P-wave tomography of eastern North America: Evidence for mantle evolution from Archean to Phanerozoic, and modification during subsequent hot spot tectonism

Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth

Volumn 117, Issue 12, 2012, Pages

  Villemaire, M ^a   Darbyshire, F A ^a   Bastow, I D ^b  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

^b IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARCHEAN; ARRIVAL TIME; HOT SPOT; MAGMATISM; MANTLE STRUCTURE; P-WAVE; PHANEROZOIC; SEISMIC TOMOGRAPHY; SEISMIC VELOCITY; TECTONIC EVOLUTION; TELESEISMIC WAVE; VELOCITY STRUCTURE;

CANADA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84870950910     PISSN: 21699313     EISSN: 21699356     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2012JB009639     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Aktas, K., and D. Eaton (2006), Upper-mantle velocity structure of the lower Great Lakes region, Tectonophysics, 420, 267-281.
2. Allen, R., et al. (2002), Imaging the mantle beneath Iceland using integrated seismological techniques, J. Geophys. Res., 107(B12), 2325, doi:10.1029/2001JB000595.
3. Artemieva, I., M. Billien, J. Lévêque, and W. Mooney (2004), Shear-wave velocity, seismic attenuation, and thermal structure of the continental upper mantle, Geophys. J. Int., 157, 607-628, doi:10.1111/j.1365- 246X. 2004.02195.x.
4. Audet, P., and R. Bürgmann (2011), Dominant role of tectonic inheritance in supercontinent cycles, Nat. Geosci., 4, 184-187.
5. Bastow, I. (2012), Relative arrival-time upper-mantle tomography and the elusive background mean, Geophys. J. Int., 190, 1271-1278, doi:10.1111/j.1365- 246X.2012.05559.x.
6. Bastow, I., G. Stuart, J.-M. Kendall, and C. Ebinger (2005), Upper-mantle seismic structure in a region of incipient continental breakup: Northern Ethiopian rift, Geophys. J. Int., 162, 479-493, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005. 02666.x.
7. Bastow, I., A. Nyblade, G. Stuart, T. Rooney, and M. Benoit (2008), Upper mantle seismic structure beneath the Ethiopian hot spot: Rifting at the edge of the African low velocity anomaly, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 9, Q12022, doi:10.1029/2008GC002107.
8. Bedle, H., and S. van der Lee (2009), S velocity variations beneath North America, J. Geophys. Res., 114, B07308, doi:10.1029/2008JB005949.
9. Bruneton, M., et al. (2004), Complex lithospheric structure under the central Baltic Shield from surface wave tomography, J. Geophys. Res., 109, B10303, doi:10.1029/2003JB002947.
10. Burov, E., L. Guillou-Frottier, E. d'Acremont, L. Le Pourhiet, and S. Cloetingh (2007), Plume head-lithosphere interactions near intra-continental plate boundaries, Tectonophysics, 434, 15-38.
11. Calvert, A., E. Sawyer, W. Davis, and J. Ludden (1995), Archaean subduction inferred from seismic images of a mantle suture in the Superior Province, Nature, 375, 670-674.
12. Cammarano, F., S. Goes, P. Vacher, and D. Giardini (2003), Inferring upper-mantle temperatures from seismic velocities, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 138, 197-222, doi:10.1016/S0031-9201(03)00156-0.
13. Chevrot, S., and L. Zhao (2007), Multiscale finite-frequency Rayleigh wave tomography of the Kaapvaal craton, Geophys. J. Int., 169, 201-215.
14. Cline, A. (1981), FITPAK-Software package for curve and surface fitting employing splines under tension, report, Dep. of Comput. Sci., Univ. of Tex. at Austin, Austin.
15. Clowes, R. (2010), Initiation, development, and benefits of Lithoprobe- Shaping the direction of Earth science in Canada and beyond, Can. J. Earth Sci., 47, 291-314.
16. Constable, S., R. Parker, and C. Constable (1987), Occam's inversion: A practical algorithm for generating smooth models from electromagnetic sounding data, Geophysics, 52, 289-300.
17. Deschamps, F., J. Trampert, and R. Snieder (2002), Anomalies of temperature and iron in the uppermost mantle inferred from gravity data and tomographic models, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 129, 245-264.
18. Deuss, A. (2009), Global observations of mantle discontinuities using SS and PP precursors, Surv. Geophys., 30, 301-326.
19. Eaton, D., and A. Frederiksen (2007), Seismic evidence for convection-driven motion of the North American plate, Nature, 446, 428-431.
