-242.
37. Gilinsky A.S., Judd B.B. Working memory and bias in reasoning across the life span. Psychology and Aging 1994, 9:356-371.
38. Glenberg A.M., Meyer M., Lindem K. Mental models contribute to foregrounding during text comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language 1987, 26:69-83.
39. Graesser A.C., Singer M., Trabasso T. Constructing inferences during narrative text comprehension. Psychological Review 1994, 101:371-395.
40. Greene S.B., Gerrig R.J., McKoon G., Ratcliff R. Unheralded pronouns and the management of common ground. Journal of Memory and Language 1994, 33:511-526.
41. Gueraud S., Tapiero I., O'Brien E.J. Situation models and the activation of predictive inferences. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2008, 15:351-356.
42. Hamm V.P., Hasher L. Age and the availability of inferences. Psychology and Aging 1992, 7:56-64.
43. Hasher L., Zacks R.T. Working memory, comprehension, and aging: A review and a new view. The psychology of learning and motivation 1988, Vol. 22:193-225. Academic Press, New York, NY.
44. Hess T.M. Aging and the impact of causal connections on text comprehension and memory. Aging and Cognition 1995, 2:310-325.
45. Jahn G. Three turtles in danger. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 2004, 30:969-987.
46. Johnson M.K., Bransford J.D., Solomon S.K. Memory of tacit implications of sentences. Journal of Experimental Psychology 1973, 98:203-205.
47. Johnson-Laird P.N. Mental models in cognitive science. Cognitive Science 1980, 4:71-115.
48. Keefe D.E., McDaniel M.A. The time course and durability of predictive inferences. Journal of Memory and Language 1993, 32:446-463.
49. Kemper S. Syntactic complexity and the recall of prose by middle-aged and elderly adults. Experimental Aging Research 1987, 13:47-52.
50. Kemtes K.A., Kemper S. Younger and older adults on-line processing of syntactic ambiguities. Psychology and Aging 1997, 12:362-371.
51. Kintsch W. The role of knowledge in discourse comprehension: A construction-integration model. Psychological Review 1988, 95:163-182.
52. Kintsch W., Keenan J.M. Reading rate and retention as a function of the number of propositions in the base structure of sentences. Cognitive Psychology 1973, 5:257-274.
53. Klin C.M., Guzman A.E., Levine W.H. Prevalence and persistence of predictive inferences. Journal of Memory and Language 1999, 40:593-604.
54. Klin C., Murray J.D., Levine W.H., Guzman A.E. Forward inferences: From activation to long-term memory. Discourse Processes 1999, 27:241-260.
55. Kucera H., Francis W. Computational analysis of present-day American English 1967, Brown University Press, Providence, RI.
56. Laming D.R.J. Information theory of choice reaction time 1968, Wiley, New York.
57. Lassonde K.A., O'Brien E.J. Contextual specificity in the activation of predictive inferences. Discourse Processes 2009, 46:426-438.
58. Light L.L., Capps J.L. Comprehension of pronouns in younger and older adults. Developmental Psychology 1986, 22:580-585.
59. Light L.L., Zelinski E.M., Moore M. Adult age differences in reasoning from new information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 1982, 8:435-447.
60. Linderholm T. Predictive inference generation as a function of working memory capacity and causal text constraints. Discourse Processes 2002, 34:259-280.
61. Linderholm T., van den Broek P. The effects of reading purpose and working memory capacity on the processing of expository text. Journal of Educational Psychology 2002, 94:778-784.
62. Long D.L., Seely M.R., Oppy B.J. The availability of causal information during reading. Discourse Processes 1996, 22:145-170.
63. Madden C., Dijkstra K. Contextual constraints in situation model construction: An investigation of age and reading span. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition 2010, 17:19-34.
64. Mandler J.M. A code in the node: The use of a story schema in retrieval. Discourse Processes 1978, 1:14-35.
65. Mandler J.M., Johnson N.J. Remembrance of things parsed: Story structure and recall. Cognitive Psychology 1977, 9:111-151.
66. McKoon G., Gerrig R.J., Greene S.B. Pronoun resolution without pronouns: Some consequences of memory based text processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 1996, 22:919-932.
67. McKoon G., Ratcliff R. Inferences about predictable events. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 1986, 12:82-91.
68. McKoon G., Ratcliff R. Contextually relevant aspects of meaning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 1988, 14:331-343.
69. McKoon G., Ratcliff R. Assessing the occurrence of elaborative inference with recognition: Compatibility checking vs. compound cue theory. Journal of Memory and Language 1989, 28:547-563.
70. McKoon G., Ratcliff R. Inferences about contextually-defined categories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 1989, 15:1134-1146.
71. McKoon G., Ratcliff R. Semantic associations and elaborative inference. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 1989, 15:326-338.
