Bioactivity and biomodification of Ag, ZnO, and CuO nanoparticles with relevance to plant performance in agriculture

Industrial Biotechnology

Volumn 8, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 344-357

  Dimkpa, Christian O ^a   McLean, Joan E ^a   Britt, David W ^b   Anderson, Anne J ^a  

^a UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Utah State University   (United States)

Author keywords

atomic force microscopy; dynamic light scattering; extracellular polymeric substances; Fourier transform infrared; indole 3 Acetamide; indole 3 Acetic acid; inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy; lysogeny broth; nanoparticles; oxidized glutathione; pyoverdine; random amplified polymorphic DNA; reactive oxygen species; reduced glutathione; relative light unit; siderophore and iaa inducing media; x ray absorption near edge spectroscopy

Indexed keywords

EXTRA-CELLULAR POLYMERIC SUBSTANCES; FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED; GLUTATHIONES; INDOLE-3-ACETAMIDE; INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID; INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROSCOPIES; LYSOGENY BROTH; PYOVERDINE; RANDOM AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNAS; REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES; REDUCED GLUTATHIONE; RELATIVE LIGHT UNITS; SIDEROPHORES; X-RAY ABSORPTION NEAR EDGE SPECTROSCOPY;

ACETIC ACID; AGRICULTURE; ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY; BACTERIA; CELL MEMBRANES; COPPER OXIDES; DYNAMIC LIGHT SCATTERING; ECOLOGY; INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA; MASS SPECTROMETRY; METABOLISM; METALLIC COMPOUNDS; NANOPARTICLES; NANOTECHNOLOGY; PEPTIDES; PLANT LIFE EXTENSION; REMEDIATION; SOIL POLLUTION; ZINC OXIDE;

BIOACTIVITY;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS);

EID: 84871397285     PISSN: 15509087     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/ind.2012.0028     Document Type: Review

References (133)