20. Eaton, D., et al. (2005), Investigating Canada's lithosphere and earthquake hazards with portable arrays, Eos Trans. AGU, 86, 169, doi:10.1029/2005EO170001.
21. Eaton, D., F. Darbyshire, R. Evans, H. Grütter, A. Jones, and X. Yuan (2009), The elusive lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary beneath cratons, Lithos, 109, 1-22, doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2008.05.009.
22. Ebinger, C, and N. Sleep (1998), Cenozoic magmatism throughout east Africa resulting from impact of a single plume, Nature, 395, 788-791.
23. Eby, G. (1987), The Monteregian Hills and White Mountain alkaline igneous provinces, eastern North America, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ, 30, 433-447.
24. Ernst, R., and W. Bleeker (2010), Large igneous provinces (LIPs), giant dyke swarms, and mantle plumes: Significance for breakup events within Canada and adjacent regions from 2.5 Ga to the present, Can. J. Earth Sci., 47, 695-739.
25. Ernst, R., and K. Buchan (2001), The use of mafic dyke swarms in identifying and locating mantle plumes, Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am., 352, 247-265.
26. Faul, U., and I. Jackson (2005), The seismological signature of temperature and grain size variations in the upper mantle, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 234, 119-134.
27. Fischer, K., H. Ford, D. Abt, and C. Rychert (2010), The lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 38, 551-575, doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-040809-152438.
28. Fishwick, S., B. Kennett, and A. Reading (2005), Contrasts in lithospheric structure within the Australian craton-Insights from surface wave tomography, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett, 231, 163-176.
29. Forte, A., R. Moucha, N. Simmons, S. Grand, and J. Mitrovica (2010), Deep-mantle contibutions to the surface dynamics of the North American continent, Tectonophysics, 481, 3-15, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2009.06.010.
30. Frederiksen, A., S.-K. Miong, F. Darbyshire, D. Eaton, S. Rondenay, and S. Sol (2007), Lithospheric variations across the Superior Province, Ontario, Canada: Evidence from tomography and shear wave splitting, J. Geophys. Res., 112, B07318, doi:10.1029/2006JB004861.
31. Garnero, E., T. Lay, and A. McNamara (2007), Implications of lower-mantle structural heterogeneity for the existence and nature of whole-mantle plumes, Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am., 430, 79-101.
32. Goes, S., R. Govers, and P. Vacher (2000), Shallow mantle temperatures under Europe from P and S wave tomography, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 11,153-11,169.
33. Goldstein, P., and A. Snoke (2005), SAC availability for the IRIS community, IRIS DMC Newsl., 7(1), Article 1. [Available at http://www.iris.edu/ dms/newsletter/vol7/no1/sac-availability-for-the-iris-community/.]
34. Grand, S., R. van der Hilst, and S. Widiyantoro (1997), Global seismic tomography: A snapshot of convection in the Earth, GSA Today, 7, 1-7.
35. Griffin, W., S. O'Reilly, and C. Ryan (1999), The composition and origin of sub-continental lithospheric mantle, Spec. Publ. Geochem. Soc, 6, 13-45.
36. Hatcher, R. D., Jr. (2005), Southern and central Appalachians, in Encyclopedia of Geology, edited by R. Selley, L. Cocks, and I. Plinner, pp. 72-81, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
37. Heaman, L., and B. Kjarsgaard (2000), Timing of eastern North American kimberlite magmatism: Continental extension of the Great Meteor hotspot track?, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 178, 253-268.
38. Hoffman, P. (1988), United plates of America, the birth of a craton: Early Proterozoic assembly and growth of Laurentia, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 16, 543-603.
39. Hopkins, M., T. Harrison, and C. Manning (2008), Low heat flow inferred from >4 Gyr zircons suggests Hadean plate boundary interactions, Nature, 456, 493-496, doi:10.1038/nature07465.
40. Jordan, T. (1988), Structure and formation of the continental tectosphere, J. Petrol., 1, 11-37.
41. Karato, S. (1993), Importance of anelasticity in the interpretation of seismic tomography, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20(15), 1623-1626.
42. Kamo, S., T. Krogh, and P. Kumarapeli (1995), Age of the Grenville dyke swarm, Ontario-Quebec: Implication for the timing of Iapetan rifting, Can. J. Earth Sci., 32, 273-280.
43. Kennett, B., and E. Engdahl (1991), Travel times for global earthquake location and phase association, Geophys. J. Int., 105, 429-465.
