Tectonic model for the Proterozoic growth of North America

Geosphere

Volumn 3, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 220-259

  Whitmeyer, Steven J ^a   Karlstrom, Karl E ^b  

^a JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO   (United States)

Author keywords

Continent assembly; Laurentia; North America; Proterozoic; Rodinia

Indexed keywords

ACCRETIONARY PRISM; ARC-CONTINENT COLLISION; CONTINENTAL CRUST; CONTINENTAL LITHOSPHERE; EXTENSIONAL TECTONICS; ISLAND ARC; LAURENTIA; OROGENY; PLATE CONVERGENCE; PRECAMBRIAN; PROTEROZOIC; RODINIA; SHEAR ZONE; SLAB;

ASIA; AUSTRALASIA; AUSTRALIA; EURASIA; INDONESIA; NORTH AMERICA; SOUTHEAST ASIA;

MOJAVIA;

EID: 38549158079     PISSN: 1553-040     EISSN: 1553040X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1130/GES00055.1     Document Type: Article

References (269)

1. Adams, D.C., and Keller, G.R., 1995, Precambrian basement geology of the Permian Basin region of west Texas and eastern New Mexico: A geophysical perspective: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 80, p. 410-431.
2. Aldrich, M.J., 1986, Tectonics of the Jemez lineament in the Jemez Mountains and Rio Grande Rift: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 91, p. 1753-1762.
3. Aleinikoff, J.N., Reed, J.C., and Wooden, J.L., 1993, Lead isotopic evidence for the origin of Paleo- aud Mesoproterozoic rocks of the Colorado Province, U.S: Precambrian Research, v. 63, p. 97-122, doi: 10.1016/0301-9268(93)90007-O.
4. Aleinikoff, J.N., Zartman, R.E., Walter, M., Rankin, D.W., Lyttle, P.T., and Burton, W.C., 1995, U-Pb ages of metarhyolites of the Catoctin. and Mount Rogers formations, central and southern Appalachians: Evidence for two phases of Iapetan rifting: American Journal of Science, v. 295, V. 428-454.
5. Aleinikoff, J.N., Evans, K., Fanning, C.M., Obradovich, J.D., Ruppel, E.T., Zieg, J.A., and Steinmetz, J.C., 1997, Shrimp U-Pb ages of felsic igneous rocks, Belt Supergroup, western Montana: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 28, no. 6, p. A376.
6. Aleinikoff, J.N., Burton, W.C., Lyttle, P.T., Nelson, A.E., and Southworth, C.S., 2000, U-Pb geochronology of zircon and monazite from Mesoproterozoic granitic gneisses of the northern Blue Ridge, Virginia and Maryland, USA: Precambrian Research, v. 99, p. 113-146, doi: 10.1016/ S0301-9268(99)00056-X.
7. Anderson, J.L., and Bender, E.E., 1989, Nature and origin of Proterozoic A-type granitic magmatism in the southwestern United States of America: Lithos, v. 23, p. 19-52, doi: 10.1016/0024-4937(89)90021-2.
8. Anderson, J.L., and Cullers, R.L., 1999, Paleo- and Mesoproterozoic granite plutonism of Colorado and Wyoming: Rocky Mountain Gcology, v. 34, p. 149-164, doi: 10.2113/34.2.149.
9. Ansidell, K.M., 2005, Tectonic evolution of the Manitoba-Saskatchewan segment of the Paleoproterozoic Trans-Hudson Orogen, Canada: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 42, p. 741-759, doi: 10.1139/e05-035.
10. Ansdell, K. Lucas, S.B., Connors, K., and Stem, R., 1995, Visseyney metasedimentary gneiss belt, Trans-Hudson orogen (Canada): back-arc origin and collisional inversion: Geology, v. 23, p. 1039-1043, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<1039:KMGBTU>2.3.CO;2.
11. Armstrong, R.L., 1981, Radiogenic isotopes, the case for crustal recycling on a near-steady-state no-commental-growth Earth: Royal Society of London Philosophical Transactions, ser. A, v. 301, p. 443-472.
12. Ashwal, L.D., Wooden, J.L., and Emslie, R.F., 1986, Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopes in Proterocoic intrusives astride the Grenville Front in Labrador. Implications for crustal contimination and basement mapping: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 50, p. 2571-2585, doi: 10.1016/ 0016-7037(86)90211-5.
13. Barnes, M.A., Rohs, C.R., Anthoney, E.Y., Van Schmns, W.R., and Denison, R.E., 1999, Isotopic and elemental chemistry of subsurface Precambrian igneous rocks, west Texas and eastern New Mexico: Rocky Mountain Geology, v. 34, p. 245-262, doi: 10.2113/34.2.245.
14. Barovich, K.M., Patchett, Peterman, Z.E., and Sims, P.K., 1989, Md isotopes and the origin of 1.9-1.7 Ga Penokean continental crust of the Lake Superior region: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 101, p. 333-338, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1989)101<0333: NIATOO>2.3.CO;2.
15. Barth, A.P., Wooden, J.L., Coleman, D.S., and Fanning, C.M., 2000, Geochronology of the Proterozoic basement of southwesternmost North America, and the origin and evolution of the Mojave crustal province: Tectonics, v. 19, p. 616-629, doi: 10.1029/1999TC001145.
16. Bauer, P.W., Karlstrom, K.E., Bowring, S.A., Smith, A., and Goodwin, L., 1993, Proterozoic plutonism and regional deformation: New constraints from the southern Manzano Mountains, central New Mexico: New Mexico Geology, v. 15, no. 3, p. 49-55.
17. Bennett, V.C., and DePaolo, D.J., 1987, Proterozoic crustal history of the western United States as determined by neodymium isotopic mapping: Geologic Society of America Bulletin, v. 99, p. 674-685, doi: 10.1130/ 0016-7606(1987)99<674:PCHOTW>2.0.CO;2.
18. Bergh, S.G., and Karlstrom, K.E., 1992, Tle Chaparral fault zone of central Arizona: Deformation partitioning and escape block tectonics during Proterozoic orogeny: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 104, p. 329-345, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1992)104<0329: TUSZDP>2.3.CO;2.
19. Betts, P.G., and Giles, D., 2006, The 1800-1100 Ma tectonic evolution of Australia: Precambrian Research, v. 144, p. 92-125, doi: 10.1016/ j.precamres.2005.11.006.
20. Bickford, M.E., and Hill, B.M., 2007, Does the arc accretion model adequately explain the Paleoproterozoic evolution of southern Laurentia?: An expanded interpretation: Geology, v. 35, p. 167-170. doi: 10.1130/G23174A.1.
21. Blckford, M.E., and Van Schmus, W.R., 1985, Discovery of two Proterozoic granite-rhyolite terranes in the buried mid-continent basement: The case for shallow drill holes, in Raleigh, B., ed., Observation of the continental crust through drilling I: New York, Springer-Verlag, p. 355-364.
22. Bickford, M.E., Shuster, R.D., and Boardman, S.J., 1989, U-Pb geochronology of the Proterozoic volcano-plutonic terrane in the Gunnison and Salida area, Colorado, in Grambling, J.A., and Tewksbury, B.J., eds., Proterozoic geology of the southern Rocky Mountains: Geological Society of America Special Paper 235, p. 33-48.
23. Bickford, M.E., Soegaard, K., Nielsen, K.C., and McLelland, J.M., 2000, Geology and geochronology of Grenville-age rocks in the Van Horn and Franklin Mountains area, west Texas: Implications for the tectonic evolution of Laurentia during the Grenville: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 112, p. 1134-1148, doi: 10.1130/ 0016-7606(2000)112<1134:GAGOGA>2.3.CO;2.
24. Bickford, M.E., Mock, T.E., Steinhart, W.E., III, Collerson, K.D., and Lewry, J.F., 2005, Origin of the Archean Sask craton and its extent within the Trans-Hudson orogen: Evidence from Pb and Nd isotopic composition of basement and post-orogenic intrusions: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 42, p. 659-684, doi: 10.1139/e04-064.
25. Bickford, M.E., Wooden, J.L., and Bauer, R.L., 2006, SHRIMP study of zircons from Early Archean rocks in the Minnesota River Valley: Implications for the tectonic history of the Superior Province: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v, 118, p. 94-108, doi: 10.1130/ B25741.1.
26. Bleeker, W., 2003, The late Archean record: a puzzle in ca. 35 pieces: Lithos, v. 71, p. 99-134.
27. Bleeker, W., and Ernst, R., 2006, Short-lived mantle generated magmatic events and their dyke swarms: The key to unlocking Earth's paleogeographic record back to 2.6 Ga, in Hanski, E., et al., eds., Dyke swarms - Time markers of crustal evolution: Rotterdam, A.A. Balkema, p. 3-26.
28. Boardman, S.J., and Condie, K.C., 1986, Early Proterozoic subaqueous bimodal volcanic rocks in central Colorado, U.S.A.; Part II, Geochemistry, petrogenesis, and tectonic settings: Precambrian Research, v. 34, p. 37-68, doi: 10.1016/j.lithos.2003.07.003.
29. Bond, G.C., Cbristie-Blick, N., Kominz, M.A., and Devlin, W.J., 1985, An early Cambrian rift to post rift transition in the Cordillera of western North America: Nature, v. 315, p. 742-746, doi: 10.1038/315742a0.
