Quality of life and technology: Impact on children and families with diabetes

Current Diabetes Reports

Volumn 12, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 711-720

  Hirose, Masakazu ^a,b   Beverly, Elizabeth A ^a,b   Weinger, Katie ^a,b  

^a JOSLIN DIABETES CENTER   (United States)

^b HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Adolescents; Children; Continuous glucose monitoring; Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion; Insulin pump; Quality of life; Technology; Type 1 diabetes

Indexed keywords

INSULIN;

BLOOD GLUCOSE MONITORING; CHILD BEHAVIOR; CHILD CARE; CHILD PARENT RELATION; DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS; FAMILY ATTITUDE; FOOD INTAKE; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HUMAN; HYPOGLYCEMIA; INJECTION SITE INFECTION; INJECTION SITE PAIN; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; INSULIN INFUSION; INSULIN PUMP; INSULIN TREATMENT; MOBILE PHONE; PATIENT SATISFACTION; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; SCHOOL LIFE; SCORING SYSTEM; SELF CARE; SOCIAL LIFE; TREATMENT RESPONSE;

ADOLESCENT; BLOOD GLUCOSE; BLOOD GLUCOSE SELF-MONITORING; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1; FEMALE; HEMOGLOBIN A, GLYCOSYLATED; HUMANS; HYPOGLYCEMIA; HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS; INSULIN INFUSION SYSTEMS; LIFE STYLE; MALE; MONITORING, AMBULATORY; NUCLEAR FAMILY; PARENTS; QUALITY OF LIFE;

EID: 84870693262     PISSN: 15344827     EISSN: 15390829     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11892-012-0313-4     Document Type: Review

References (113)