1. Roco MC. Environmentally responsible development of nanotechnology. Environ Sci Technol 2005;39:106-112.
2. Nohynek GJ, Lademann J, Ribaud C, Roberts MS. Grey goo on the skin? Nanotechnology, cosmetic and sunscreen safety. Crit Rev Toxicol 2007;37:251-277.
3. Brayner R. The toxicological impacts of nanoparticles. Nano Today 2008;3:48-54.
4. Ren G, Hu D, Cheng EWC, et al. Characterisation of copper oxide nanoparticles for antimicrobial applications. Int J Antimicrob Ag 2009;33:587-590.
5. Xie Y, He Y, Irwin PL, et al. Antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of zinc oxide nanoparticles against Campylobacter jejuni. Appl Environ Microb 2011;77:2325-2331.
6. Colvin VL. The potential environmental impact of engineered nanoparticles. Nat Biotechnol 2003;21:1166-1170.
7. The Royal Society. Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies: Opportunities and Uncertainties (2004) Available at: www.nanotec.org.uk/finalReport.htm (Last accessed November 2012).
8. Nel A, Xia T, Mädler L, Li N. Toxic potential of materials at the nanoscale level. Science 2006;311:622-627.
9. Gogos A, Knauer K, Bucheli TD. Nanomaterials in plant protection and fertilization: Current state, foreseen applications, and research priorities. J Agr Food Chem 2012;60:9781-9792.
10. Khot LR, Sankaran S, Maja JM, et al. Applications of nanomaterials in agricultural production and crop protection: A review. Crop Prot 2012;35:64-70.
11. Pérez-de-Luque A, Rubiales D. Nanotechnology for parasitic plant control. Pest Manag Sci 2009;65:540-545.
12. El Badawy AM, Luxton TP, Silva RG, et al. Impact of environmental conditions (pH, ionic strength, and electrolyte type) on the surface charge and aggregation of silver nanoparticles suspensions. Envir Sci Tech 2010;44:1260-1266.
13. Prathna TC, Chandrasekaran N, Mukherjee A. Studies on aggregation behaviour of silver nanoparticles in aqueous matrices: Effect of surface functionalization and matrix composition. Colloid Surface A 2011;390:216-224.
14. Jiang J, Oberdorster G, Biswas P. Characterization of size, surface charge, and agglomeration state of nanoparticle dispersions for toxicological studies. J Nanopart Res 2009;11:77-89.
15. Auffan M, Rose J, Wiesner MR, Bottero J-Y. Chemical stability of metallic nanoparticles: A parameter controlling their potential cellular toxicity in vitro. Environ Pollut 2009;157:1127-1133.
16. Dimkpa CO, McLean JE, Britt DW, Anderson AJ. CuO and ZnO nanoparticles differently affect the secretion of fluorescent siderophores in the beneficial root colonizer, Pseudomonas chlororaphis O6. Nanotoxicology 2012;6:635-642.
17. Liu X, Chen G, Su C. Effects of material properties on sedimentation and aggregation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles of anatase and rutile in the aqueous phase. J Colloid Interf Sci 2011;363:84-91.
18. Calder AJ, Dimkpa CO, McLean JE, et al. Soil components mitigate the antimicrobial effects of silver nanoparticles towards a beneficial soil bacterium, Pseudomonas chlororaphis O6. Sci Total Environ 2012;429:215-222.
19. Fabrega J, Fawcett SR, Renshaw JC, Lead Jr. Silver nanoparticle impact on bacterial growth: Effect of pH, concentration, and organic matter. Envir Sci Tech 2009;43:7285-7290.
20. Haichar FZ, Marol C, Berge O, et al. Plant host habitat and root exudates shape soil bacterial community structure. ISME J 2008;2:1221-1230.
21. Jin CW, He YF, Tang CX, et al. Mechanisms of microbially enhanced Fe acquisition in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). Plant Cell Environ 2006;29: 888-897.
22. Yang CH, Crowley DE. Rhizosphere microbial community structure in relation to root location and plant iron nutritional status. Appl Environ Microb 2000; 66:345-351.