30. Bowring, S.A., and Karlstrom, K.E., 1990, Growth, stabilization, and reactivation of Proterozoic lithosphere in the southwestern United States: Geology, v. 18, p. 1203-1206, doi: 10.1130/ 0091-7613(1990)018<1203:GSAROP>2.3.CO;2.
31. Bowring, S.A., and Podosek, F.A., 1989, Nd isotopic evidence from Wopmay orogen for 2.0-2.4 Ga crust in western North America: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 94, p. 217-230, doi: 10.1016/ 0012-821X(89)90141-6.
32. Bowring, S.A., Housh, T.B., Van Schmus, W.R., and Podosek, F.A., 1992, A major Nd isotopic boundary along the southern margin of Laurentia: Eos (Transactions, American Geophysical Union) v. 73, p. 333.
33. Bream, B.R., Hatcher, R.D., Jr., Mine, C.F., and Fullagar, P.D., 2004, Detrital zircon ages and Nd isotopic data from the southern Appalachian crystalline core, Georgia, South Carolina, and Tennessee: New provenance constraints for part of the Laurentian margin, in Tollo, R.P., et al., eds., Proterozoic tectonic evolution of the Grenville orogen in North America: Geological Society of America Memoir 197, p. 459-475.
34. Bryant, B., 1988, Evolution and early Proterozoic history of the margin of the Archean continent in Utah, in Ernst, W.G., ed., Metamorphism and crustal evolution of the Western United States: Rubey Volume 7: Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, p. 431-445.
35. Calvert, A.J., Sawyer, E.W., Davis, W.J., and Ludden, J.N., 1995, Archean subduction inferred from seismic images of a mantle suture in the Superior Province: Nature, v. 375, p. 670-673, doi: 10.1038/375670a0.
36. Carrigan, C.W., Miller, C.F., Fullagar, P.D., Bream, B.R., Hatcher, R.D., Jr., and Coath, C.D., 2003, Ion microprobe age and geochemistry of southern Appalachian basement, with implications for Proterozoic and Paleozoic reconstructions: Precambrian Research, v. 120, p. 1-36, doi: 10.1016/S0301-9268(02)00113-4.
37. Cavosie, A., and Selverstone, J., 2003, Early Proterozoic oceariie crust in the northern Colorado Front Range: Implications for crustal growth and initiation of basement faults: Tectonics, v. 22, p. 1015, doi: 10.1029/2001TC001325.
38. Cawood, P.A., McCausland, P.J.A., and Dunning, G.R., 2001, Opening Iapetus: Constraints from the Laurentian margin of Newfoundland: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 113, p. 443-453, doi: 10.1130/ 0016-7606(2001)113<0443:OICFTL>2.0.CO;2.
39. Cawood, P.A., Kroener, A., and Pisarevsky, S., 2006, Precambrian plate tectonics: Criteria and evidence: GSA Today, v. 16, no. 7, p. 4-11, doi: 10.1130/GSAT01607.1.
40. Chamberlain, K.R., 1998, Medicine Bow orogeny: Timing of deformation and model of crustal structure produced during continent-arc collision, ca. 1.78 Ga, southeastern Wyoming: Rocky Mountain Geology, v. 33, p. 259-277.
41. Chamberlain, K.R., Frost, C.D., and Frost, B.R., 2003, Early Archean to Mesoproterozoic evolution of the Wyoming Province: Archean origins to modern lithospheric architecture: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 40, p. 1357-1374.
42. Coleman, D.S., Bowring, S.A., and Dann, J.C., 1996, Nd and Pb isotopic constraints on the evolution of the Payson ophiolite, central Arizona: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 28, no. 7, p. 316.
43. Colpron, M., Logan, J.M., and Mortensen, J.K., 2002, U-Pb zircon age constraints for late Neoproterozoic rifting and initiation of the lower Paleozoic passive margin of western Laurentia: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 39, p. 133-143, doi: 10.1139/e01-069.
44. Condie, K.C., 1980, The Tijeras Greenstone: Evidence for depleted upper mantle beneath New Mexico during the Proterozoic: Journal of Geology, v. 88, p. 603-609.
45. Condie, K.C., 1986, Geochemistry and tectonic setting of Early Proterozoic supracrustal rocks in the southwestern United States: Journal of Geology, v. 94, p. 845-864.
46. Condie, K.C., 1990, Growth and accretion of continental crust: Inferences based on Laurentia: Chemical Geology, v. 83, p. 183-194, doi: 10.1016/0009-2541(90)90279-G.
47. Condie, K.C., 1992, Proterozoic terranes and continental accretion in southwestern North America, in Condie, K.C., ed., Proterozoic crustal evolution: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 447-480.
48. Condie, K.C., 2005, Earth as an evolving planetary system: Amsterdam, Elsevier Academic Press, 447 p.
49. Condie, K.C., and Shadel, C.A., 1984, An early Proterozoic arc succession in southeastern Wyoming: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 21, p. 415-427.
50. Conway, C.M., and Silver, L.T., 1989, Early Proterozoic rocks (1710-1615) in central to southeastern Arizona, in Jenny, J., and Reynolds, S., eds., Geological evolution of Arizona: Arizona Geological Society Digest, v. 17, p. 165-186.
51. Cook, F.A., van der Velden, A.J., Hall, K.W., and Roberts, B.J., 1999, Frozen subduction in Canada's Northwest Territories: Lithoprobe deep lithospheric reflection profiling of the western Canadian Shield: Tectonics, v. 18, p. 1-24, doi: 10.1029/1998TC900016.
52. Corrigan, D., and Hanmer, S., 1997, Anorthosites and related granitoids in the Grenville orogen: A product of convective thinning of lithosphere?: Geology, v. 25, p. 61-64, doi: 10.1130/ 0091-7613(1997)025<0061:AARGIT>2.3.CO;2.
53. Cordell, L., and Grauch, V.J.S., 1985, Mapping basement magnetization zones from aeromagnetic data in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico, in Hinze, W.J., ed., The utility of regional gravity and magnetic maps: Society of Exploration Geophysicists, p. 181-197.
54. Corrigan, D., Hajnal, Z., Nemeth, B., and Lucas, S.B., 2005, Tectonic framework of a Paleoproterozoic arc-continent to continent-continent collisional zone, Trans-Hudson Orogen, from geological and seismic reflection studies: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 42, p. 421-434, doi: 10.1139/e05-025.
55. Cox, D.M., Frost, C.D., and Chamberlain, K.R., 2000, 2.01 Ga Kennedy dike swarm, southeastern Wyoming: A record of a rifted margin along the southern Wyoming province: Rocky Mountain Geology, v. 35, p. 7-30, doi: 10.2113/35.1.7.
56. Cox, R., Martin. M.W., Comstock, J.C., Dickerson, L.S. Ekstrom, I.L., and Sammons, J.H., 2002, Sedimentology, stratigraphy, and geochronology of the Proterozoic Mazatzal Group, central Arizona: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 114, p. 1535-1549, doi: 10.1130/ 0016-7606(2002)114<1535:SSAGOT>2.0.CO;2.
57. Cressman, E.R., 1989, Reconnaissance stratigraphy of the Prichard Formation (Middle Proterozoic) and the early development of the Belt Basin, Washington, Idaho, and Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1490, 80 p.
58. Crowley, J.L., Schmitz, M.D., Bowring, S.A., Williams, M.L., and Karlstrom, K.E., 2006, U-Pb and Hf isotopic analysis of zircon in lower crustal xenoliths from the Navajo volcanic field: 1.4 Ga mafic magmatism and metamorphism beneath the Colorado Plateau: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, doi: 10.1007/a00410-006-0061-z.
59. Dahl, P., Holm, D., Gardner, E., Hubacher, F., and Foland, K., 1999, New constraints on the timing of Early Proterozoic tectonism in the Black Hills (South Dakota), with implications for docking of the Wyoming province with Laurentia: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 111, p. 1335-1349.
60. Dahl, P.S., Hamilton, M.A., Wooden, J.L., Foland, K.A., Frei, R., McCombs, J.A., and Holm, D.K., 2006, 2480 Ma mafic magmatism in the Black Hills, South Dakota: A new link connecting the Wyoming and Superior cratons: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 43, p. 1579-1600, doi: 10.1139/1106-066.
61. Daly, J., and McLelland, J., 1991, Juvenile Middle Proterozoic crust in the Adirondack Highlands, Grenville Province, northeastern North America: Geology, v. 19, p. 119-122, doi: 10.1130/ 0091-7613(1991)019<0119:JMPCIT>2.3.CO;2.
62. Dalziel, I.W.D., 1991, Pacific margins of Laurentia and East Antarctica-Australia as a conjugate rift pair: Evidence and implications for an Eocambrian supercontinent: Geology, v. 19, p. 598-601, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0598:PMOLAE>2.3.CO;2.
63. Dalziel, I.W.D., 1997, Overview: Neoproterozoic-Paleozoic geography and tectonics: Review, hypothesis, environmental speculations: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 109, p. 16-42, doi: 10.1130/ 0016-7606(1997)109<0016:ONPGAT>2.3.CO;2.
64. Dalziel, I.W.D., Mosher, S., and Gahagan, L., 2000, Laurentia-Kalahari collision and the assembly of Rodinia: Journal of Geology, v. 108, p. 499-513, doi: 10.1086/314418.