44. King, S. (2005), Archean cratons and mantle dynamics, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 234, 1-14.
45. Lawrence, J., and P. Shearer (2008), Imaging mantle transition zone thickness with SdS-SS finite-frequency sensitivity kernels, Geophys. J. Int., 174, 143-158.
46. Lebedev, S., J. Boonen, and J. Trampert (2009), Seismic structure of Pre-cambrian lithosphere: New constraints from broad-band surface-wave dispersion, Lithos, 109, 96-111.
47. Lee, C., P. Luffi, and E. Chin (2011), Building and destroying continental mantle, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 39, 59-90.
48. Lekic, V., and B. Romanowicz (2011), Tectonic regionalization without a priori information: A cluster analysis of upper mantle tomography, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 308, 151-160.
49. Levin, V., A. Lerner-Lam, and W. Menke (1995), Anomalous mantle structure at the Proterozoic-Paleozoic boundary in the northeastern US., Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 121-124.
50. Lévy, F., C. Jaupart, J.-C. Mareschal, G. Bienfait, and A. Limare (2010), Low heat flux and large variations of lithospheric thickness in the Canadian Shield, J. Geophys. Res., 115, B06404, doi:10.1029/2009JB006470.
51. Li, A., and K. Burke (2006), Upper mantle structure of southern Africa from Rayleigh wave tomography, J. Geophys. Res., 111, B10303, doi:10.1029/2006JB004321.
52. Li, A., K. Fischer, M. Wysession, and T. Clarke (1998), Mantle discontinuities and temperature under the North American continental keel, Nature, 395, 160-163.
53. Li, A., D. Forsyth, and K. Fischer (2003), Shear velocity structure and azi-muthal anisotropy beneath eastern North America from Rayleigh wave inversion, J. Geophys. Res., 108(B8), 2362, doi:10.1029/2002JB002259.
54. Li, C., R. van der Hilst, E. Engdahl, and S. Burdick (2008), A new global model for P wave speed variations in Earth's mantle, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 9, Q05018, doi:10.1029/2007GC001806.
55. Ludden, J., and A. Hynes (2000), The Lithoprobe Abitibi-Grenville transect: Two billion years of crust formation and recycling in the Precambrian Shield of Canada, Can. J. Earth Sci., 37, 459-476.
56. Mareschal, J., C. Jaupart, C. Gariépy, L. Cheng, L. Guillou-Frottier, G. Bienfait, and R. Lapointe (2000), Heat flow and deep thermal structure near the southeastern edge of the Canadian Shield, Can. J. Earth Sci., 37, 399-414.
57. Nataf, H., and Y. Ricard (1996), 3SMAC: An a priori tomographic model of the upper mantle based on geophysical modelling, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 95, 101-122.
58. Nettles, M., and A. Dziewonski (2008), Radially anisotropic shear velocity structure of the upper mantle globally and beneath North America, J. Geophys. Res., 113, B02303, doi:10.1029/2006JB004819.
59. O'Reilly, S., and W. Griffin (2006), Imaging global chemical and thermal heterogeneity in the subcontinental lithospheric mantle with garnets and xenoliths: Geophysical implications, Tectonophysics, 416, 289-309.
60. Percival, J. (2007), Geology and metallogeny of the Superior Province, Canada, in Mineral Deposits of Canada: A Synthesis of Major Deposit-Types, District Metallogeny, the Evolution of Geological Provinces and Exploration Methods, Spec. Publ., vol. 5, edited by W. Goodfellow, pp. 903-928, Miner. Deposits Div., Geol. Assoc. of Canada, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.
61. Percival, J., M. Sanborn-Barrie, T. Skulski, G. Stott, H. Helmstaedt, and D. White (2006), Tectonic evolution of the western Superior province from NATMAP and Lithoprobe studies, Can. J. Earth Sci., 43, 1085-1117.
62. Pérez-Gussinyé, M., M. Metois, M. Fernández, J. Vergés, J. Fullea, and A. Lowry (2009), Effective elastic thickness of Africa and its relationship to other proxies for lithospheric structure and surface tectonics, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 287, 152-167.
63. Petit, C., and C. Ebinger (2000), Flexure and mechanical behavior of cra-tonic lithosphere: Gravity models of the East African and Baikal rifts, J. Geophys. Res., 105(B8), 19,151-19,162, doi:10.1029/2000JB900101.
64. Poupinet, G. (1979), On the relation between P-wave travel time residuals and the age of the continental plates, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 43, 149-161.