72. McKoon G., Ratcliff R. Inference during reading. Psychological Review 1992, 99:440-466.
73. McKoon G., Ratcliff R. Aging and IQ effects on associative recognition and priming in item recognition. Journal of Memory and Language 2012, 66:416-437.
74. McKoon G., Ratcliff R. The minimalist hypothesis: Directions for research. Discourse comprehension: Essays in honor of Walter Kintsch 1995, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ. C.A. Weaver, S. Mannes, C.R. Fletcher (Eds.).
75. Meyer B.J.F., Rice G.E. Information recalled from prose by young, middle, and old adult readers. Experimental Aging Research 1981, 7:253-268.
76. Miller L.M.S., Stine-Morrow E.A.L. Aging and the effects of knowledge on on-line reading strategies. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences 1998, 53B:P223-P233.
77. Morrow D., Bower G., Greenspan S. Updating situation models during narrative comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language 1989, 28:292-312.
78. Morrow D.G., Leirer V.O., Altieri P.A. Aging, expertise, and narrative processing. Psychology and Aging 1992, 7:376-388.
79. Morrow D.G., Stine-Morrow E.A.L., Leirer V.O., Andrassy J.M., Kahn J. The role of reader age and focus of attention in creating situation models from narratives. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Science 1997, 52B:P73-P80.
80. Murray J.D., Burke K.A. Activation and encoding of predictive inferences: The role of reading skill. Discourse Processes 2003, 35:81-102.
81. Murray J.D., Klin C.M., Myers J.L. Forward inferences in narrative text. Journal of Memory and Language 1993, 32:464-473.
82. Myers J.L., Cook A.E., Kambe G., Mason R.A., O'Brien E.S. Semantic and episodic effects on bridging inferences. Discourse Processes 2000, 29:179-199.
83. Myers J.L., O'Brien B.J. Accessing the discourse representation during reading. Discourse Processes 1998, 26:131-157.
84. Myers J.L., O'Brien E.J., Albrecht J.E., Mason R.A. Maintaining global coherence during reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 1994, 20:876-886.
85. Noh S.R., Stine-Morrow E.A.L. Age differences in tracking characters during narrative comprehension. Memory & Cognition 2009, 37:769-778.
86. O'Brien E.J., Albrecht J.E., Hakala C.M., Rizzella M.L. Activation and suppression of antecedents during reinstatement. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 1995, 21:626-634.
87. O'Brien E.J., Raney G.E., Albrecht J.E., Rayner K. Processes involved in the resolution of explicit anaphors. Discourse Processes 1997, 23:1-24.
88. O'Brien E., Rizzella M., Albrecht J., Halleran J. Updating a situation model. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 1998, 24:1200-1210.
89. Paris S., Lindauer B.K. The role of inference in children's comprehension and memory for sentences. Cognitive Psychology 1976, 8:217-227.
90. Peracchi K.A., O'Brien E.J. Character profiles and the activation of predictive inferences. Memory & Cognition 2004, 32:1044-1052.
91. Radvansky G.A. Memory retrieval and suppression: The inhibition of situation models. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 1999, 128:198-206.
92. Radvansky G.A., Copeland D.E. Walking through doorways causes forgetting: Situation models and experienced space. Memory & Cognition 2006, 34:1150-1156. (could not find Rad & Cope 2004).
93. Radvansky G.A., Copeland D.E. Situation models and retrieval interference: Pictures and words. Memory 2006, 14:614-623.
94. Radvansky G.A., Copeland D.E., Berish D.E., Dijkstra K. Aging and situation model updating. Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition 2003, 10:158-166.
95. Radvansky G.A., Copeland D.E., Zwaan R.A. Aging and functional spatial relations in comprehension and memory. Psychology and Aging 2003, 18:161-165.
96. Radvansky G.A., Curiel J.M. Narrative comprehension and aging: The fate of completed goal information. Psychology and Aging 1998, 13:69-79.
97. Radvansky G.A., Dijkstra G. Aging and situation model processing. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2007, 14:1027-1042.
98. Radvansky G.A., Gerard L.D., Zacks R.T., Hasher L. Younger and older adults' use of mental models as representations for text materials. Psychology and Aging 1990, 5:209-214.
99. Radvansky G.A., Zacks R.T., Hasher L. Fact retrieval in younger and older adults: The role of mental models. Psychology and Aging 1996, 11:258-271.
100. Radvansky G.A., Zwaan R.A., Curiel J.M., Copeland D.E. Situation models and aging. Psychology and Aging 2001, 16:145-160.
101. Ratcliff R. A theory of memory retrieval. Psychological Review 1978, 85:59-108.
102. Ratcliff R. A diffusion model account of reaction time and accuracy in a two choice brightness discrimination task: Fitting real data and failing to fit fake but plausible data. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2002, 9:278-291.