65. Dann, J.C., 1991, Early Proterozoic ophiolite, central Arizona: Geology, v. 19, p. 590-593, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0590: EPOCA>2.3.CO;2.
66. Dann, J.C., 1997, Pseudostratigraphy and origin of the Early Proterozoic Payson ophiolite, central Arizona: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 109, p. 347-365, doi: 10.1130/ 0016-7606(1997)109<0347:PAOOTE>2.3.CO;2.
67. Davidson, A., 1995, A review of the Grenville orogen in its North American type area: Journal of Australian Geology and Geophysics, v. 16, p. 3-24.
68. DePaolo, D.J., 1981, Neodymium isotopes in the Colorado Front Range and crust-mantle evolution in the Proterozoic: Nature, v. 291, p. 193-196, doi: 10.1038/291193a0.
69. Dickin, A.P., 1998, Nd isotope mapping of a cryptic continental suture, Grenville Province of Ontario: Precambrian Research, v. 91, p. 433-444, doi: 10.1016/S0301-9268(98)00062-X.
70. Dickin, A.P., 2000, Crustal formation in the Grenville province: Nd-isotope evidence: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 37, p. 165-181, doi: 10.1139/cjes-37-2-3-165.
71. Dickin, A.P., and Higgins, M.D., 1992, Sm/Nd evidence for a major 1.5 Ga crust-forming event in the central Grenville Province: Geologyy. v. 20,p. 137-140, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613 (1992)020<0137:SNEFAM>2.3CO;2.
72. Doe, M., and Karlstrom, K.E., 1991, Structural geology of an Early Proterozoic foreland thrust best, Mazatzal Mountains, Arizona, in Karlstrom, K.E., ed., Proterozoic, geology and ore deposits of Arizona: Arizona Geological Society Digest, v. 19, p. 181-192.
73. Dott, R.H., Jr., 1983, The Proterozoic red quartzite enigma in the north-central U.S.: Resolved by plate collision?, in Medaris, L.G., Jr., ed., Early Proterozic geology of the Great Lakes region: Geological Society of America Memoir 160, p. 129-141.
74. Duebendorfer, E.M., Chamberlain, K.R., and Jones, C.S., 2001, 'Paleoproterozoic tectonic history of the Mojave-Yavapai boundary zone: Perspective from the Cerbat Mountains, northwestern Arizona: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 113, p. 575-590, doi: 40.1130/ 0016-7606(2001)113<0575: PTHOTC>2.0.CO;2.
75. Duebendorfer, E.M., Chamberlain, K.R., and Fry, B., 2006, Mujave-Yavapai boundary zone southwestern United States: A rifting model for the formation of an isotopically mixed crustal boundary zone: Geology, v. 34, p. 681-684, doi: 10.1130/G22581.1.
76. Dumond, G., Mahan, K.H., Williams, M.L., and Karlstrom, K.E., 2007, Crustal segmentation, composite looping pressure-temperature paths, and magma-enhanced metamorphic field gradients: Upper Granite Gorge, Grand Canyon, USA: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 119, p. 202-220, doi: 10. 1130/B25903.1.
77. Eisele, J., and Isachsen, C.E., 2001, Crustal growth in southern Arizona: U-Pb geochronologic and Sm-Nd isotopic evidence for addition of the paleoprotmzoic Cochise block to the Mazatzal Province: American Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 310, p. 773-797.
78. Engel, A.E.J., 1963, Geologic evolution of North America: Science, v. 140, p. 143-152, doi: 10. 1126/science. 140. 3563.143.
79. Evans, K. V, Aleinikoff, J.N., Obradovich, J.D., and Fanning, C.M., 2000, SHRIMP U-Pb geochronology of volcanic rocks, Belt Supergroup, western Montana, evidence for rapid deposition of sedimentary strata: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 37, p. 1287-1300, doi: 10.1139/ cjes-37-9-1287.
80. Finn, C.A., and Sims, P.K., 2005, Signs from the Precambrian: The geologic framework of Rocky Mountain region derived from Aeromagaetic data, in Karlstrom, K.E., and Keller, G.R., eds., The Rocky Mountain region-An evolving lithosphere: Tectonics, geochemistry, and geopbysics: American Geophysical union Geophysical Monograph 154, p. 39-54.
81. Finn, C.A., Pilkington, M., Cuevas, A., and Urrutia, J., 2001, New digital data base helps to map North America: Eos (Transactions, American Geophysical Union), v. 82, p. 325-330, doi: 10.1029/01EO00190.
82. Foster, C.T., Reagan, M.K., Kennedy, S.G., Smith, G.A., White, C.A., Eiler, J.E., and Rougvie, J.R., 1999, Insights into the Proterozoic geology of the Park Range, Colorado: Rocky Mountain Geology, v. 34, p. 7-20, doi: 10.2113/34.1.7.
83. Foster, D.A., Mueller, P.A., Mogk, D.W., Wooden, J.L., and Vogl, J.L., 2006, Proterozoic evolution of the western margin of the Wyoming craton: Implications for the tectonic and magmatic evolution of the northern Rocky Mountains: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 43, p. 1601-1619, doi: 10.1139/E06-052.
84. Frost, C.D., and Fros, B.R., 1997, Reduced rapakivi-type granites: The tholeiitic connection: Geology, v. 25, p. 647-650, doi: 10.1130/ 0091-7613(1997)025<0647: RRTGTT>2.3.CO;2.
85. Fullagar, P.D., and Gulley, G.L., Jr., 1999, Pre-Grenville uranium-lead zircon age for the Carvers Gap Gneiss in the western Blue Ridge of North Carolina, Tennessee: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 31, no. 3, p. 16.
86. Gibson, R.G., 1990, Proterozoic contact relationships between gneissic basement and metasedimentary cover in the Needle Mountains: Journal of Structural Geology. v. 12. p. 99-111. doi: 10.1016/01918141 (90)90051-Y.
87. Giles, D., Betts, R, and Lister, G., 2002, Far-field continental backarc setting for the 1/80-1.67 Ga basins of northeastern Australia: Geology, v. 30, p.823-826, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030-0823: FFCBSF>2.0.CO;2.
88. Gillentine, J.M., Karlstrom, K.E., Parnell, R.A., Jr., and Pals, D., 1991, Constraints cn temperatures of Proterozoic metamorphism in low-grade rocks of central Arizona, in Karlstrom, K.E., ed., Proterozoic geology and ore deposits of Arizona: Arizona Geological Society Digest, v. 19, p. 165-180.
89. Gonzales, D.A., Conway, C.M., Ellingston, J.A., and Campbell, J.A., 1994, Proterozoic geology of the western and southeastern Needle Mountains: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-437, 75 p.
90. Gorbatachev, R., and Bogdanova, S., 1993, Frontiers in the Baltic Shield: Precambrian Research, v. 64; p. 3-21, doi: 10.1016/ 0301-9268(93)90066-B.
91. Gower, C.F., and Tucker, R.D., 1994, Distribution of Pre1400 Ma crust in the Grenville province: Impications for rifting in Laurentia-Baltica during geon 14: Geology, v. 22, p. 827-830, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613 (1994)022<0827:DOPMCI>2.3.CO;2.
92. Gower, C.F., Scharer, U., and Heaman, L.M., 1992, The Labradorian orogeny in the Grenville province, eastern Labrador, Canada: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 29, p. 1944-1957.
93. Grambling, J.A., 1981, Kyanite, andalusite, sillimanite, and related mineral assemblages in the Truchas Peaks region New Mexico: American Mineralogist, v. 66, p. 702-722.
94. Grauch,,V.J.S., Rodriquez, B.D., and Wooden, J.L., 2003, Geophysical and isotopic constraints on crustal structure related to mineral trends in north-central Nevada and implications for tectonic history: Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, v. 98, p. 269-286.
95. Gunn, P.J., Maidment, D., and Milligan, P.R., 1997, Interpreting aeromagnetic data in areas of limited outcrop: Australian Geological Survey Organisation Journal of Australian Geology & Geophysics, v. 17, p. 175-185.
96. Guo, A., and Dickin, A.P., 1996, The southern limit of Archean crust and significance of rocks with Paleo-proterozoic model ages: Nd model age mapping in the Grenville Province of western Quebec: Precambrian Research, v. 77, p. 231-241, doi: 10.1016/03019268 (95)00095-X.
97. Haggart, M., Jamieson, R., Reynolds, P, Krogh, T., Beaumont, C., and Culshaw, N., 1993, Last gasp of the Grenville Orogeny: Thermochronology of the Grenville Front tectonic zone near Killarney, Ontario: Journal of Geology, v. 101, p. 575-589.
98. Hajnal, Z., Lewry, J., White, D., Ashton, K., Clowes, R., Stauffer, M., Gyorfi, I., and Takacs, E., 2005, The Sask Craton and Hearne Province margin: Seismic reflection studies in the western Trans-Hudson Orogen: Canadian Journal of Eanh Sciences, v. 42, p.403-419, doi: 10.1139/ e05-026.
99. Hamilton, W., 1979, Tectonics of the Indonesian region: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1078, 345 p.
100. Hamilton, W.B., 2003, An alternative Earth: GSA Today, v. 13, no. 11, p. 4-12, doi: 10. 1130/1052-5173 (2003)013<0004:AAE>2.0.CO;2.