1. Acquadro C, Berzon R, Dubois D, et al. Incorporating the patient's perspective into drug development and communication: an ad hoc task force report of the Patient-Reported Outcomes (PRO) Harmonization Group meeting at the Food and Drug Administration, February 16, 2001. Value Health. 2003;6:522-31.
2. McLeod LD, Coon CD, Martin SA, et al. Interpreting patientreported outcome results: US FDA guidance and emerging methods. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2011;11:163-9.
3. Faulkner MS, Clark FS. Quality of life for parents of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Educ. 1998;24:721-7.
4. Barnard KD, Lloyd CE, Skinner TC. Systematic literature review: quality of life associated with insulin pump use in type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2007;24:607-17.
5. Wallander JL, Schmitt M, Koot HM. Quality of life measurement in children and adolescents: issues, instruments, and applications. J Clin Psychol. 2001;57:571-85.
6. Monami M, Lamanna C, Marchionni N, Mannucci E. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion vs multiple daily insulin injections in type 1 diabetes: a meta-Analysis. Acta Diabetol. 2010;47:77- 81.
7. Pankowska E, Blazik M, Dziechciarz P, et al. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion vs multiple daily injections in children with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-Analysis of randomized control trials. Pediatr Diabetes. 2009;10:52-8.
8. Golicki DT,Golicka D,Groele L, Pankowska E. ContinuousGlucose Monitoring System in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-Analysis. Diabetologia. 2008;51:233-40.
9. Pickup JC, Freeman SC, Sutton AJ. Glycaemic control in type 1 diabetes during real time continuous glucose monitoring compared with self monitoring of blood glucose: meta-Analysis of randomised controlled trials using individual patient data. BMJ. 2011;343: d3805.
10. Weissberg-Benchell J, Antisdel-Lomaglio J, Seshadri R. Insulin pump therapy: a meta-Analysis. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:1079-87.
11. Mulvaney SA, Schlundt DG, Mudasiru E, et al. Parent perceptions of caring for adolescents with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:993-7.
12. Peyrot M. The DAWN Youth WebTalk Study: methods, findings, and implications. Pediatr Diabetes. 2009;10 SUPPL. 13:37-45.
13. Raskin P, Bode BW, Marks JB, et al. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and multiple daily injection therapy are equally effective in type 2 diabetes: a randomized, parallel-group, 24- week study. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:2598-603.
14. Bode BW. Use of rapid-Acting insulin analogues in the treatment of patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: insulin pump therapy vs multiple daily injections. Clin Ther. 2007;29(SUPPL. D): S135-44.
15. Polisena J, Tran K, Cimon K, et al. Home telehealth for diabetes management: a systematic review and meta-Analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2009;11:913-30.
16. Anderson RM, Donnelly MB, Gorenflo DW, et al. Influencing the attitudes of medical students toward diabetes. Results of a controlled study. Diabetes Care. 1993;16:503-5.
17. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. Influence of intensive diabetes treatment on quality-of-life outcomes in the diabetes control and complications trial. Diabetes Care. 1996;19:195-203.
18. Hoey H, Aanstoot HJ, Chiarelli F, et al. Good metabolic control is associated with better quality of life in 2101 adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:1923-8.
19. Guttmann-Bauman I, Flaherty BP, Strugger M, McEvoy RC. Metabolic control and quality-of-life self-Assessment in adolescents with IDDM. Diabetes Care. 1998;21:915-8.
20. Jacobson AM, Hauser ST, Lavori P, et al. Family environment and glycemic control: a 4 year prospective study of children and adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Psychosom Med. 1994;56:401-9.
21. Wysocki T. Associations among teen-parent relationships, metabolic control, and adjustment to diabetes in adolescents. J Pediatr Psychol. 1993;18:441-52.
22. Nardi L, Zucchini S, D'Alberton F, et al. Quality of life, psychological adjustment, and metabolic control in youths with type 1 diabetes: a study with self- and parent-report questionnaires. Pediatr Diabetes. 2008;9:496-503.
23. Wake M, Hesketh K, Cameron F. The Child Health Questionnaire in children with diabetes: cross-sectional survey of parent andadolescent-reported functional health status. Diabet Med. 2000;17:700-7.
24. Anderson BJ, Vangsness L, Connell A, et al. Family conflict, adherence, and glycaemic control in youth with short duration type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2002;19:635-42.