103. Ratcliff R. The EZ diffusion method: Too EZ?. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2008, 15:1218-1228.
104. Ratcliff R., McKoon G. Automatic and strategic priming in recognition. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 1981, 20:204-215.
105. Ratcliff R., McKoon G. Speed and accuracy in the processing of false statements about semantic information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 1982, 8:16-36.
106. Ratcliff R., McKoon G. Similarity information versus relational information: Differences in the time course of retrieval. Cognitive Psychology 1989, 21:139-155.
107. Ratcliff R., McKoon G. The diffusion decision model: Theory and data for two-choice decision tasks. Neural Computation 2008, 20:873-922.
108. Ratcliff R., Thapar A., McKoon G. The effects of aging on reaction time in a signal detection task. Psychology and Aging 2001, 16:323-341.
109. Ratcliff R., Thapar A., McKoon G. A diffusion model analysis of the effects of aging on brightness discrimination. Perception & Psychophysics 2003, 65:523-535.
110. Ratcliff R., Thapar A., McKoon G. A diffusion model analysis of the effects of aging on recognition memory. Journal of Memory and Language 2004, 50:408-424.
111. Ratcliff R., Thapar A., McKoon G. Aging and individual differences in rapid two-choice decisions. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2006, 13:626-635.
112. Ratcliff R., Thapar A., McKoon G. Aging, practice, and perceptual tasks: A diffusion model analysis. Psychology and Aging 2006, 21:353-371.
113. Ratcliff R., Thapar A., McKoon G. Application of the diffusion model to two-choice tasks for adults 75-90 years old. Psychology and Aging 2007, 22:56-66.
114. Ratcliff R., Thapar A., McKoon G. Individual differences, aging, and IQ in two-choice tasks. Cognitive Psychology 2010, 60:127-157.
115. Ratcliff R., Thapar A., McKoon G. Effects of aging and IQ on item and associative memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 2011, 140:46-487.
116. Ratcliff R., Tuerlinckx F. Estimating the parameters of the diffusion model: Approaches to dealing with contaminant reaction times and parameter variability. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2002, 9:438-481.
117. Ratcliff R., Van Zandt T., McKoon G. Connectionist and diffusion models of reaction time. Psychological Review 1999, 106:261-300.
118. Reder L.M. Plausibility judgments vs. fact retrieval: Alternative strategies for sentence verification. Psychological Review 1982, 89:250-280.
119. Rizzella M.L., O'Brien E.J. Retrieval of concepts in script-based texts and narratives: The influence of general world knowledge. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 2002, 28:780-790.
120. Rumelhart D.E. Notes on a schema for stories. Representation and understanding: Studies in cognitive science 1975, Academic Press, New York. D.G. Bobrow, A.M. Collins (Eds.).
121. Rumelhart D.E. Understanding and summarizing brief stories. Basic processes in reading: Perception and comprehension 1977, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. D. Laberge, J. Samuels (Eds.).
122. Salthouse T.A. The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition. Psychological Review 1996, 103:403-428.
123. Sanford A.J., Garrod S.C. Memory-based approaches and beyond. Discourse Processes 2005, 39:205-224.
124. Schank R.C., Abelson R.P. Scripts, plans, goals, and understanding 1977, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.
125. Schmalhofer F., Glavanov D. Three components of understanding a programmer's manual: Verbatim, propositional, and situational representations. Journal of Memory and Language 1986, 25:279-294.
126. Seifert C.M., McKoon G., Abelson R.P., Ratcliff R. Memory connections between thematically similar episodes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 1986, 12:220-231.
127. Shake M.C., Noh S., Stine-Morrow E.A.L. Age differences in learning from text: Evidence for functionally distinct text processing systems. Applied Cognitive Psychology 2009, 23:561-578.
128. Singer M., Ferreira F. Inferring consequences in story comprehension. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 1983, 22:437-448.
129. Singer M., Graesser A.C., Trabasso T. Minimal or global inference in comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language 1994, 33:421-441.
130. Soederberg L., Stine E.A.L. Activation of emotion information in text among younger and older readers. Journal of Adult Development 1995, 2:23-36.
131. Spaniol J., Madden D.J., Voss A. A diffusion model analysis of adult age differences in episodic and semantic long-term memory retrieval. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 2006, 32:101-117.
132. Stein N.L., Glenn C. An analysis of story comprehension in elementary school children. New directions in discourse processing 1979, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. R.O. Freedle (Ed.).
133. Stine E.A.L. On-line processing of written text by younger and older adults. Psychology and Aging 1990, 5:68-78.
134. Stine E.A.L., Cheung H., Henderson D.T. Adult age differences in the on-line processing of new concepts in discourse. Aging and Cognition 1995, 2:1-18.