23. Dimkpa CO, Calder A, McLean JE, et al. Responses of a soil bacterium, Pseudomonas chlororaphis O6 to commercial metal oxide nanoparticles compared with responses to metal ions. Environ Pollut 2011;159:1749-1756.
24. Dimkpa CO, Calder C, Gajjar P, et al. Interaction of silver nanoparticles with an environmentally beneficial bacterium, Pseudomonas chlororaphis. J Hazard Mater 2011;188:428-435.
25. Dimkpa CO, Zeng J, McLean JE, et al. Production of indole-3-Acetic acid via the indole-3-Acetamide pathway in the plant-beneficial bacterium, Pseudomonas chlororaphis O6 is inhibited by ZnO nanoparticles but enhanced by CuO nanoparticles. Appl Environ Microb 2012;78:1404-1410.
26. Dimkpa CO, McLean JE, Latta DE, et al. CuO and ZnO nanoparticles: Phytotoxicity, metal speciation and induction of oxidative stress in sand-grown wheat. J Nanopart Res 2012;14:1125.
27. Child R, Miller CD, Liang Y, et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading Mycobacterium isolates: Their association with plant roots. Appl Microbiol Biot 2007;75:655-663.
28. Dimkpa CO, McLean JE, Britt DW, et al. Nano-specific inhibition of pyoverdine siderophore production in Pseudomonas chlororaphis O6 by CuO nanoparticles. Chem Res Toxicol 2012;25:1066-1074.
29. Parker DR, Norvell WA, Chaney RL. GEOCHEM-PC\-A chemical speciation program for IBM and compatible personal computers. In: Loeppert RH, Schwab AP, Goldberg S, eds. Chemical Equilibrium and Reaction Models. Madison, WI: Soil Science Society of America, 2005:253-270.
30. 2 to the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Environ Pollut 2009; 157:1171-1177.
31. Jackson AO, Taylor CB. Plant-microbe interactions: Life and death at the interface. Plant Cell 1996;8:1651-1668.
32. Berg G. Plant-microbe interactions promoting plant growth and health: Perspectives for controlled use of microorganisms in agriculture. Appl Microbiol Biot 2009;84:11-18.
33. Spencer M, Ryu CM, Yang K-Y, et al. Induced defence in tobacco by Pseudomonas chlororaphis strain O6 involves at least the ethylene pathway. Mol Plant Microbe In 2003;63:27-34.
34. Cho SM, Kang BR, Han SH, et al. 2R, 3R-butanediol, a bacterial volatile produced by Pseudomonas chlororaphis O6, is involved in induction of systemic tolerance to drought in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Plant Microbe In 2008; 8:1067-1077.
35. Ryu CM, Kang BR, Han SH, et al. Tobacco cultivars vary in induction of systemic resistance against cucumber mosaic virus and growth promotion by Pseudomonas chlororaphis O6 and its gacS mutant. Eur J Plant Pathol 2007;119:383-390.
36. Nelson KE, Weinel C, Paulsen IT, et al. Complete genome sequence and comparative analysis of the metabolically versatile Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Environ Microbiol 2002;4:799-808.
37. Gajjar P, Pettee B, Britt DW, et al. Antimicrobial activities of commercial nanoparticles against an environmental soil microbe, Pseudomonas putida KT2440. J Biol Eng 2009;3:9.
38. Lok CN, Ho CM, Chen R, et al. Proteomic analysis of the mode of antibacterial action of silver nanoparticles. J Proteome Res 2006;5:916-924.
39. McQuillan JS, Groenaga IH, Stokes E, Shaw AM. Silver nanoparticle enhanced silver ion stress response in Escherichia coli K12. Nanotoxicology 2012;6:857.
40. Xiu ZM, Zhang QB, Puppala HL, et al. Negligible particle-specific antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles. Nano Lett 2012;12:4271-4275.
41. Kahru A, Dubourguier H-C, Blinova I, et al. Biotests and biosensors for ecotoxicology of metal oxide nanoparticles: A mini review. Sensors 2008; 8:5153-5170.
42. Lewinson O, Lee AT, Rees DC. A P-type ATPase importer that discriminates between essential and toxic transition metals. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2009; 106:4677-4682.
43. Li Q, Mahendra S, Lyon DY, et al. Antimicrobial nanomaterials for water disinfection and microbial control: Potential applications and implications. Water Res 2008;42:4591-4602.