25. Schafer LC, McCaul KD, Glasgow RE. Supportive and nonsupportive family behaviors: relationships to adherence and metabolic control in persons with type I diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1986;9:179- 85.
26. Weinger K, O'Donnell KA, Ritholz MD. Adolescent views of diabetes-related parent conflict and support: a focus group analysis. J Adolesc Health. 2001;29:330-6.
27. Anderson B, Coyne JC. Miscarried helping in the families of children and adolescents with chronic disease. In: Jhonson JH, Jhonson SB, editors. Advances in child health psychology. Gainesville: University of Florida Press; 1991. p. 167-77.
28. Miller-Johnson S, Emery RE, Marvin RS, et al. Parent-child relationships and the management of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1994;62:603-10.
29. Hauser ST, Jacobson AM, Lavori P, et al. Adherence among children and adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus over a four-year longitudinal follow-up: II. Immediate and long-term linkages with the family milieu. J Pediatr Psychol. 1990;15:527-42.
30. Laffel LM, Connell A, Vangsness L, et al. General quality of life in youth with type 1 diabetes: relationship to patientmanagement and diabetes-specific family conflict. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:3067-73.
31. Faulkner MS, Chang LI. Family influence on self-care, quality of life, and metabolic control in school-Age children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. J Pediatr Nurs. 2007;22:59-68.
32. Pickup JC. Insulin-pump therapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:1616-24. This feature reviews the major clinical trials using insulin pump therapy and discusses the clinical benefits of this technology and potential adverse effects.
33. Mednick L, Cogen FR, Streisand R. Satisfaction and quality of life in children with type 1 diabetes and their parents following transition to insulin pump therapy. Children's Health Care. 2004;33:169-83.
34. Nuboer R, Borsboom GJ, Zoethout JA, et al. Effects of insulin pump vs injection treatment on quality of life and impact of disease in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus in a randomized, prospective comparison. Pediatr Diabetes. 2008;9:291-6.
35. Weintrob N, Benzaquen H, Galatzer A, et al. Comparison of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and multiple daily injection regimens in children with type 1 diabetes: a randomized open crossover trial. Pediatrics. 2003;112:559-64.
36. Doyle EA, Weinzimer SA, Steffen AT, et al. A randomized, prospective trial comparing the efficacy of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion with multiple daily injections using insulin glargine. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1554-8.
37. Varni JW, Burwinkle TM, Jacobs JR, et al. The PedsQL in type 1 and type 2 diabetes: reliability and validity of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Generic Core Scales and type 1 Diabetes Module. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:631-7.
38. Muller-Godeffroy E, Treichel S, Wagner VM. Investigation of quality of life and family burden issues during insulin pump therapy in children with Type 1 diabetes mellitus-A large-scale multicentre pilot study. Diabet Med. 2009;26:493-501.
39. Low KG, Massa L, Lehman D, Olshan JS. Insulin pump use in young adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a descriptive study. Pediatr Diabetes. 2005;6:22-31.
40. Patton SR, Williams LB, Dolan LM, et al. Feeding problems reported by parents of young children with type 1 diabetes on insulin pump therapy and their associations with children's glycemic control. Pediatr Diabetes. 2009;10:455-60.
41. Grossman HY, Brink S, Hauser ST. Self-efficacy in adolescent girls and boys with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 1987;10:324-9.
42. Littlefield CH, Craven JL, Rodin GM, et al. Relationship of selfefficacy and binging to adherence to diabetes regimen among adolescents. Diabetes Care. 1992;15:90-4.
43. McMahon SK, Airey FL, Marangou DA, et al. Insulin pump therapy in children and adolescents: improvements in key parameters of diabetes management including quality of life. Diabet Med. 2005;22:92-6.
44. Battaglia MR, Alemzadeh R, Katte H, et al. Brief report: disordered eating and psychosocial factors in adolescent females with type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr Psychol. 2006;31:552-6.
45. Sullivan-Bolyai S, Knafl K, Tamborlane W, Grey M. Parents' reflections on managing their children's diabetes with insulin pumps. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2004;36:316-23.
46. Fox LA, Buckloh LM, Smith SD, et al. A randomized controlled trial of insulin pump therapy in young children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1277-81.
