The dopamine dysfunction in schizophrenia revisited: New insights into topography and course

Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology

Volumn 212, Issue , 2012, Pages 1-26

  Kuepper, Rebecca ^a   Skinbjerg, Mette ^b   Abi Dargham, Anissa ^b  

^a MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^b Columbia University ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

Dopamine dysfunction; Neurochemical imaging; Psychosis; Schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

DOPAMINE; DOPAMINE 1 RECEPTOR; DOPAMINE 2 RECEPTOR; DOPAMINE 3 RECEPTOR; DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; 4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; GLUTAMIC ACID;

BRAIN DYSFUNCTION; BRAIN LEVEL; CHRONIC DRUG ADMINISTRATION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CORPUS STRIATUM; DISEASE ACTIVITY; DISEASE COURSE; DOPAMINE DYSFUNCTION; DOPAMINE METABOLISM; DOPAMINE RELEASE; DOPAMINE UPTAKE; DOPAMINERGIC NERVE CELL; DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM; DOPAMINERGIC TRANSMISSION; GABAERGIC SYSTEM; GLUTAMATERGIC SYSTEM; HUMAN; MESOLIMBIC DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM; NEGATIVE SYNDROME; NERVOUS SYSTEM; NERVOUS SYSTEM PARAMETERS; NEUROANATOMY; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NEUROPSYCHIATRY; NIGRONEOSTRIATAL SYSTEM; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHENOTYPE; POSITIVE SYNDROME; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PRESYNAPTIC NERVE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECEPTOR AFFINITY; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; ANIMAL; COGNITION; PHYSIOLOGY;

ANIMALS; COGNITION; DOPAMINE; GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; GLUTAMIC ACID; HUMANS; RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D2; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

EID: 84870208164     PISSN: 01712004     EISSN: 18650325     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-25761-2_1     Document Type: Review

References (160)