44. Padmavathy N, Vijayaraghavan R. Enhanced bioactivity of ZnO nanoparticles\- an antimicrobial study. Sci Technol Adv Mat 2008;9:035004.
45. Loper JE, Hassan KA, Mavrodi DV, et al. Comparative genomics of plant-Associated pseudomonas spp.: Insights into diversity and inheritance of traits involved in multitrophic interactions. PLoS Genet 2012;8:e1002784.
46. Miller CD, Pettee B, Zhang C, et al. Copper and cadmium: Responses in Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Lett Appl Microbiol 2009;49:775-783.
47. Beyeler M, Keel C, Michaux P, Haas D. Enhanced production of indole-3-Acetic acid by a genetically modified strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0 affects root growth of cucumber, but does not improve protection of the plant against Pythium root rot. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 1999;28:225-233.
48. Patten CL, Glick BR. Role of Pseudomonas putida indoleacetic acid in development of the host plant root system. Appl Environ Microb 2002;68: 3795-3801.
49. Dimkpa C, Merten D, Svatoš A, et al. Hydroxamate siderophores produced by Streptomyces acidiscabies E13 bind nickel and promote growth in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) under nickel stress. Can J Microbiol 2008;54:163-172.
50. Dimkpa CO, Svatoš A, Dabrowska P, et al. Involvement of siderophores in the reduction of metal-induced inhibition of auxin synthesis in Streptomyces spp. Chemosphere 2008;74:19-25.
51. Dimkpa CO, Merten D, Svatoš A, et al. Siderophores mediate reduced and increased uptake of cadmium by Streptomyces tendae F4 and sunflower (Helianthus annuus), respectively. J Applied Microbiol 2009;107:1687-1696.
52. Kloepper JW, Leong J, Teintze M, Schroth MN. Enhanced plant growth by siderophores produced by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Nature 1980;286:885-886.
53. Lodewyckx C, Vangronsveld J, Porteous F, et al. Endophytic bacteria and their potential applications Crit Rev Plant Sci 2002;21:583-606.
54. Vansuyt G, Robin A, Briat J-F, et al. Iron acquisition from Fe-pyoverdine by Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2007;20:441-447.
55. Dimkpa CO, Merten D, Svatoš A, et al. Metal-induced oxidative stress impacting plant growth in contaminated soil is alleviated by microbial siderophores. Soil Biol Biochem 2009;41:154-162.
56. Glick BR. Using soil bacteria to facilitate phytoremediation. Biotechnol Adv 2010;28: 367-374.
57. Rajkumar M, Sandhya S, Prasad MNV, Freitas H. Perspectives of plant-Associated microbes in heavy metal phytoremediation Biotechnol Adv 2012;30(6):1562-1574.
58. De Vleesschauwer D, Djavaheri M, Bakker PA, Höfte M. Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS374r-induced systemic resistance in rice against Magnaporthe oryzae is based on pseudobactin-mediated priming for a salicylic acid-repressible multifaceted defense response. Plant Physiol 2008;148:1996-2012.
59. Kang BR, Han SH, Zdor RE, et al. Inhibition of seed germination and induction of systemic disease resistance by Pseudomonas chlororaphis O6 requires phenazine production regulated by the global regulator, GacS. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2007;17:586-593.
60. Wang Y, Kern SE, Newman DK. Endogenous phenazine antibiotics promote anaerobic survival of Pseudomonas aeruginosa via extracellular electron transfer. J Bacteriol 2010;192:365-369.
61. Mandal G, Bhattacharya S, Ganguly T. Nature of interactions of tryptophan with zinc oxide nanoparticles and L-Aspartic acid: A spectroscopic approach. Chem Phys Lett 2009;472:128-133.
62. Joshi P, Shewale V, Pandey R, et al. Site-specific interaction between ZnO nanoparticles and tryptophan: A first principles quantum mechanical study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011;13:476-479.