47. Wilson DM, Buckingham BA, Kunselman EL, et al. A 2-center randomized controlled feasibility trial of insulin pump therapy in young children with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:15-9.
48. Opipari-Arrigan L, Fredericks EM, Burkhart N, et al. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion benefits quality of life in preschoolage children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pediatr Diabetes. 2007;8:377-83.
49. Nabhan ZM, Kreher NC, Greene DM, et al. A randomized prospective study of insulin pump vs insulin injection therapy in very young childrenwith type 1 diabetes: 12-month glycemic,BMI, and neurocognitive outcomes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2009;10:202-8.
50. Skogsberg L, Fors H, Hanas R, et al. Improved treatment satisfaction but no difference in metabolic control when using continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion vs multiple daily injections in children at onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pediatr Diabetes. 2008;9:472-9.
51. Ritholz MD, Smaldone A, Lee J, et al. Perceptions of psychosocial factors and the insulin pump. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:549-54.
52. Phillip M, Battelino T, Rodriguez H, et al. Use of insulin pump therapy in the pediatric age-group: consensus statement from the European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology, the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society, and the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes, endorsed by the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:1653-62.
53. DiMeglio LA, Pottorff TM, Boyd SR, et al. A randomized, controlled study of insulin pump therapy in diabetic preschoolers. J Pediatr. 2004;145:380-4.
54. Jakisch BI, Wagner VM, Heidtmann B, et al. Comparison of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) and multiple daily injections (MDI) in paediatric type 1 diabetes: a multicentre matched-pair cohort analysis over 3 years. Diabet Med. 2008;25:80-5.
55. Pickup J, Keen H. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion at 25 years: evidence base for the expanding use of insulin pump therapy in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:593-8.
56. Bending JJ, Pickup JC, Keen H. Frequency of diabetic ketoacidosis and hypoglycemic coma during treatment with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Audit of medical care. Am J Med. 1985;79:685-91.
57. Berlin KS, DaviesWH, Jastrowski KE, et al. Contextual assessment of problematic situations identified by insulin pump using adolescents and their parents. Families Syst Health. 2006;24:33-44.
58. Katz ML, Volkening LK, Anderson BJ, Laffel LM. Contemporary rates of severe hypoglycaemia in youth with type 1 diabetes: variability by insulin regimen. Diabet Med. 2012;29(7):926-32.
59. Shalitin S, Gil M, Nimri R, et al. Predictors of glycaemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes commencing continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy. Diabet Med. 2010;27:339-47.
60. Haugstvedt A, Wentzel-Larsen T, Graue M, et al. Fear of hypoglycaemia in mothers and fathers of children with type 1 diabetesis associated with poor glycaemic control and parental emotional distress: a population-based study. Diabet Med. 2010;27:72-8.
61. Bierschbach JL, Cooper L, Liedl JA. Insulin pumps: what every school nurse needs to know. J Sch Nurs. 2004;20:117-23.
62. Weissberg-Benchell J, Goodman SS, Antisdel Lomaglio J, Zebracki K. The use of Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion (CSII): parental and professional perceptions of self-care mastery and autonomy in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Psychol. 2007;32:1196-202.
63. Alsaleh FM, Smith FJ, Taylor KM. Experiences of children/young people and their parents, using insulin pump therapy for the management of type 1 diabetes: qualitative review. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2012;37:140-7.
64. Paris CA, Imperatore G, Klingensmith G, et al. Predictors of insulin regimens and impact on outcomes in youth with type 1 diabetes: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study. J Pediatr. 2009;155:183e1-9e1.
65. Johns C, Faulkner MS, Quinn L. Characteristics of adolescents with type 1 diabetes who exhibit adverse outcomes. Diabetes Educ. 2008;34:874-85.
66. Delamater AM, Albrecht DR, Postellon DC, Gutai JP. Racial differences in metabolic control of children and adolescents with type I diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 1991;14:20-5.
67. Gallegos-Macias AR, Macias SR, Kaufman E, et al. Relationship between glycemic control, ethnicity and socioeconomic status in Hispanic and white non-Hispanic youths with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pediatr Diabetes. 2003;4:19-23.