1. Abi-Dargham A (2004) Do we still believe in the dopamine hypothesis? New data bring new evidence. The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology/ Official Scientific Journal of the Collegium Internationale Neuropsychopharmacologicum (CINP) 7(Suppl 1):S1-5 (Pubitemid 38436990)
2. Abi-Dargham A, Gil R, Krystal J, Baldwin RM, Seibyl JP, Bowers M, van Dyck CH, Charney DS, Innis RB, Laruelle M (1998) Increased striatal dopamine transmission in schizophrenia: confirmation in a second cohort. Am J Psychiatry 155:761-767 (Pubitemid 28252654)
3. Abi-Dargham A, Rodenhiser J, Printz D, Zea-Ponce Y, Gil R, Kegeles LS, Weiss R, Cooper TB, Mann JJ, Van Heertum RL, Gorman JM, Laruelle M (2000) Increased baseline occupancy of D2 receptors by dopamine in schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci 97:8104-8109 (Pubitemid 30460780)
4. Abi-Dargham A, Mawlawi O, Lombardo I, Gil R, Martinez D, Huang Y, Hwang DR, Keilp J, Kochan L, Van Heertum R, Gorman JM, Laruelle M (2002) Prefrontal dopamine D1 receptors and working memory in schizophrenia. J Neurosci 22:3708-3719 (Pubitemid 37465776)
5. Abi-Dargham A, Kegeles LS, Zea-Ponce Y, Mawlawi O, Martinez D, Mitropoulou V, O'Flynn K, Koenigsberg HW, Van Heertum R, Cooper T, Laruelle M, Siever LJ (2004) Striatal amphetamine-induced dopamine release in patients with schizotypal personality disorder studied with single photon emission computed tomography and [123I]iodobenzamide. Biol Psychiatry 55:1001-1006 (Pubitemid 38584612)
6. Abi-Dargham A, van de Giessen E, Slifstein M, Kegeles LS, Laruelle M (2009) Baseline and amphetamine-stimulated dopamine activity are related in drug-naive schizophrenic subjects. Biol Psychiatry 65:1091-1093
7. Abi-Dargham A, Xu X, Thompson JL, Gil R, Kegeles LS, Urban N, Narendran R, Hwang DR, Laruelle M, Slifstein M. J Psychopharmacol. 2012 Jun;26(6):794-805. Epub 2011 Jul 18
8. Abler B, Walter H, Erk S, Kammerer H, Spitzer M (2006) Prediction error as a linear function of reward probability is coded in human nucleus accumbens. Neuroimage 31:790-795 (Pubitemid 43776671)
9. Akil M, Edgar CL, Pierri JN, Casali S, Lewis DA (2000) Decreased density of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive axons in the entorhinal cortex of schizophrenic subjects. Biol Psychiatry 47:361-370 (Pubitemid 30110608)
10. American Psychiatric Association (2000) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edn. Author, Washington, DC
11. Arakawa R, Ichimiya T, Ito H, Takano A, Okumura M, Takahashi H, Takano H, Yasuno F, Kato M, Okubo Y, Suhara T (2009) Increase in thalamic binding of [(11)C]PE2I in patients with schizophrenia: a positron emission tomography study of dopamine transporter. J Psychiatr Res 43:1219-1223
12. Arnsten AF (2007) Catecholamine and second messenger influences on prefrontal cortical networks of "representational knowledge": a rational bridge between genetics and the symptoms of mental illness. Cereb Cortex 17(Suppl 1):i6-15
13. Arnsten AF (2011) Prefrontal cortical network connections: key site of vulnerability in stress and schizophrenia. Int J Dev Neurosci 29(3):215-23
14. Bayer HM, Glimcher PW (2005) Midbrain dopamine neurons encode a quantitative reward prediction error signal. Neuron 47:129-141 (Pubitemid 40922855)
15. Berridge KC, Robinson TE (1998) What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience? Brain Res Brain Res Rev 28:309-369 (Pubitemid 29012677)
16. Bilder RM, Volavka J, Lachman HM, Grace AA (2004) The catechol-O-methyltransferase polymorphism: relations to the tonic-phasic dopamine hypothesis and neuropsychiatric phenotypes. Neuropsychopharmacology 29:1943-1961 (Pubitemid 39486546)
17. Breier A, Su TP, Saunders R, Carson RE, Kolachana BS, de Bartolomeis A, Weinberger DR, Weisenfeld N, Malhotra AK, Eckelman WC, Pickar D (1997) Schizophrenia is associated with elevated amphetamine-induced synaptic dopamine concentrations: evidence from a novel positron emission tomography method. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94:2569-2574 (Pubitemid 27136916)
18. Brown WD, Taylor MD, Roberts AD, Oakes TR, Schueller MJ, Holden JE, Malischke LM, DeJesus OT, Nickles RJ (1999) FluoroDOPA PET shows the nondopaminergic as well as dopaminergic destinations of levodopa. Neurology 53:1212-1218 (Pubitemid 29480078)