63. Fang T, Watson J-L, Jordan Goodman J, et al. Does doping with aluminum alter the effects of ZnO nanoparticles on the metabolism of soil pseudomonads? Microbiol Res 2012; doi:10.1016j.micres.2012.09.001
64. Li QA, Mavrodi DV, Thomashow LS, et al. Ligand binding induces an ammonia channel in 2-Amino-2-desoxyisochorismate (ADIC) synthase PhzE. J Biol Chem 2011;286:18213-18221.
65. Jeong E, Chae SR, Kang ST, Shin HS. Effects of silver nanoparticles on biological nitrogen removal processes. Water Sci Technol 2012;6:1298-1303.
66. Liang Z, Das A, Hu Z. Bacterial response to a shock load of nanosilver in an activated sludge treatment system. Water Res 2010;44:5432-5438.
67. Radniecki TS, Stankus DP, Neigh A, et al. Influence of liberated silver from silver nanoparticles on nitrification inhibition of Nitrosomonas europaea. Chemosphere 2011;85:43-49.
68. Barrena R, Casals E, Colon J, et al. Evaluation of the ecotoxicity of model nanoparticles. Chemosphere 2009;75:850-857.
69. Kumari M, Mukherjee A, Chandrasekaran N. Genotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in Allium cepa. Sci Total Environ 2009;407:5243-5246.
70. Lee, W-Mi, Kwak Jin I, An YJ. Effect of silver nanoparticles in crop plants Phaseolus radiatus and Sorghum bicolor: Media effect on phytotoxicity. Chemosphere 2012;86:491-499.
71. Stampoulis D, Sinha SK, White JC. Assay-dependent phytotoxicity of nanoparticles to plants. Environ Sci Technol 2009;43:9473-9479.
72. Mazumdar H, Ahmed GU. Phytotoxicity effect of silver nanoparticles on Oryza sativa. Inter J ChemTech Res 2011;3:1494-1500.
73. Panda KK, Acharya VMM, Krishnaveni R, et al. In vitro biosynthesis and genotoxicity bioassay of silver nanoparticles using plants. Toxicol in Vitro 2011;25:1097-1105.
74. Yin L, Cheng, Y, Espinasse B, et al. More than the ions: The effects of silver nanoparticles on Lolium multiflorum. Environ Sci Technol 2011;45:2360-2367.
75. Atha DH, Wang H, Petersen EJ, et al. Copper oxide nanoparticle mediated DNA damage in terrestrial plant models. Environ Sci Technol 2012; 46:1819-1827.
76. 2 and ZnO nanoparticles negatively affect wheat growth and soil enzyme activities in agricultural soil. J Environ Monitor 2011;13:822-828.
77. 2+ on soil enzyme activity and bioaccumulation of Zn in Cucumis sativus. Chem Ecol 2011;27:49-55.
78. Kim S, Lee S, Lee I. Alteration of phytotoxicity and oxidant stress potential by metal oxide nanoparticles in Cucumis sativus. Water Air Soil Poll 2012; 223:2799-2806.
79. Lin DH, Xing BS. Phytotoxicity of nanoparticles: Inhibition of seed germination and root growth. Environ Pollut 2007;150:243-250.
80. Lin DH, Xing BS. Root uptake and phytotoxicity of ZnO nanoparticles. Environ Sci Technol 2008;42:5580-5585.
81. Ma YH, Kuang LL, He X, et al. Effects of rare earth oxide nanoparticles on root elongation of plants. Chemosphere 2010;78:273-279.
82. Asli S, Neumann PM. Colloidal suspensions of clay or titanium dioxide nanoparticles can inhibit leaf growth and transpiration via physical effects on root water transport. Plant Cell Environ 2009;32:577-584.
83. Wang Z, Xie X, Zhao J, et al. Xylem-And phloem-based transport of CuO nanoparticles in maize (Zea mays L.). Environ Sci Technol 2012;46: 4434-4441.
84. Yang L, Watts DJ. Particle surface characteristics may play an important role in the phytotoxicity of alumina nanoparticles. Toxicol Lett 2005;58:122-132.
85. 3 to cucumber (Cucumis sativus). Environ Sci Technol 2012;46:1834-1841.
86. Lin D, Tian X, Wu, F, Xing B. Fate and transport of engineered nanomaterials in the environment. J Environ Qual 2010;39:1896-1908.
87. Hernandez-Viezcas JA, Castillo-Michel H, Servin AD, et al. Spectroscopic verification of zinc absorption and distribution in the desert plant Prosopis juliflora-velutina (velvet mesquite) treated with ZnO nanoparticles. Chem Eng J 2011;170:346-352.