68. Chalew SA, Gomez R, Butler A, et al. Predictors of glycemic control in children with type 1 diabetes: the importance of race. J Diabetes Complications. 2000;14:71-7.
69. Klingensmith G, Kaufman F, Schatz D, Clarke W. Care of children with diabetes in the school and day care setting. Diabetes Care. 2003;26 SUPPL. 1:S131-5.
70. Wagner VM, Muller-Godeffroy E, von Sengbusch S, et al. Age, metabolic control and type of insulin regime influences healthrelated quality of life in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Pediatr. 2005;164:491-6.
71. Spencer J, Cooper H, Milton B. Qualitative studies of type 1 diabetes in adolescence: a systematic literature review. Pediatr Diabetes. 2010;11:364-75.
72. Darby W. The experiences of school nurses caring for students receiving continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy. J Sch Nurs. 2006;22:336-44.
73. Weinzimer SA, Ahern JH, Doyle EA, et al. Persistence of benefits of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in very young children with type 1 diabetes: a follow-up report. Pediatrics. 2004;114:1601- 5.
74. Brownlee M, Hirsch IB. Glycemic variability: a hemoglobin A1cindependent risk factor for diabetic complications. JAMA. 2006;295:1707-8.
75. Ceriello A, Ihnat MA. 'Glycaemic variability': a new therapeutic challenge in diabetes and the critical care setting. Diabet Med. 2010;27:862-7.
76. Kilpatrick ES, Rigby AS, Atkin SL. For debate. Glucose variability and diabetes complication risk: we need to know the answer. Diabet Med. 2010;27:868-71.
77. Kashmer L, Clarke W, Gurka M, et al. Predictors of parental interest in continuous glucose monitoring for children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2009;11:373-8.
78. Cemeroglu AP, Stone R, Kleis L, et al. Use of a real-time continuous glucose monitoring system in children and young adults on insulin pump therapy: patients' and caregivers' perception of benefit. Pediatr Diabetes. 2010;11:182-7.
79. Chase HP, Kim LM, Owen SL, et al. Continuous subcutaneous glucose monitoring in children with type 1 diabetes. Pediatrics. 2001;107:222-6.
80. Mauras N, Beck R, Xing D, et al. A randomized clinical trial to assess the efficacy and safety of real-time continuous glucose monitoring in the management of type 1 diabetes in young children aged 4 to <10 years. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:204-10. This is the most recently published randomized controlled trial evaluating QOL with real-time CGM in children with type 1 diabetes. This study found a high degree of parental satisfaction with CGM.
81. Beck RW, Lawrence JM, Laffel L, et al. Quality-of-life measures in children and adults with type 1 diabetes: Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Continuous Glucose Monitoring randomized trial. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:2175-7. This study found high levels of satisfacion with CGM, but reported no differrences in QOL between a CGM group and control grous in patients <18 years of age and their parents.
82. Bergenstal RM, Tamborlane WV, Ahmann A, et al. Effectiveness of sensor-Augmented insulin-pump therapy in type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:311-20. This one-year randomized controlled trial showed that both adult and children using CGM and the insulin pump improved HbA1c. It also showed that an increased frequency of sensor use was associated with a greater reduction in HbA1c level.
83. Tamborlane WV, Beck RW, Bode BW, et al. Continuous glucose monitoring and intensive treatment of type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1464-76. This large randomized controlled study showed improvement inHbA1c in the adult group, but no differences in the 8-14 year old and 15-24 year old groups.
84. Markowitz JT, Pratt K, Aggarwal J, et al. Psychosocial correlates of continuous glucose monitoring use in youth and adults with type 1 diabetes and parents of youth. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2012.
85. Ramchandani N, Arya S, Ten S, Bhandari S. Real-life utilization of real-time continuous glucose monitoring: the complete picture. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2011;5:860-70.
86. Harris MA, Wysocki T, Sadler M, et al. Validation of a structured interview for the assessment of diabetes selfmanagement. Diabetes Care. 2000;23:1301-4. This review discusses the use of technology to improve diabetes management and glycemic control in this teens with diabetes.
87. Psychological aspects of continuous glucose monitoring in pediatric type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2006;7:32-8.
88. Tansey M, Laffel L, Cheng J, et al. Satisfaction with continuous glucose monitoring in adults and youths with type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2011;28:1118-22.