19. Buchsbaum MS, Christian BT, Lehrer DS, Narayanan TK, Shi B, Mantil J, Kemether E, Oakes TR, Mukherjee J (2006) D2/D3 dopamine receptor binding with [F-18]fallypride in thalamus and cortex of patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 85:232-244 (Pubitemid 43947535)
20. Burt DR, Creese I, Snyder SH (1977) Antischizophrenic drugs: chronic treatment elevates dopamine receptor binding in brain. Science 196:326-328 (Pubitemid 8076966)
21. Carlsson A (1977) Does dopamine play a role in schizophrenia? Psychol Med 7:583-597 (Pubitemid 8232990)
22. Carlsson A (1978) Antipsychotic drugs, neurotransmitters, and schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 135:165-173
23. Creese I, Burt DR, Snyder SH, Creese I, Burt DR, Snyder SH (1976) Dopamine receptor binding predicts clinical and pharmacological potencies of antischizophrenic drugs. Science 192:481-483
24. Cropley VL, Fujita M, Bara-Jimenez W, Brown AK, Zhang XY, Sangare J, Herscovitch P, Pike VW, Hallett M, Nathan PJ, Innis RB (2008) Pre- and post-synaptic dopamine imaging and its relation with frontostriatal cognitive function in Parkinson disease: PET studies with [11C] NNC 112 and [18F]FDOPA. Psychiatry Res 163:171-182
25. Cross AJ, Crow TJ, Owen F (1981) 3H-Flupenthixol binding in post-mortem brains of schizophrenics: evidence for a selective increase in dopamine D2 receptors. Psychopharmacology 74:122-124 (Pubitemid 11126538)
26. Cumming P, Gjedde A (1998) Compartmental analysis of dopa decarboxylation in living brain from dynamic positron emission tomograms. Synapse 29:37-61 (Pubitemid 28155704)
27. D'Ardenne K, McClure SM, Nystrom LE, Cohen JD (2008) BOLD responses reflecting dopaminergic signals in the human ventral tegmental area. Science 319:1264-1267 (Pubitemid 351323026)
28. Dao-Castellana MH, Paillere-Martinot ML, Hantraye P, Attar-Levy D, Remy P, Crouzel C, Artiges E, Feline A, Syrota A, Martinot JL (1997) Presynaptic dopaminergic function in the striatum of schizophrenic patients. Schizophr Res 23:167-174 (Pubitemid 27106901)
29. Davis KL, Kahn RS, Ko G, Davidson M (1991) Dopamine in schizophrenia: a review and reconceptualization. Am J Psychiatry 148:1474-1486
30. Deutch AY (1992) The regulation of subcortical dopamine systems by the prefrontal cortex: interactions of central dopamine systems and the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. J Neural Transm 36:61-89
31. Drew MR, Simpson EH, Kellendonk C, Herzberg WG, Lipatova O, Fairhurst S, Kandel ER, Malapani C, Balsam PD (2007) Transient overexpression of striatal D2 receptors impairs operant motivation and interval timing. J Neurosci 27:7731-7739 (Pubitemid 47093816)
32. Ekelund J, Slifstein M, Narendran R, Guillin O, Belani H, Guo NN, Hwang Y, Hwang DR, Abi-Dargham A, Laruelle M (2007) In vivo DA D(1) receptor selectivity of NNC 112 and SCH 23390. Mol Imaging Biol 9:117-125 (Pubitemid 46705705)
33. Elkashef AM, Doudet D, Bryant T, Cohen RM, Li SH, Wyatt RJ (2000) 6-(18)F-DOPA PET study in patients with schizophrenia. Positron emission tomography. Psychiatry Res 100:1-11
34. Erritzoe D, Talbot P, Frankle WG, Abi-Dargham A (2003) Positron emission tomography and single photon emission CT molecular imaging in schizophrenia. Neuroimaging Clin North Am 13:817-832 (Pubitemid 37445058)
35. Farde L, Nordstrom AL, Wiesel FA, Pauli S, Halldin C, Sedvall G (1992) Positron emission tomographic analysis of central D1 and D2 dopamine receptor occupancy in patients treated with classical neuroleptics and clozapine Relation to extrapyramidal side effects. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49:538-544
36. Fitzgerald PB, Kapur S, Remington G, Roy P, Zipursky RB (2000) Predicting haloperidol occupancy of central dopamine D2 receptors from plasma levels. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 149:1-5 (Pubitemid 30187359)
37. Floresco SB, West AR, Ash B, Moore H, Grace AA (2003) Afferent modulation of dopamine neuron firing differentially regulates tonic and phasic dopamine transmission. Nat Neurosci 6:968-973 (Pubitemid 37064759)
38. Fusar-Poli P, Howes OD, Allen P, Broome M, Valli I, Asselin MC, Grasby PM, McGuire PK (2010) Abnormal frontostriatal interactions in people with prodromal signs of psychosis: a multimodal imaging study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 67:683-691