88. Gratao PL, Polle A, Lea PJ, Azevedo RA. Making the life of heavy metal-stressed plants a little easier. Funct Plant Biol 2005;32:481-494.
89. Potters G, Pasternak TP, Guisez Y, et al. Stress-induced morphogenic responses: growing out of trouble? Trends Plant Sci 2007;12:98-105.
90. Zhang ZY, He X, Zhang HF, et al. Uptake and distribution of ceria nanoparticles in cucumber plants. Metallomics 2011;3:816-822.
91. Zhu H, Han J, Xiao JQ, Jin Y. Uptake, translocation, and accumulation of manufactured iron oxide nanoparticles by pumpkin plants. J Environ Monitor 2008;10:713-717.
92. Rigo A, Corazza A, di Paolo ML, et al. Interaction of copper with cysteine: Stability of cuprous complexes and catalytic role of cupric ions in anaerobic thiol oxidation. J Inorg Biochem 2004;98:1495-1501.
93. Schmidt AC, Lauckner S, Lindner K. CZE of sulfur-containing amino acids and peptides and its application to the quantitative study of heavy metal-caused thiol oxidations. Chromatographia 2012;75:661-670.
94. Sarret G, Laprade PS, Bert V, et al. Forms of zinc accumulated in the hyperaccumulator Arabidopsis halleri. Plant Physiol 2002;130:1815-1826.
95. Kumari M, Khan SS, Pakrashi S, et al. Cytogenetic and genotoxic effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles on root cells of Allium cepa. J Hazard Mater 2011;190: 613-621.
96. Zhao L, Peralta-Videa JR, Ren M, et al. Transport of Zn in a sandy loam soil treated with ZnO NPs and uptake by corn plants: Electron microprobe and confocal microscopy studies. Chem Eng J 2012;184:1-8.
97. 2 nanoparticles on soybean (Glycine max) plants. Environ Sci Technol 2010; 44:7315-7320.
98. Kopittke PM, Menzies NW, de Jonge MD, et al. In situ distribution and speciation of toxic copper, nickel, and zinc in hydrated roots of cowpea. Plant Physiol 2011;156:663-673.
99. Saraswat S, Rai JPN. Complexation and detoxification of Zn and Cd in metal accumulating plants. Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol 2011;10:327-339.
100. Priester JH, Ge Y, Mielke RE, et al. Soybean susceptibility to manufactured nanomaterials with evidence for food quality and soil fertility interruption. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2012;109:2451-2456.
101. Pandey AC, Sanjay SS, Yadav RS. Application of ZnO nanoparticles in influencing the growth rate of Cicer arietinum. J Exp Nanosci 2010;5: 488-497.
102. 4) nanoparticles on perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and pumpkin (Cucurbita mixta) plants. Nanotoxicology 2011;5:30-42.
103. 2 on strength of naturally aged seeds and growth of spinach. Biol Trace Elem Res 2005;104:83-91.
104. 2 on promoting photosynthetic carbon reaction of spinach-inducing complex of rubisco-rubisco activase. Biol Trace Elem Res 2006;111:239-253.
105. 2 treatment related to the changes of rubisco activase? Biometals 2008; 21:211-217.
106. Hu XK, Cook S, Wang P, Hwang HM. In vitro evaluation of cytotoxicity of engineered metal oxide nanoparticles. Sci Total Environ 2009;407:3070-3072.
107. 3) nanoparticles to a common aerobic bacterium. Environ Sci Technol 2011;45:977-983.
108. 3): Effects of nanoparticle size. Geomicrobiol J 2012 29:314-322.
109. Chen Y, Jurkewitch E, Bar-Ness E, Hadar Y. 1994. Stability constants of pseudobactin complexes with transition metals. Soil Sci Soc Am J 1994; 58:390-396.
110. Brandel J, Humbert N, Elhabiri M, et al. Pyochelin, a siderophore of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Physicochemical characterization of the iron(III), copper(II) and zinc(II) complexes. Dalton T 2012;41:2820-2834.
111. Del Olmo A, Caramelo C, SanJose C. Fluorescent complex of pyoverdin with aluminum. J Inorg Biochem 2003;97:384-387.
112. Lamsal K, Kim S-W, Jung JH, et al. Effects of silver nanoparticles against powdery mildews on cucumber and pumpkin. Mycobiol 2011;39:26-32.