101. Harlan, S.S., Geissman, J.W., and Premo, W.R., 2003a, Paleomagnetism and geochronology of an Early Proterozoic quartz diorite in the southern Wind River Range, Wyoming, U.S: Tectonophysics, v. 362, p. 105-122, doi: 10.1016/S0040-1951(02)00633-9.
102. Harlan, S.S., Heaman, L.W., LeCheminant, A.N., and Premo, W.R., 2003b, The Gunbarrel mafic magmatic event: A key 780 Ma time marker for Rodinia plate reconstructions: Geology, v. 31, p. 1053-1056, doi: 10.1130/ G19944.1.
103. Harris, C.W., 1990, Polyphase suprastructure deformation in metasedimentary rocks of the Uncompahgre Group: Remnant of an Early Proterozoic fold belt in southwest Colorado: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v.102, p.664-678, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606 (1990)102<0664:PSDIMR>2.3.CO;2.
104. Harris, C.W., Gibson, R.G., Simpson, C., and Eriksson, K.A., 1987, Proterozoic cuspate basemelnt-cover structure, Needle Mountains, Colorado: Geology, v. 15, p. 950-953.
105. Hatcher, R.D., Jr., 1984, Southern and central Appalachian basement massifs, in Bartholomew, M.J., ed., The Grenville event in the Appalachians and related topics: Geological Society of America Special Paper 194, p. 149-153.
106. Hatcher, R.D., Jr, 1989, Tectonic synthesis of the U.S. Appalachians, in Hatcher, R.D., Jr., et al., eds., The Appalachian-Ouachita orogen in the United States: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America, Geology of North America; v. F-2, p. 511-535.
107. Hatcher, R.D., Jr., Bream, B.R., Miller, C.F., Eckert, J.O., Jr., Fullagar, P.D., and Carrigan, C.W., 2004, Paleozoic structure of internal basement massifs, southern Appalachian Blue Ridge, incorporating new geochronologic, Nd and Sr isotopic, and geochemical data, in Tollo, R.P., et al., eds., Proterozoic tectonic evolution of the Grenville oragen in North America: Geological Society of America Memoir 197, p. 525-547.
108. Hawkins, D.P., Bowring,. S.A., Ilg, B.R., Karlstrom, K.E., and Williams, M.L., 1996, U-Pb geochronologic constraints on the Paleoproterozoic crustal evolution of the Upper Granite Gorge, Grand Canyon, Arizona: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 108, p. 1167-1181, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606 (1996)108<1167:UPGCOT>2.3.CO;2.
109. Heaman, L.M., LeCheminant, A.N., and Rainbird, R.H., 1992, Nature and timing of Franklin igneous events, Canada: Implications for a Late Proterozoic mantle plume and the break-up of Laurentia: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 109, p. 117-131, doi: 10.1016/ 0012-821X(92)90078-A.
110. Hedge, C.E., Stacey, J.S., and Bryant, B., 1983, Geochronology of the Farmington Canyon Complex, Wasatch Mountains, Utah, in Miller, D.M., et al., eds., Tectonic and stratigraphic studies in the eastern Great Basin: Geological Society of America Memoir 157, p. 37-44.
111. Henkel, H., 1991, Magnetic crustal structures in northern Fennoscandia: Tectonophysics, v. 192, p. 1-19, doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(91)90242-K.
112. Hill, B.M., and Bickford, M.E., 2001, Paleoproterozoic rocks of central Colorado: Accreted arcs or extended crust: Geology, v. 29, p. 1015-1018, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613 (2001)029<1015:PROCCA>2.0.CO;2.
113. Hills, F.A., and Houston, R.S., 1979, Early Proterozoic tectonics of the central Rocky Mountains, North America: University of Wyoming Contributions to Geology, v. 17, p. 89-109.
114. Hoffman, P.F., 1988, United plates of America, the birth of a craton; early Proterozoic assembly and growth of Laurentia: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 16, p. 543-603, doi: 10.1146/ annurev.ea.16.050188.002551.
115. Hoffman, P.F., 1991, Did the breakout of Laurentia turn Gondwanaland inside-out?: Science, v. 252, p. 1409-1411, doi: 10.1126/ science.252.5011.1409.
116. Hoffman, P.F., 1997, Tectonic genealogy of North America, in van der Pluijm, B.A., and Marshak, S., eds., Earth structure: An introduction to structural geology and tectonics: New York McGraw-Hill, p. 459-464.
117. Holm, D., 1999, A geodynamic model for Paleoproterozoic post-tectonic magma genesis in the southern Trans-Hudson and Penokean orogens: Rocky Mountain Geology, v. 34, p. 183-194, doi: 10.2113/34.2.183.
118. Holm, D.K., Schneider, D., and Coath, C., 1998, Age and deformation of Early Proterozoic quartzites in the southern Lake Superior region: Implications for extent of foreland deformation during final assembly of Laurentia; Geology, v. 26, p. 907-910, doi: 10.113010091-7613 (1998)026<0907:AADOEP>2.3.CO;2.
119. Holm, D.K., Van Schmus, W.R., MacNeill, L.C., Boerboom, T.J., Schweitzer, D., and Schneider, D., 2005, U-Pb zircon geochronology of Paleoproterozoic plutons from the northern midcontinent, USA: Evidence for subduction flip and continued convergence after geon 18 Penokean orogenesis: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 117, p. 259-275, doi: 10.1130/B25395.1.
120. Holm, D.K., Anderson, R., Boerboom, T.J., Cannon, W.F., Chandler, V, Jirsa, M., Miller, J., Schneider, D.A., Schulz, K.J., and Van Schmus, W.R., 2007, Tectonic evolution of the north-central U.S.: A Cheyenne belt-Spirit Lake tectonic zone connection: Precambrian Research (in press).
121. Houston, R.S., 1993, Late Archean and Early Proterozoic geology of the Wyoming province, in Snoke, A.W., et al., eds., Geology of Wyoming: Geological Survey of Wyoming Memoir 5, p. 78-116.
122. Howard, K.A., 1991, Intrusion of horizontal dikes: Tectonic significance of middle Proterozoic diabase sheets widespread in the upper crust of the southwestern U.S: Journal of Geology, v. 96, p. 12,461-12,478.
123. Hutton, D.H.W., 1988, Granite emplacement mechanisms and tectonic controls: inferences from deformation studies: Royal Society of Edinburgh Transactions, v. 79, p. 245-255.
124. Ilg, B., Karlstrom, K.E., Hawkins, D., and Williams, M.L., 1996, Tectonic evolution of paleoproterozoic rocks in Grand Canyon: Insights into middle crustal processes: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 108, p. 1149-1166.
125. Jessup, M.J., Karlstrom, K.E., Connelly, J., Williams, M.L., Livaccari, R., Tyson, A., and Rogers, S.A., 2005, Complex Proterozoic crustal assembly of southwestern North America in an arcuate subduction system: The Black Canyon of the Gunnison, southwestern Colorado, in Karlstrom, K.E., and Keller, G.R., eds., Lithospheric structure and evolution of the Rocky Mountains: American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph 154, p. 21-38.
126. Jones, J.V., III, 2005, Proterozoic tectonic evolution of southern Laurentia: New constraints from field studies and geochronology in southern Colorado and northern New Mexico [Ph.D. thesis]: Austin, University of Texas, 204 p.
127. Karlstrom, K.E., 1999, Introduction to special issues: Nature of tectonic boundaries in the lithosphere of the Rocky Mountains: Rocky Mountain Geology, v. 34, p. 1-4, doi: 10.2113/34.1.1.
128. Karlstrom, K.E., and Bowring, S.A., 1989, Early Proterozoic assembly of tectonostratigraphic terranes in southwestern North America: Journal of Geology, v. 96, p. 561-576.
129. Karlstrom, K.E., and Bowring, S.A., 1993, Proterozoic orogenic history in Arizona, in Reed, J.C., Jr., et al., eds., Precambrian: Conterminous U.S.: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America, Geology of North America, v. C-2, p. 188-211.
130. Karlstrom, K.E., and Houston, R.S., 1984, The Cheyenne Belt: Analysis of a Proterozoic suture in southern Wyoming: Precambrian Research, v. 25, p. 415-446; doi: 10.101610301-9268(84)90012-3.
131. Karlstrom, K.E., and Humphreys, G., 1998, Influence of Proterozoic accretionary boundaries in the tectonic evolution of western North America: Interaction of cratonic grain and mantle modification events: Rocky Mountain Geology, v. 33, p. 161-179.
132. Karlstrom, K.E., and Morgan, P., 1995, Comparison of Mesoproterozoic and Cenozoic plateau uplift in the Southwest - Isostatic response to thermal/ magmatic event: Eos (Transactions, American Geophysical Union), v. 76, no. 46, p. F619.
133. Karlstrom, K.E., and Williams, M.L., 1998, Heterogeneity of the middle crust: Implications for strength of continental lithosphere: Geology, v. 26, p. 815-818, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0815: HOTMC1>2.3.CO;2.
134. Karlstrom, K.E., and Williams, M.L., 2006, Nature of the middle crust - Heterogeneity of structure and process due to pluton-enhanced tectonism: An example from Proterozoic rocks of the North American Southwest, in Brown, M., and Rushmere, T, eds., Evolution and differentiation of the continental crust: Cambridge, Cambridge
135. Karlstrom K.E., and the CDROM Working Group, 2002, Structure and evolution of the lithosphere beneath the Rocky Mountains: Initial results from the CD-ROM Experiment: GSA Today, v. 12, no. 3, p. 4-10, doi: 10.1130/1052-5173(2002)012<0004:SAEOTL>2.0.CO;2.