39. Fusar-Poli P, Howes OD, Allen P, Broome M, Valli I, Asselin MC, Montgomery AJ, Grasby PM, McGuire P (2011) Abnormal prefrontal activation directly related to pre-synaptic striatal dopamine dysfunction in people at clinical high risk for psychosis. Mol Psychiatry 16:67-75
40. Galineau L, Wilson AA, Garcia A, Houle S, Kapur S, Ginovart N (2006) In vivo characterization of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacological properties of [11C]-(+)-PHNO in rats using an intracerebral beta-sensitive system. Synapse 60:172-183 (Pubitemid 43878127)
41. Garnett ES, Firnau G, Chan PK, Sood S, Belbeck LW (1978) [18F]fluoro-dopa, an analogue of DOPA, and its use in direct external measurements of storage, degradation, and turnover of intracerebral dopamine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 75:464-467 (Pubitemid 8287548)
42. Garnett ES, Firnau G, Nahmias C (1983) Dopamine visualized in the basal ganglia of living man. Nature 305:137-138 (Pubitemid 14235666)
43. Ginovart N, Galineau L, Willeit M, Mizrahi R, Bloomfield PM, Seeman P, Houle S, Kapur S, Wilson AA (2006) Binding characteristics and sensitivity to endogenous dopamine of [11C]-(+)-PHNO, a new agonist radiotracer for imaging the high-affinity state of D2 receptors in vivo using positron emission tomography. J Neurochem 97:1089-1103
44. Ginovart N, Wilson AA, Hussey D, Houle S, Kapur S (2009) D2-receptor upregulation is dependent upon temporal course of D2-occupancy: a longitudinal [11C]-raclopride PET study in cats. Neuropsychopharmacology 34:662-671
45. Glenthoj BY, Mackeprang T, Svarer C, Rasmussen H, Pinborg LH, Friberg L, Baare W, Hemmingsen R, Videbaek C (2006) Frontal dopamine D(2/3) receptor binding in drug-naive first-episode schizophrenic patients correlates with positive psychotic symptoms and gender. Biol Psychiatry 60:621-629 (Pubitemid 44402367)
46. Goldman-Rakic PS (1999) The "psychic" neuron of the cerebral cortex. Ann N Y Acad Sci 868:13-26
47. Goldman-Rakic PS, Selemon LD (1997) Functional and anatomical aspects of prefrontal pathology in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 23:437-458 (Pubitemid 27427984)
48. Goldman-Rakic PS, Castner SA, Svensson TH, Siever LJ, Williams GV (2004) Targeting the dopamine D1 receptor in schizophrenia: insights for cognitive dysfunction. Psychopharmacology 174:3-16 (Pubitemid 38925085)
49. Goto Y, Otani S, Grace AA (2007) The Yin and Yang of dopamine release: a new perspective. Neuropharmacology 53:583-587 (Pubitemid 47516678)
50. Grace AA (1991) Phasic versus tonic dopamine release and the modulation of dopamine system responsivity: a hypothesis for the etiology of schizophrenia. Neuroscience 41:1-24
51. Grace AA (1995) The tonic/phasic model of dopamine system regulation: its relevance for understanding how stimulant abuse can alter basal ganglia function. Drug Alcohol Depend 37:111-129
52. Grace AA (2012) Dopamine system dysregulation by the hippocampus: implications for the pathophysiology and treatment of schizophrenia. Neuropharmacology 62:1342-1348
53. Graff-Guerrero A, Willeit M, Ginovart N, Mamo D, Mizrahi R, Rusjan P, Vitcu I, Seeman P, Wilson AA, Kapur S (2008) Brain region binding of the D2/3 agonist [11C]-(+)-PHNO and the D2/3 antagonist [11C]raclopride in healthy humans. Hum Brain Mapp 29:400-410 (Pubitemid 351522134)
54. Graff-Guerrero A, Mizrahi R, Agid O, Marcon H, Barsoum P, Rusjan P, Wilson AA, Zipursky R, Kapur S (2009) The dopamine D2 receptors in high-affinity state and D3 receptors in schizophrenia: a clinical [11C]-(+)-PHNO PET study. Neuropsychopharmacology 34:1078-1086
55. Griffon N, Sokoloff P, Diaz J, Levesque D, Sautel F, Schwartz JC, Simon P, Costentin J, Garrido F, Mann A et al (1995) The dopamine D3 receptor and schizophrenia: pharmacological, anatomical and genetic approaches. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 5(Suppl):3-9 (Pubitemid 26022213)
56. Guo N, Hwang DR, Lo ES, Huang YY, Laruelle M, Abi-Dargham A (2003) Dopamine depletion and in vivo binding of PET D1 receptor radioligands: implications for imaging studies in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 28:1703-1711 (Pubitemid 41070871)
57. Gurevich EV, Bordelon Y, Shapiro RM, Arnold SE, Gur RE, Joyce JN (1997) Mesolimbic dopamine D3 receptors and use of antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia. A postmortem study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 54:225-232 (Pubitemid 27132051)