65. Ritsema, J., A. Nyblade, T. Owens, C. Langston, and J. VanDecar (1998), Upper mantle seismic velocity structure beneath Tanzania, East Africa: Implications for the stability of cratonic lithosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 103(B9), 21,201-21,213.
66. Ritsema, J., A. Deuss, H. van Heijst, and J. Woodhouse (2011), S40RTS: A degree-40 shear-velocity model for the mantle from new Rayleigh-wave dispersion, teleseismic traveltime and normal-mode splitting function measurements, Geophys. J. Int., 184, 1223-1236, doi:10.1111/1365-246X.2010.04884.x.
67. Rondenay, S., M. Bostock, T. Hearn, D. White, and R. Ellis (2000), Lith-ospheric assembly and modification of the SE Canadian Shield: Abitibi-Grenville teleseismic experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 13,735-13,755.
68. Sigloch, K. (2011), Mantle provinces under North America from multifre-quency P wave tomography, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 12, Q02W08, doi:10.1029/2010GC003421.
69. Simons, F., A. Zielhuis, and R. van der Hilst (1999), The deep structure of the Australian continent from surface wave tomography, Lithos, 48, 17-43.
70. Sleep, N. (1990), Monteregian hotspot track: A long-lived mantle plume, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 21,983-21,990.
71. Sleep, N. (1997), Lateral flow and ponding of starting plume material, J. Geophys. Res., 102(B5), 10,001-10,012, doi:10.1029/97JB00551.
72. Sleep, N. (2003), Geodynamic implications of xenolith geotherms, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 4(9), 1079, doi:10.1029/2003GC000511.
73. Sleep, N., C. Ebinger, and J.-M. Kendall (2002), Deflection of mantle plume material by cratonic keels, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 199, 135-150.
74. Sol, S., C. Thompson, J.-M. Kendall, D. White, J. VanDecar, and I. Asudeh (2002), Seismic tomographic images of the cratonic upper mantle beneath the Western Superior province of the Canadian Shield: A remnant Archean slab?, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 134, 53-69.
75. Stern, R. (2005), Evidence from ophiolites, blueschists, and ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic terranes that the modern episode of subduction tectonics began in Neoproterozoic time, Geology, 33(7), 557-560, doi:10.1130/G21365.1.
76. St.-Onge, M., M. Searle, and N. Wodicka (2006), Trans-Hudson Orogen of North America and Himalaya-Karakoram-Tibetan Orogen of Asia: Structural and thermal characteristics of the lower and upper plates, Tectonics, 25, TC4006, doi:10.1029/2005TC001907.
77. Thompson, D., G. Helffrich, I. Bastow, J. Kendall, J. Wookey, D. Eaton, and D. Snyder (2011), Implications of a simple mantle transition zone beneath cratonic North America, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 312, 28-36.
78. Tilmann, F., H. Benz, K. Priestley, and P. Okubo (2001), P-wave velocity structure of the uppermost mantle beneath Hawaii from traveltime tomography, Geophys. J. Int., 146, 594-606.
79. VanDecar, J., and R. Crosson (1990), Determination of teleseismic relative phase arrival times using multi-channel cross-correlation and leastsquares, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 80, 150-169.
80. VanDecar, J., D. James, and M. Assumpção (1995), Seismic evidence for a fossil mantle plume beneath South America and implications for plate driving forces, Nature, 378, 25-31.
81. van der Lee, S., and A. Frederiksen (2005), Surface wave tomography applied to the North American upper mantle, in Seismic Earth: Array Analysis of Broadband Seismograms, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 157, edited by G. Nolet and A. Levander, pp. 67-80, AGU, Washington, D. C.
82. van der Lee, S., K. Regenauer-Lieb, and D. Yuen (2008), The role of water in connecting past and future episodes of subduction, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 273, 15-27, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.04.041.
83. van Staal, C. (2005), Northern Appalachians, in Encyclopedia of Geology, edited by R. Selley, L. Cocks, and I. Plinner, pp. 72-81, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
84. Wessel, P., and W. Smith (1998), New, improved version of Generic Mapping Tools released, Eos Trans. AGU, 79, 579-579.
85. White, D., D. Forsyth, I. Asudeh, S. Carr, H. Wu, R. Easton, and R. Mereu (2000), A seismic-based cross-section of the Grenville Orogen in southern Ontario and western Quebec, Can. J. Earth Sci., 37, 183-192.
86. Whitmeyer, S., and K. Karlstrom (2007), Tectonic model for the Protero-zoic growth of North America, Geosphere, 3, 220-259.