89. Youth and parent satisfaction with clinical use of the GlucoWatch G2 Biographer in the management of pediatric type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1929-35.
90. Tsalikian E, Fox L, Weinzimer S, et al. Feasibility of prolonged continuous glucose monitoring in toddlers with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2011;13(4):301-7.
91. McQueen RB, Ellis SL, Campbell JD, et al. Cost-effectiveness of continuous glucose monitoring and intensive insulin therapy for type 1 diabetes. Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2011;9:13.
92. Whittemore R, Grey M, Lindemann E, et al. Development of an Internet coping skills training program for teenagers with type 1 diabetes. Comput Inform Nurs. 2010;28:103-11.
93. Mulvaney SA, Rothman RL, Osborn CY, et al. Self-management problem solving for adolescents with type 1 diabetes: intervention processes associated with an Internet program. Patient Educ Couns. 2011;85:140-2.
94. Mulvaney SA, Rothman RL, Wallston KA, et al. An internetbased program to improve self-management in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:602-4.
95. Harris MA, Hood KK, Mulvaney SA. Pumpers, skypers, surfers, and texters: technology to improve themanagement of diabetes in teenagers. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012. doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2012.01599.x.
96. Hanauer DA, Wentzell K, Laffel N, Laffel LM. Computerized Automated Reminder Diabetes System (CARDS): e-mail andSMS cell phone text messaging reminders to support diabetes management. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2009;11:99-106.
97. Mulvaney SA, Anders S, Smith AK, et al. A pilot test of a tailored mobile and web-based diabetes messaging system for adolescents. J Telemed Telecare. 2012;18:115-8.
98. Mulvaney SA, Ritterband LM, Bosslet L. Mobile intervention design in diabetes: review and recommendations. Curr Diab Rep. 2011;11:486-93.
99. Mulvaney SA, Rothman RL, Dietrich MS, et al. Using mobile phones to measure adolescent diabetes adherence. Health Psychol. 2012;31:43-50.
100. Liang X, Wang Q, Yang X, et al. Effect of mobile phone intervention for diabetes on glycaemic control: a meta-Analysis. Diabet Med. 2011;28:455-63.
101. Farrell K, Holmes-Walker DJ. Mobile phone support is associated with reduced ketoacidosis in young adults. Diabet Med. 2011;28:1001-4.
102. Benhamou PY, Melki V, Boizel R, et al. One-year efficacy and safety of Web-based follow-up using cellular phone in type 1 diabetic patients under insulin pump therapy: the PumpNet study. Diabetes Metab. 2007;33:220-6.
103. Franklin VL, Waller A, Pagliari C, Greene SA. A randomized controlled trial of Sweet Talk, a text-messaging system to support young people with diabetes. Diabet Med. 2006;23:1332-8.
104. Carroll AE, DiMeglio LA, Stein S, Marrero DG. Using a cell phone-based glucose monitoring system for adolescent diabetes management. Diabetes Educ. 2011;37:59-66.
105. Logtenberg SJ, Kleefstra N, Houweling ST, et al. Health-related quality of life, treatment satisfaction, and costs associated with intraperitoneal vs subcutaneous insulin administration in type 1 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:1169-72.
106. Dunn FL, Nathan DM, Scavini M, et al. Long-term therapy of IDDM with an implantable insulin pump. The implantable insulin pump trial study group. Diabetes Care. 1997;20:59-63.
107. Logtenberg SJ, Kleefstra N, Houweling ST, et al. Improved glycemic control with intraperitoneal vs subcutaneous insulin in type 1 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:1372-7.
108. Skyler JS, Jovanovic L, Klioze S, et al. Two-year safety and efficacy of inhaled human insulin (Exubera) in adult patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:579-85.
109. Testa MA, Simonson DC. Satisfaction and quality of life with premeal inhaled vs injected insulin in adolescents and adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:1399-405.
110. Hovorka R, Kumareswaran K, Harris J, et al. Overnight closed loop insulin delivery (artificial pancreas) in adults with type 1 diabetes: crossover randomized controlled studies. BMJ. 2011;342: d1855.
111. Hovorka R, Allen JM, Elleri D, et al. Manual closed-loop insulin delivery in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a phase2 randomized crossover trial. Lancet. 2010;375:743-51.
112. El-Khatib FH, Russell SJ, Nathan DM, et al. A bihormonal closed-loop artificial pancreas for type 1 diabetes. Sci Transl Med. 2010;2:27ra27.
113. Wiklund I. Assessment of patient-reported outcomes in clinical trials: the example of health-related quality of life. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2004;18:351-63.