113. He L, Liu Y, Mustapha Z, Lin M. Antifungal activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles against Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum. Microbiol Res 2012; 166;207-215.
114. Jayaseelan C, Abdul Rahuman A, Kirthi AV, et al. Novel microbial route to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles using Aeromonas hydrophila and their activity against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Spectrochim ACTA A 2012;90:78-84.
115. Alloway BJ. Soil factors associated with zinc deficiency in crops and humans. Environ Geochem Health 2009;31:537-548.
116. White PJ, Broadley MR. Biofortification of crops with seven mineral elements often lacking in human diets\-iron, zinc, copper, calcium, magnesium, selenium and iodine. New Phytol 2009;182:49-84.
117. Milani N, McLaughlin MJ, Stacey SP, et al. Dissolution kinetics of macronutrient fertilizers coated with manufactured zinc oxide nanoparticles. J Agr Food Chem 2012;60:3991-3998.
118. Gardea-Torresdey JL, Gomez E, Peralta-Videa JR, et al. Alfalfa sprouts: A natural source for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Langmuir 2003; 19:1357-1361.
119. Beattie IR, Haverkamp RG. Silver and gold nanoparticles in plants: Sites for the reduction to metal. Metallomics 2011;3:628-632.
120. Harris AT, Bali R. On the formation and extent of uptake of silver nanoparticles by live plants. J Nanopart Res 2008;10:691-695.
121. Haverkamp RG, Marshall AT. The mechanism of metal nanoparticle formation in plants: Limits on accumulation. J Nanopart Res 2009;11: 1453-1463.
122. Kubis SE, Lilley KS, Jarvis P. Isolation and preparation of chloroplasts from Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Method Mol Biol 2008;425:171-186.
123. Robert S, Zouhar J, Carter C, Raikhel N. Isolation of intact vacuoles from Arabidopsis rosette leaf-derived protoplasts. Nature Protoc 2007; 2:259-262.
124. Dhillon GS, Brar SK, Kaur S, Verma M. Green approach for nanoparticle biosynthesis by fungi: Current trends and applications. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2012;32:49-73.
125. Mandal D, Bolander ME, Mukhopadhyay D, et al. The use of microorganisms for the formation of metal nanoparticles and their application. Appl Microbiol Biot 2006;69:485-492.
126. Prasad, TNVKV, Naidu R. A critical review on biogenic silver nanoparticles and their antimicrobial activity. Curr Nanosci 2011;7:531-544.
127. Fayaz AM, Balaji K, Girilal M, et al. Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their synergistic effect with antibiotics: A study against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Nanomedicine 2010;6:103-109.
128. Nanda A, Saravanan M. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from Staphylococcus aureus and its antimicrobial activity against MRSA and MRSE. Nanomedicine 2009;5:452-456.
129. Ingle A, Gade A, Pierrat S, et al. Mycosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using the fungus Fusarium acuminatum and its activity against some human pathogenic bacteria. Curr Nanosci 2008;4:141-144.
130. Lee J-H, Han J, Choi J, Hur H-G. Effects of temperature and dissolved oxygen on Se(IV) removal and Se(0) precipitation by Shewanella sp. HN-41. Chemosphere 2007;68:1898-1905.
131. Bao H, Lu Z, Cui X, et al. Extracellular microbial synthesis of biocompatible CdTe quantum dots. Acta Biomater 2010;6:3534-3541.
132. Bai HJ, Zhang ZM, Guo Y, et al. Biosynthesis of cadmium sulfide nanoparticles by photosynthetic bacteria, Rhodopseudomonas palustris. Colloid Surface B 2009;70:142-146.
133. Pearce CI, Coker VS, Charnock et al. Microbial manufacture of chalcogenide-based nanoparticles via the reduction of selenite using Veillonella atypica: An in situ EXAFS study. Nanotechnol 2008;doi:10.1088/0957-4484/19/15/ 155603.