136. Karlstrom, K.E., Flurkey, A.J., and Houston, R.S., 1983, Stratigraphy and depositional setting of Proterozoic metasedimentary rocks in southeastern Wyoming: Record of an Early Proterozoic Atlantic-type cratonic margin: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 94, p. 1257-1294, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1983)94 <1257:SADSOT>2.0.CO;2.
137. 39Ar evidence for 1.4 Ga regional metamorphism in New Mexico: Implications for thermal evolution of the lithosphere in Southwestern U.S: Journal of Geology, v. 105, p. 205-223.
138. Karlstrom, K.E., Harlan, S.S., Williams, M.L., McLalland, J., Geissman, J.W., and Ahall, K.I., 1999, Refining Rodinia: Geologic evidence for the Australia-Western U.S. connection for the Proterozoic: GSA Today, v. 9, no. 10, p. 1-7.
139. Karlstrom, K.E., Ahall, K.-I., Harlan, S.S., William, M.L., McLelland, J., and Geissman, J.W, 2001, Long-lived (1.8-0.8 Ga) convergent orogen in southern-Laurentia, its extensions to Australia and Baltica, and implications for refining Rodinia: Precambrian Research, v. 111, p. 5-30, doi: 10.1016/S0301-9268(01)00154-1.
140. Karlstrom, K.E., Ilg, B.R., Williams, M.L., Hawkins, D.P., Bowring, S.A., and Seaman, S.J., 2003, Paleoproterozoic rocks of the Granite Gorges, in Beus, S.S., and Morales, M., eds., Grand Canyon geology: Oxford, Oxford University Press, p. 9-38.
141. Karlstrom, K.E., Amato, J.M., Williams, M.L., Heizler, M., Shaw, C.A., Read, A.S., and Bauer, P., 2004, Proterozoic tectonic evolition of the New Mexico region, in Mack, G.H., and Giles, K.A., eds., The geology of New Mexico: A geologic history: New Mexico Geological Society Special Publication 11, p. 1-34.
142. Karlstrom, K.E., Whitmeyer, S.J., Dueker, K., Williams, M.L., Levander, A., Humphreys, E.D., Keller, G.R., and the CD-ROM Working Group, 2005, Synthesis of results from the CD-ROM experiment: 4-D image of the lithosphere beneath the Rocky Mountains and implications for understanding the evolution of continental lithosphere, in Karlstrom, K.E., and Keller, G.R., eds., The Rocky Mountain region-An evolving lithosphere: Tectonics, geochemistry, and geophysics: American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph 154, p. 421-442.
143. Kay, S.M., Orrell, S., and Abruzzi, J.M., 1996, Zircon and whole rock Nd-Pb isotopic evidence for a Grenville age and a Laurentian origin for the basement of the Precordillera in Argentina: Journal of Geology, v. 104, p. 637-648.
144. Keller, G.R., Karlstrom, K.E., Williams, M.L., Miller, K.C., Andronicos, C., Levander, A.R., Snelson, C.M., and Prodehl, C., 2005, The dynamic nature of the continental crust-mantle boundary: Crustal evolution in the southern Rocky mountain region as an example, in Karlstrom, K.E., and Keller, G.R., eds., The Rocky Mountain region-An evolving lithosphere: Tectonics, geochemistry, and geophysics: American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph 154, p. 403-420.
145. Kerrich, R., and Polat, A., 2006, Archean greenstonetonalite duality: Thermochemical mantle convection models or plate tectonics in the early Earth global dynamics?: Tectonophysics, v. 415, p. 141-164, doi: 10.1016/ j.tecto.2005.12.004.
146. Knoper, M.W., and Condie, K.C., 1988, Geochemistry and petrogenesis of early Proterozoic amphibolites, west-central Colorado, U.S: Chemical Geology, v. 67, p. 209-225, doi: 10.1016/0009-2541(88)90129-5.
147. Korja, A., and Heikkinen, P., 2005, The accretionary Svecofennien orogen - Insight from BABEL profiles: Precambrian Research, v. 136, P. 241-268, doi: 10.1016/j.precamres.2004.10.007.
148. Krogh, T.E., Culshaw, N., and Ketchum, J. 1992, Multiple ages of metamorphism and deformation in the Parry Sound-Pointe an Baril area: Lithoprobe Abitibi-Grenville Workshop IV, Report 33.
149. Labrenze, M.E., and Karlstrom, K.E., 1991, Timing of the Mazatzal orogeny: Constraints from the Young Granite, Pleasant Valley, Arizona, in Karlstrom, K.E., and DeWitt, E., eds., Proterozoic geology and ore deposits of Arizona: Arizona Geological Society Digest, v. 19, p. 225-236.
150. Larue, D.K., 1983, Early Proterozoic tectonics of the Lake Superior region - Tectonostratigraphic terranes near the purported collisional zone. in Medaris, L.G., Jr., ed., Early Proterozoic geology of the Great Lakes region: Geological Society of America Memoir 160, p. 33-47.
151. LeCheminant, A.N., and Heaman, L.M., 1989, Mackenzie igneous events, Canada: Middle Proterozoic hotspot magmatism associated with ocean opening: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 96, p. 38-48, doi: 10.1016/0012-821X(89)90122-2.
152. Li, Z.X., Bogdanova, S.V., Collins, A.S., Davidson, A., De Waele, B., Ernst, R.E., Fitzsimons, I.C.W., Fuck, R.A., Gladkochuh, D.P., Jacobs, J., Karlstrom, K.E., Lu, S., Natapov, L.M., Pease, V., Pisarevsky, S.A., Thrane, K., and Vernikovsky, V., 2007, Assembly, configuration, and break-up history of Rodinia: a synthesis: Precambrian Research (in press).
153. Lidiak, E.G., 1974, Magnetic characteristics of some Precambrian basement rocks: Journal of Geophysics; v. 40, p. 549-564.,
154. Lidiak, E.G., Marvin, R.F., Thomas, H.H., and Bass, M.N., 1966, Geochronology of the mid-continent region of the United States. 4. Eastern area: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 71, p, 5427-5438.
155. Loewy, S.L., Connelly, J.N., Dalziel, I.W.D., and Gower, C.F., 2003, Eastern Laurentia in Rodinia: Constraints from whole-rock Ph and U/Pb geochronology: Tectonophysics, v. 375, p. 169-197, doi: 10.1016/ S00401951(03)00338-X.
156. Low, P.C., Seaman, S.J., Karlstrom, K., and and Williams, M.L., 2002, Proterozoic ultramafic rocld in southwestern North America, distinguishing ophiolites from arc cumulates: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 34, no. 6, p. 181.
157. Lucas, S., Green, A.G., Hajnal, Z., White, D., Lewry, J., Ashton, K., Weber, W., and Clowes, R., 1993, Deep seismic profile across a Proterozoic collision zone: Surprises at depth: Nature, v. 363, p. 339-342, doi: 10.1038/363339a0.
158. Lucas, S.B., White,.D., Hajnal, Z., Lewry, J., Green, A.G., Clowes, R., Zwanzig, H., Ashton, K., Schledewitz, D., Stauffer, M., Norman, A., Williams, P.F., and Spence, G., 1994, Three-dimensional collisional structure of the Trans-Hudson Orogen, Canada: Tectonophysics, v. 232, p. 161-178, doi: 10.1016/00401951(94)90082-5.
159. Lund, K., Aleinikoff, J.N., Evans, K.V., and Fanning, C.M., 2003, SHRIMP U-Pb geochronology of Neoproterozoic Windermere Supergroup, central Idaho: Implications for rifting of western Laurentia and synchroneity of Sturtian glacial deposits: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 115, p. 349-372, doi: 10.1130/00167606(2003)115<0349: SUPGON>2.0.CO;2.
160. Luther, A., 2006, History and timing of polyphase Proterozoic deformation in the Manzano thrust belt, central New Mexico [M.S. thesis]: Albuquerque, University of New Mexico, 108 p.
161. Luther, A.L., Karlstrom, K.E., and Jones, J.V., III, 2005, New views of the Mazatzal Orogeny-Field and geochronological data from the Manzano Thrust Belt in central New Mexico: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 37, no. 7, p. 506.
162. Magnani, M.B., Miller, K.C., Levander, A., and Karlstrom, K.E., 2004, The Yavapai-Mazatzal boundary: A long-lived tectonic element in the lithosphere of southwestern North America: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 116, p. 1137-1142, doi: 10.1130/B25414.1.
163. Magnani, M.B., Levander, A., Miller, K.C., Eshete, T., and Karlstrom, K.E., 2005, Seismic investigation of the Yavapai-Mazatzal transition zone and the Jemez lineament, in Karlstrom, K.E., and Keller, G.R., eds., The Rocky Mountain region - An evolving lithosphere: Tectonics, geochemistry, and geophysics: American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph 154, p. 227-238.
164. Marshak, S., and Paulsen, T., 1996, Midcontinent U.S. fault and fold zones: A legacy of Proterozoic intracratonic extensional tectonism: Geology, v.24, p. 151-154, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0151: MUSFAF>2.3.CO;2.
165. Marshak, S., Karlstrom, K.E., and Timmons, M.J., 2000, Inversion of Proterozoic extensional faults: An explanation for the patterns of Laramide and Ancestral Rockies intracratonic deformation, U.S.A: Geology, v. 28, p. 735-738.