135. Stine E.A.L., Wingfield A. Memorability functions as an indicator of qualitative age differences in text recall. Psychology and Aging 1988, 3:179-183.
136. Stine E.A.L., Wingfield A. How much do working memory deficits contribute to age differences in discourse memory?. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 1990, 2:289-304.
137. Stine-Morrow E.A.L., Gagne D.D., Morrow D.G., DeWall B.H. Age differences in rereading. Memory & Cognition 2004, 32:696-710.
138. Stine-Morrow E.A.L., Loveless M.K., Soederberg L.M. Resource allocation in on-line reading by younger and older adults. Psychology and Aging 1996, 11:475-486.
139. Stine-Morrow E.A.L., Morrow D.G., Leno R. Aging and the representation of spatial situations in narrative understanding. Journals of Gerontology 2002, 57B:P291-P297.
140. Stine-Morrow E.A.L., Parisi J.M., Morrow D.G., Greene J., Park D.C. An engagement model of cognitive optimization through adulthood. Journal of Gerontology: Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 1997, 62-69.
141. Stine-Morrow E.A.L., Ryan S., Leonard J.S. Age differences in on-line syntactic processing. Experimental Aging Research 2000, 26:315-322.
142. Suh S., Trabasso T. Inferences during reading: Converging evidence from discourse analysis, talk-aloud protocols, and recognition priming. Journal of Memory and Language 1993, 32.
143. Thapar A., Ratcliff R., McKoon G. A diffusion model analysis of the effects of aging on letter discrimination. Psychology and Aging 2003, 18:415-429.
144. Till R.E. Verbatim and inferential memory in young and elderly adults. Journal of Gerontology 1985, 40:316-323.
145. Till R.E., Mross E.F., Kintsch W. Time course of priming for associate and inference words in a discourse context. Memory & Cognition 1988, 16:283-298.
146. Till R.E., Walsh D.A. Encoding and retrieval factors in adult memory for implicational sentences. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 1980, 19:1-16.
147. Valencia-Laver D.L., Light L.L. The occurrence of causal bridging and predictive inferences in young and older adults. Discourse Processes 2000, 30:27-56.
148. van den Broek P. Causal inferences and the comprehension of narrative texts. The psychology of learning and motivation: Inferences and text comprehension 1990, Vol. 25:175-196. Academic Press, New York.
149. van den Broek P., Rapp D.N., Kendeou P. Integrating memory-based and constructionist processes in accounts of reading comprehension. Discourse Processes 2005, 39:299-316.
150. van Dijk T.A., Kintsch W. Strategies of discourse comprehension 1983, Academic Press, New York.
151. Weingartner K.M., Guzman A.E., Levine W.H., Klin C.M. When throwing a vase has multiple consequences: Minimal encoding of predictive inferences. Discourse Processes 2003, 36:131-146.
152. White C., Ratcliff R., Vasey M., McKoon G. Dysphoria and memory for emotional material: A diffusion model analysis. Cognition and Emotion 2009, 23:181-205.
153. White C.N., Ratcliff R., Vasey M.W., McKoon G. Using diffusion models to understand clinical disorders. Journal of Mathematical Psychology 2010, 54:39-52.
154. White C.N., Ratcliff R., Vasey M.W., McKoon G. Anxiety enhances threat processing without competition among multiple inputs: A diffusion model analysis. Emotion 2010, 10:662-677.
155. Zacks R.T., Hasher L., Doren B., Hamm V., Attig M.S. Encoding and memory of explicit and implicit information. Journal of Gerontology 1987, 42:418-422.
156. Zelinski E.M., Miura S.A. Anaphor comprehension in younger and older adults. International Journal of Aging and Human Development 1990, 31:111-134.
157. Zipin L.M., Tompkins C.A., Kasper S.C. Effects of foregrounding on predictive inference generation by normally aging adults. Aphasiology 2000, 14:115-131.
158. Zurif E., Swinney D., Prather P., Wingfield A., Brownell H. The allocation of memory resources during sentence comprehension: Evidence from the elderly. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 1995, 24:165-182.
159. Zwaan R.A. Time in language, situation models, and mental simulations. Language Learning 2008, 58:13-26.
160. Zwaan R.A., Langston M.C., Graesser A.C. The construction of situation models in narrative comprehension: An event-indexing model. Psychological Science 1995, 6:292-297.
161. Zwaan R.A., Magliano J.P., Graesser A.C. Dimensions of situation model construction in narrative comprehension. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 1995, 21:386-397.
162. Zwaan R.A., Radvansky G.A. Situation models in language comprehension and memory. Psychological Bulletin 1998, 123:162-185.