166. McConnell, K.I., 1990, Geology and geochronology of the Sauratown Mountains anticlinorium, northwestern North Carolina [Ph.D. thesis]: Columbia, University of South Carolina, 300 p.
167. McLelland, J.M., 1996, Age and tectonic setting of the Tumbledown Formation, Grenville of far-west Texas: Implications for the evolution of the southern margin of Laurentia [M.S. thesis]: Syracuse, New York, Syracuse University, 63 p.
168. McLelland, J., and Chiarenzelli, J.R., 1990, Geochronological studies in the Adirondack Mtns. and the implications of a Middle Proterozoic tonalitic suite, in Gower, C., et al., eds., Mid-Proterozoic Laurentia-Baltica: Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 38, p. 175-194.
169. McLelland, J., Daly, S., and McLelland, J., 1996, The Grenville orogenic cycle: An Adirondack perspective: Tectonophysics, v. 265, p. 1-29, doi: 10.1016/S0040-1951(96)00144-8.
170. McLelland, J., Hamilton, M., Selleck, B., McLelland, J., Walker, D., and Orrell, S., 2001, Zircon U-Pb geochronology of the Ottawan Orogeny, Adirondack Highlands, New York: Regional and tectonic implications: Precambrian Research, v. 109, p. 39-72, doi: 10.1016/ S0301-9268(01)00141-3.
171. Medaris, L.G., Jr., Singer, B.S., Dott, R.H., Jr., Naymark, A., Johnson, C.M., and Schott, R.C., 2003, Late Paleoproterozoic climate, tectonics, and metamorphism in the southern Lake Superior region and proto-North America: Evidence from Baraboo interval quartzites: Journal of Geology, v. 111, p. 243-257, doi: 10.1086/373967.
172. Meert, J.G., and Torsvik, T.H., 2003, The making and unmaking of a supercontinent: Rodinia revisited: Tectonophysics, v. 375, p. 261-288, doi: 10.1016/S0040-1951(03)00342-1.
173. Moore, J.M., and Thompson, P., 1980, The Flinton Group: A late Precambrian metasedimentary sequence in the Grenville Province of eastern Ontario: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 17, p. 1685-1707.
174. Moores, E.M., 1991, The Southwest U.S.-East Antarctica (SWEAT) connection: A hypothesis: Geology, v. 19, p. 425-428, doi: 10.1130/ 0091-7613(1991)019<0425: SUSEAS>2.3.CO;2.
175. Morozova, E.A., Wan, X., Chamberlain, K.R., Smithson, S.B., Johnson, R., and Karlstrom, K.E., 2005, Inter-wedging nature of the Cheyenne belt-Archean-Proterozoic suture defined by seismic reflection data, in Karlstrom, K.E., and Keller, G.R., eds., The Rocky Mountain region-An evolving lithosphere: Tectonics, geochemistry, and geophysics: American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph 154, p. 217-226.
176. Mosher, S., 1998, Tectonic eyolution of the southern Laurentian Grenville orogenic belt: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 110, p. 1357-1375, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110<1357:TEOTSL>2.3.CO;2.
177. Mueller, P.A., and Frost, C.D., 2006, The Wyoming Province: A distinctive Archean craton in Laurentian North America: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 43, p. 1391-1397, doi: 10.1139/E06-075.
178. Mueller, P.A., Wooden, J.L., Mogk, D.W., Nutman, A.P., and Williams, I.S., 1996, Extended history of a 3.5 Ga trondhjemitic gneiss, Wyoming province, USA: Evidence from U-Pb systematics in zircon: Precambrian Research, v. 78, p. 41-52, doi: 10.1016/0301-9268(95)00067-4.
179. Mueller, P.A., Heatherington, A.L., Kelly, D.M., Wooden, J.L., and Mogk, D.W., 2002, Paleoproterozoic crust within the Great Falls tectonic zone: Implications for the assembly of southern Laurentia: Geology, v. 30, p. 127-130, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0127:PCWTGF>2.0.CO;2.
180. Myers, J.S., Shaw, R.D., and Tyler, I.M., 1996, Tectonic evolution of Proterozoic Australia: Tectonics, v. 15, p. 1431-1446.
181. North American Magnetic Anomaly Group, 2002, Digital North American magnetic anomaly map: U.S. Geological Survey Map Series, scale 1:10,000,000 (http://pubs.usgs.gov/sm/mag_map/).
182. Nyman, M.W., and Karlstrom, K.E., 1997, Pluton emplacement processes and tectonic setting of the 1.42 Ga Signal batholith, SW U.S.A.: Important role of crustal anistropy during regional shortening: Precambrian Research, v. 82, p. 237-263, doi: 10.1016/S0301-9268 (96)00049-6.
183. Nyman, M.W., Karlstrom, K.E., Kirby, E., and Graubard, C., 1994, 1.4 Contractional orogeny in western North America: Evidence from ca. 1.4 Ga plutons: Geology, v. 22, p. 901-904, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613 (1994)022<0901:MCOIWN>2.3.CO;2.
184. Owens, B.E., and Samson, S.D., 2004,,Nd isotopic constraints on the magmatic history of the Goochland terrane, easternmost Grenville crust in the southern Appalachians, in Tollo, R.P., et al., eds., Proterozoic tectonic evolution of the Grenville orogen in North America: Geological Society of America Memoir 197, p. 601-608.
185. Owens, B.E., and Tucker, R.D., 2003, Geochronology of the Mesoproterozoic State Farm gneiss and associated Neoproterozoic granitoids, Goochland terrane, Virginia: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 115, p. 972-982, doi: 10.1130/B25258.1.
186. Ownby, S.E., Miller, C.F., Berquist, P.J., Carrigan, C.W., Wooden, J.L., and Fullagar, P.D., 2004, U-Pb geochronology and geochemistry of a portion of the Mars Hill terrane, North Carolina-Tennessee: Constraints on origin, history, and tectonic assembly, in Tollo, R. P., et al., eds., Proterozoic tectonic evolution of the Grenville orogen in North America: Geological Society of America Memoir 197, p. 609-632.
187. Pallister, J.C., and Aleinikoff, J.N., 1987, Gabbroic plutons south of the Cheyenne belt: Underpinnings of an early Proterozoic continental margin arc: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Program, v. 19, p. 325.
188. Pallister, J.S., Cole, J.C., Stoeser, D.B., and Quick, J.E., 1990, Use and abuse of crustal accretion calculations: Geology, v. 18, p. 35-39,,doi: 10.1130/0091-7613 (1990)018<0035:UAAOCA>23.CO;2.
189. Patchett, P.J., 1989, Radiogenic isotope geochemistry of rare earth elements, in Lipin, B.R., and McKay, G.A., eds., Geochemistry and mineralogy of rare earth elements: American Mineralogical Society Reviews in Mineralogy 21, p, 25-44.
190. Patchett, J.P., and Ruiz, J., 1989, Nd isotopes and the origin of Grenville-age rocks in Texas: Implications for Proterozoic evolution of the United States mid-continent region: Journal of Geology, v. 97, p. 685-695.
191. Percival, J.A., Bleeker, W., Cook F.A., Rivers, T., Ross, G., and van Staal, C., 2004, PanLITHOPROBE Workshop IV:Intra-orogen correlations and comparative orogenic anatomy: Geoscience Canada, v. 31, p. 23-39.
192. Pilkington, M., Miles, W.F., Ross, G.M., and Roest, W.R., 2000, Potential-field signatures of buried Precambrian basement in the western Canadian sedimentary basin: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 37, p. 1453-1471, doi: 10.1139/cjes-37-11-1453.
193. Powell, J.W., 1876, Exploration of the Colorado River of the west: Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Institution, 291 p.
194. Premo, W.R., and Van Schmus, W.R., 1989, Zircon geochronology of Precambrian rocks in southeastern Wyoming and northern Colorado: Proterozoic geology of the southern Rocky Mountains: Geological Society of America Special Paper 235, p. 13-32.
195. Quigley, M.C., 2002, Tectonic development of Proterozoic structures and their influence on Laramide and Miocene deformation, North Virgin Mountains, SE Nevada and NW Arizona [M.S. thesis]: Albuquerque, University of New Mexico, 194 p.
196. Ramberg, I.B., and Smithson, S.B., 1975, Geophysical interpretation of crustal structure along the southeastern coast of Norway and Skagerrak: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 86, p. 769-774, doi:10.1130/ 0016-7606 (1975)86<769:GIOCSA>2.0.CO;2.
197. Ramo, O.T., and Calzia, J.P., 1998, Nd isotopic composition of cratonic rocks in the southern Death Valley region; evidence for a substantial Archean source component in Mojavia: Geology, v. 26, p. 891-894, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0891:NICOCR>2.3.CO;2.
198. Ramos, V.A., 2004, Cuyania, and exotic block to Gondwana: Review of a historical success and the present problems: Gondwana Research, v. 7, p. 1009-1026, doi: 10.1016/31342-937X(05)71081-9.
199. Ratcliffe, N.M., Aleinikoff, J.N., Burton, W.C., and Karabinos, P., 1991, Trondhjemitic, 1.35-1.31 Ga gneisses of the Mt. Holly complex of Vermont: Evidence for an Elzevirian event in the Grenville basement of the United States Appalachians: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 28, p. 77-93.
200. Read, A., Karlstrom, K.E., Grambling, J.A., Bowring, S.A., Heizler, M., and Daniel, C., 1999, A mid-crustal cross section from the Rincon Range, northern New Mexico: Evidence for 1.68 Ga pluton-influenced tectonism and 1.4 Ga regional metamorphism: Rocky Mountain Geology, v. 34, p. 67-91, do: 10.2113/34.1.67.
201. Reed, J.C., Jr., 1993, Map of the Precambrian rocks of the conterminous United States and some adjacent parts of Canada, in Reed, J.C., Jr., et al., eds., Precambrian. Conterminous U.S.: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America, Geology of North America, v. C-2, plate 1, scale 1:5,000,000.
202. Reed, J.C., Jr., and Harrison, J.E., 1993, Introduction, in Reed, J.C., Jr., et al., eds., Precambrian: Conterminous U.S.: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America, Geology of North America, v. C-2,p. 1-9.
203. Reed, J.C., Jr., Bickford, M.E., Premo, W.R., Aleinikokk, J.N., and Pallister, J.S., 1987, Evolution of the Early Proterozoic Colorado province: Constraints from U-Pb geochronology: Geology, v. 15, p. 861-865, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<861: EOTEPC>2.0.CO;2.
204. Reese, J.F., Mosher, S., Connelly, J., and Roback, R., 2000, Mesoproterozoic chronostratigraphy of the southeastern Llano uplift, central Texas: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 112, p. 278-291, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<0278:MCOTSL>2.3.CO;2.
205. Reymer, A., and Schubert, G., 1996, Rapid growth of some major segments of continental crust: Geology, v. 14, p. 299-302, doi: 10.1130/ 0091-7613(1986)14<299: RGOSMS>2.0.CO;2.
206. Rivers, T., 1997, Lithotectonic elements of the Grenville province: Review and tectonic implications: Precambrian Research, v. 86, p. 117-154, doi: 10.1016/S0301-9268(97)00038-7.
207. Roller, J.A., 1987, Geometric and kinematic analysis of the Proterozoic Upper Alder Group and the Slate Creek movement zone, central Mazatzal Mountains, central Arizona [M.S. thesis]: Flagstaff, Northern Arizona University, 105 p.
208. Roscoe, S.M., and Card, K.D., 1993, The reappearance of the Huronian in Wyoming: Rifting and drifting of ancient continents: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 30, p. 2475-2480.
209. Ross, G.M., 1991, Tectonic setting of the Windermere Supergroup revisited: Geology, v. 19, p. 1125-1128, doi: 10.1130/ 0091-7613(1991)019<1125:TSOTWS>2.3.CO;2.
210. Ross, G.M., 2002, Evolution of Precambrian continental lithosphere in western Canada: Results from Lithoprobe studies in Alberta and beyond: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 39, p. 413-437, doi: 10.1139/ e02-012.
211. Ross, G.M., and Villeneuve, M.E., 2003, Provenance of the Mesoproterazoic (1.45 Ga) Belt basin (western North America): Another piece in the pre-Rodinia paleogeographic puzzle: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 115, p. 1191-1217, doi: 10.1130/B25209.1.
212. Ross, G.M., Parrish, R.R., Villeneuve, M.E., and Bowring, S.A., 1991, Geophysics and geochronology of the crystalline basement of the Alberta basin, western Canada: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 28, p. 512-522.
213. Ross, G.M., Parrish, R.R., andWitiston, D., 1992, Provenance and U-Pb geochronology of the Mesoproterozoic Belt Supergroup (northwestern Unites States): Implications for age of deposition and pre-Panthalassa plate reconstructions: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 113, p. 57-76, doi: 10.1016/0012-821X(92)90211-D.
214. Scharer, U., 1991, Rapid continental crust formation at 1.7 Ga from a reservoir with chondritic isotope signatures, eastern Labrador: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 102, p. 110-133, doi: 10.1016/ 0012-821X(91)90002-Y.
215. Scharer, U., Krogh, T.E., and Gower, C.F., 1986, Age and evolution of the Grenville Province in eastern Labrador from U-Pb systematics in accessory minerals: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 94, p. 438-451, doi: 10.1007/BF00376337.
216. Schmid, S.M., Pfiffner, O.A., Froitzheim, N., Schoenborn, G., and Kissling, E., 1996, Geophysical-geologic transect and tectonic evolution of the Swiss-Italian Alps: Tectonics, v. 15, p. 1036-1064.
217. Schmitz, M.D., Bowring, S.A., Southwick D.L., Boerboom, T.J., and Wirth, K.R., 2006, High- precision U-Pb geochronology in the Minnesota River Valley subprovince and its bearing on the Neoarchean to Paleoproterozoic evolution of the southern Superior Province: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 115, p. 943-953, doi: 10.1029/96TC00433.
218. Schneider, D., Bickford, M., Cannon, W., Shulz, K., and Hamilton, M., 2002, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup: Implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 39, p. 999-1012, doi: 10.1139/e02-016.
219. Scott, D.J., Helmsteadt, H., and Bickle, M.J., 1992, Purtuniq ophiolite, Cape Smith fold belt, northern Quebec, Canada: A reconstructed section of Early Proterozoic crust: Geology, v. 20, p. 173-176, doi: 10.1130/ 0091-7613 (1992)020<0173:POCSBN>2.3.CO;2.
220. Sears, J.W., and Alt, D., 1989, Impact origin of the Belt sedimentary basin: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 21, no. 5, p. 142.
221. Sears, J.W., and Price, R.A., 2000, New look at the Siberian Connectioh: No SWEAT. Geology, v. 28, p. 423-426, doi: 10.1130/ 0091-7613(2000)28<423:NLATS(>2.0.CO;2.
222. Sears, J.W., and Price, R.A., 2003, Tightening the Siberian connection to western Laurentia: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 115, p. 943-953, doi: 10.1130/B25229.1.
223. Selverstone, J., Hodgins, M., Shaw, C., Aleinikoff, J., and Fanning, C.M., 1997, Proterozoic tectonics of the northern Colorado Front Range, in Bolyard, D.W., and Sonnenberg, S.A., eds., Geologic History of the Colorado Front Range: Denver, Colorado, Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists, p. 9-18.
224. Selverstone, J., Hodgins, M., Aleinikoff, J.N., and Fanning, C.M., 2000, Mesoproterozoic reactivation of a Paleoproterozoic transcurrent boundary in the northern Colorado Front Range: Rocky Mountain Geology, v. 35, p. 139-162, doi: 10.2113/35.2.139.
225. Shaw, C.A., and Karlstrom, K.E., 1999, The Yavapai-Mazatzal crustal boundary in the southern Rocky Mountains: Rocky Mountain Geology, v. 34, p. 37-52, doi: 10.2113/34.1.37.
226. Shaw, C.A., Karlstrom, K.E., Williams, M.L., Jercinovik, M.J., and McCoy, A., 2001, Electron microprobe monazite dating of ca. 1710-1630 Ma and ca. 1380 Ma deformation in the Homestake shear zone, Colorado: Origin and evolution of a persistent intracontinental tectonic zone: Geology, v. 29, p. 739-742, doi: 10.113010091-7613(2001)029<0739: EMMDOC>2.0.CO;2.
227. 39Ar thermochronologic record of 1.45-1.35 Ga intracontinental tectonism in the southern Rocky Mountains: Interplay of conductive and advective heating with intracontinental deformation, in Karlstrom, K.E., and Keller, G.R., eds., The,Rocky Mountain region - An evolving lithosphere: Tectonics, geochemistry, and geophysics: American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph 154, p. 163-184.
228. Shonk, K.N., 1984, Stratigraphy, structure, tectonic setting, and economic geology of an early Proterozoic metasedimentary and metavolcanic sequence, South Beaver Creek area, Gunnison Gold belt, Gunnison and Saquache counties, Colorado [M.S. thesis]: Golden, Colorado School of Mines, 327 p.
229. Sims, P.K., and Peterman, Z.E., 1986, Early Proterozoic Central Plains orogen; a buried structure in the north-central United States: Geology, v. 14, p. 488-491, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14<488: EPCPOA>2.0.CO;2.
230. Sims, P.K., and Stein, H.J., 2003, Tectonic evolution of the Proterozoic Colorado province, southern Rocky Mountains: A summary and reappraisal: Rocky Mountain Geology, v. 38, p. 183-204, doi: 10.2113/ gsrocky.38.2.183.
231. Sims, P., Van Schmus, W.R., Schulz, K., and Peterman, Z., 1989, Tectono-stratigraphic evolution of the Early Proterozoic Wisconsin magmatic terranes of the Penokean orogen: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 26, p. 2145-2158.
232. Smith, D.R., Noblett, J., Wobus, R.A., Unruh, D., and Chamberlain, K.R., 1999, A review of the Pikes Peak: batholith, Front Range, central Colorado: A "type example" of A-type granitic magmatism: Rocky Mountain Geology, v. 34, p. 289-312, doi: 10.2113/34.2.289.
233. Smith, T.E., and Hohn, P.E., 1987, The trace element geochemistry of meta-volcanics and dykes from the Central Metasedimentary Belt of the Grenville, Province, southeastern Ontario, Canada: Geological Society (London] Special Publication 33, p. 453-470.
234. Snyder, G.L., 1980, Geologic maps of the northernmost and central Park Range and southernmost Sierra Madre, Jackson and Routt Counties, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Geologic Investigations Maps I-1112, I-1113, scale 1:48,000.
235. Snyder, J.P., 1987, Map Projections-A working manual U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1453, 249 p.
236. Snyder, G.L., 1988, Precambrian petrochemistry of the northern Park Range, Colorado, and its implications for studies of crustal derivation: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1343, 116 p.
237. Soegaard, K., and Callahan, D.M., 1994, Late middle Proterozoic Hazel Formation near Van Horn, Trans-Pecos Texas; evidence for transpressive deformation in Grenvillian basement: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v.106, p.413-423, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606 (1994)106<0413:LMPHFN>2.3.CO;2.
238. Soegaard, K., and Eriksson, K.A., 1985, Evidence of tide, storm, and wave interaction on a Precambrian siliciclastic shelf the 1,700 M.Y Ortega Group, New Mexico: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 55, p. 672-684.
239. Strickland, D., Heizler, M.T., Selverstone, J., and Karlstrom, K.E., 2003, Proterozoic evolution of the Zuni Mountains, western New Mexico: Relationship to the Jemez Lineament and implications for a complex cooling history, in Lucas, S.G., et al., eds., Geology of the Zuni Plateau: New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook 54, p. 109-117.
240. Su, Q., Goldberg, S.A., and Fullagar, P.D., 1994, Precise U-Pb zircon ages of Neoproterozoic plutons in the southern Appalachian Blue Ridge and their implications for the initial rifting of Laurentia: Precambrian Research, v. 68, p. 81-95, doi: 10.1016/0301-9268(94)90066-3.
241. Swift, P.N., and Force, E.R., 2001, Subduction margin assemblages in the Proterozoic Pinal and Cochise block, southeastern Arizona: American Journal of Science, v. 301, p. 755-772, doi: 10.2475/ajs.301.9.755.
242. Taylor, S.R., and McLennan, S.M., 1995, The geochemical evolution of the continental crust: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 33, p. 241-265, doi: 10.1029/95RG00262.
243. Thomas, W.A., 1991, The Appalachian-Ouachita rifted margin of southeastern North America: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 103, p. 415-431, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<0415:TAORMO> 2.3.CO;2.
244. Thomas, W.A., 1993, Low-angle detachment geometry of the late Precambrian-Cambrian Appalachian-Ouachita rifted margin of southeastern North America: Geology, v. 21, p. 921-924, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613 (1993)021<0921:LADGOT>2.3.CO;2.
245. Thomas, W.A., 2006, Tectonic inheritance at a continental margin: GSA Today, v. 16, no. 2, p. 4-11, doi: 10.1130/ 1052-5173(2006)016[4:TLIAACM]2.0.CO;2.
246. Thomas, W.A., and Astini, R.A., 1996, The Argentine Precordillera: A traveler from the Ouachita embayment of North American Laurentia: Science, v. 273, p. 752-757, doi: 10.1126/science.273.5276.752.
247. Thomas, W.A., and Astini, R.A., 1999, Simple-shear conjugate rift margins of the Argentine Precordillera and the Ouachita embayment of Laurentia: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 111, p.7069-1079, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<1069:SSCRMO> 2.3.CO;2.
248. Thompson, A.G., and Barnes, C.G., 1999, 1.4 Ga. peraluminous granites in central New Mexico. Petrology and geochemistry of the Priest pluton: Rocky Mountain Geology, v. 34, p. 223-243, doi: 10.2113/34.2.223.
249. Thompson, A.G., Grambling, J.A., Karlstrom, K.E., and Dallmeyer, B.D., 1996, Thermal evolution of Proterozoic middle crust, during and following 1.4 Ga pluton emplacement, Manzano Mountains, New Mexico: Plutonenhanced 4 kb metamorphism, rapid decompression, and retrograde history: Journal of Geology, v. 104, p. 583-598.
250. Timmons, M.J., Karlstrom, K.E., Dehler, C.M., Geissman, Y.W., and Heizler, M.T., 2001, Proterozoic multistage (ca. 1.1 and ca. 0.8 Ga) extension in the Grand Canyon Supergroup and establishment of northwest and north-south tectonic grains in the southwestern United States: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 113, p. 163-180, doi: 10.1130/ 0016-7606(2001)113<0163: PMCAGF>2.0.CO;2.
251. Tyson, A.R., Karlstrom, K.E., Chamberlain, K.R., Morozova, E.A., Smithson, S.B., Dueker, K., and Foster, C.T., 2002, Proterozoic Farwell-Lester Mountain suture zone, northern Colorado: Subduction flip and progressive assembly of arcs: Geology, v.30, p. 943-946, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0943: PFMLMS>2.0.CO;2.
252. Van Schmus, W.R., 1976, Early and Middle Proterozoic history of the Great Lakes area, North America: Royal Society of London Philosophical Transactions, v. 280, p. 605-628.
253. Van Schmus, W.R., Bickford, M.E., and Turek, E., 1996, Proterozoic geology of the east-central mid-continent basement, in van der Pluijm, B.A., and Catacosinos, P.A., eds., Basement and basins of eastern North America: Geological Society of America Special Paper 308, p. 7-32.
254. Van Schmus, W.R., Schneider, D.A., Holm, D.K., Dodson, S., and Nelson, B.K., 2007, New insights into the southern margin of the Archean-Proterozoic boundary in the north-central United States based on U-Pb, Sm-Nd, and Ar-Ar geochronology: Precambrian Research (in press).
255. Villeneuve, M.E., Ross, G.M., Theriault, R.J., Milews, W., Parrish, R.R., and Broome, J. 1993, Tectonic subdivision and U-Pb geochronology of the crystalline basement of the Alberta Basin, western Canada: Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 447, p. 1-25.
256. Williams, H., Gillespie, R.T., and van Breemen, O., 1985, A late Precambrian rift-related igneous suite in western Newfoundland: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 22, p. 1727-1735.
257. Williams, M.L., 1991, Overview of Proterozoic metamorphism in Arizona, in Karlstrom, K.E., ed., Proterozoic geology and ore deposits of Arizona: Arizona Geological Society Digest, v. 19, p. 11-26.
258. Williams, M.L., and Karlstrom, K.E., 1996, Looping P-T paths and high-T, low-P middle crust metamorphism: Proterozoic evolution of the southwestern United States: Geology, v. 24, p. 1119-1122.
259. Williams, M.L., Karlstrom, K.E., Lanzirotti, A., Read, A.S., Bishop, J.L., Lombardie, C.E., Pedrick, J.N., and Wingstead, M.B., 1999, New Mexico middle crustal cross sections: 1.65 Ga macroscopic geometry, 1.4 Ga thermal structure and continued problems in understanding crustal evolution: Rocky Mountain Geology, v. 34, p. 53-66, doi: 10.2113/34.1.53.
260. Windley, B.F., 1992, Proterozoic collisional and accretionary orogens, in Condie, K.C., ed., Proterozoic crustal evolution: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 419-446.
261. Windley, B.E, 1993, Proterozoic anorogenic magmatism and its orogenic, connection: Geological Society [London] Journal, v. 150, p. 39-50.
262. Windley, B.F., 1995, The evolving continents (third edition): Chichester, John Wiley and Sons, 526 p.
263. Winston, D., 1986, Stratigraphic correlation and nomenclature of the Middle Proterozoic Belt Supergroup, Montana, Idaho and Washington, in Roberts, S.M., ed., Belt Supergroup: A guide to Proterozoic rocks of western Montana and adjacent areas: Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Special Publication 94, p. 69-84.
264. Wooden, J.L., and DeWitt, E., 1991, Pb isotope evidence for a major Early Proterozoic crustal boundary in western Arizona, in Karlstrom, K.E., ed., Proterozoic geology and ore deposits of Arizona: Arizona Geological Society Digest, v. 19, p. 27-50.
265. Wooden, J.L., and Miller, D.M., 1990, Chronologic and isotopic framework for early Proterozoic crustal evolution in the eastern Mojave Desert region, SE California: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 95, p. 20,133-20,146.
266. Wooden, J.L., Stacey, J.S., Doe, B., Howard, K.A., and Miller, D.M., 1988, Pb isotopic evidence for the formation of Proterozoic crust in the southwestern United States, in Ernst, W.G., ed., Metamorphism and crustal, evolution of the western United States: Rubey Volume VII: Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice Hall, p. 68-86.
267. Wooden, J.L., Nutman, A.P., Miller, D.M., Howard, K.A., Bryant, B., DeWitt, E., and Mueller, P.A., 1994, SHRIMP U-Pb zircon evidence for late Archean and early Proterozoic crustal evolution in the Mojave and Arizona crustal provinces: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 26, no. 6, p. 69.
268. Wrucke, C.T., 1989, The Middle Proterozoic Apache Group, Troy Quartzite, and associated diabase of Arizona, in Jenny, J.P., and Reynolds; S.J., eds., Geologic evolution of Arizona: Arizona Geological Society Digest, v. 17, p. 239-258.
269. Young, E.D., Anderson, I.L., Clarke, H.S., and Thomas, W.M., 1989, Petrology of biotite-cordierite-garnet gneiss of the McCullough Range, Nevada I. Evidence for Proterozoic low-pressure fluid-absent granulite-grade metamorphism in the southern Cordillera: Journal of Petrology, v. 30, p. 39-60.