58. Hall H, Sedvall G, Magnusson O, Kopp J, Halldin C, Farde L (1994) Distribution of D1- and D2-dopamine receptors, and dopamine and its metabolites in the human brain. Neuropsychopharmacology 11:245-256 (Pubitemid 24372813)
59. Harrison PJ (2004) The hippocampus in schizophrenia: a review of the neuropathological evidence and its pathophysiological implications. Psychopharmacology 174:151-162 (Pubitemid 38925100)
60. Hess EJ, Bracha HS, Kleinman JE, Creese I (1987) Dopamine receptor subtype imbalance in schizophrenia. Life Sci 40:1487-1497 (Pubitemid 17040520)
61. Hietala J, Syvalahti E, Vuorio K, Rakkolainen V, Bergman J, Haaparanta M, Solin O, Kuoppamaki M, Kirvela O, Ruotsalainen U et al (1995) Presynaptic dopamine function in striatum of neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic patients. Lancet 346:1130-1131
62. Hietala J, Syvalahti E, Vilkman H, Vuorio K, Rakkolainen V, Bergman J, Haaparanta M, Solin O, Kuoppamaki M, Eronen E, Ruotsalainen U, Salokangas RK (1999) Depressive symptoms and presynaptic dopamine function in neuroleptic-naive schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 35:41-50 (Pubitemid 29023553)
63. Hirvonen J, van Erp TG, Huttunen J, Aalto S, Nagren K, Huttunen M, Lonnqvist J, Kaprio J, Hietala J, Cannon TD (2005) Increased caudate dopamine D2 receptor availability as a genetic marker for schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62:371-378 (Pubitemid 40471686)
64. Hirvonen J, van Erp TG, Huttunen J, Aalto S, Nagren K, Huttunen M, Lonnqvist J, Kaprio J, Cannon TD, Hietala J (2006) Brain dopamine d1 receptors in twins discordant for schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 163:1747-1753 (Pubitemid 44522483)
65. Howes OD, Kapur S (2009) The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: version III - the final common pathway. Schizophr Bull 35:549-562
66. Howes OD, Montgomery AJ, Asselin MC, Murray RM, Valli I, Tabraham P, Bramon-Bosch E, Valmaggia L, Johns L, Broome M, McGuire PK, Grasby PM (2009) Elevated striatal dopamine function linked to prodromal signs of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66:13-20
67. Howes O, Bose S, Turkheimer F, Valli I, Egerton A, Stahl D, Valmaggia L, Allen P, Murray R, McGuire P (2011a) Progressive increase in striatal dopamine synthesis capacity as patients develop psychosis: a PET study. Mol Psychiatry 16:885-886
68. Howes OD, Bose SK, Turkheimer F, Valli I, Egerton A, Valmaggia LR, Murray RM, McGuire P (2011c) Dopamine synthesis capacity before onset of psychosis: a prospective [18F]-DOPA PET imaging study. Am J Psychiatry 168(12):1311-17
69. Hsiao MC, Lin KJ, Liu CY, Tzen KY, Yen TC (2003) Dopamine transporter change in drug-naive schizophrenia: an imaging study with 99mTc-TRODAT-1. Schizophr Res 65:39-46
70. Huttunen J, Heinimaa M, Svirskis T, Nyman M, Kajander J, Forsback S, Solin O, Ilonen T, Korkeila J, Ristkari T, McGlashan T, Salokangas RK, Hietala J (2008) Striatal dopamine synthesis in first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 63:114-117 (Pubitemid 350234886)
71. Jensen J, Willeit M, Zipursky RB, Savina I, Smith AJ, Menon M, Crawley AP, Kapur S (2008) The formation of abnormal associations in schizophrenia: neural and behavioral evidence. Neuropsychopharmacology 33:473-479
72. Joyce JN, Lexow N, Bird E, Winokur A (1988) Organization of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in human striatum: receptor autoradiographic studies in Huntington's disease and schizophrenia. Synapse 2:546-557
73. Juckel G, Schlagenhauf F, Koslowski M, Wustenberg T, Villringer A, Knutson B, Wrase J, Heinz A (2006) Dysfunction of ventral striatal reward prediction in schizophrenia. Neuroimage 29:409-416 (Pubitemid 43063297)
74. Kapur S, Mamo D (2003) Half a century of antipsychotics and still a central role for dopamine D2 receptors. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 27:1081-1090 (Pubitemid 37464954)
75. Kapur S, Remington G (2001) Dopamine D(2) receptors and their role in atypical antipsychotic action: still necessary and may even be sufficient. Biol Psychiatry 50:873-883 (Pubitemid 34020700)
76. Kapur S, Mizrahi R, Li M (2005) From dopamine to salience to psychosis-linking biology, pharmacology and phenomenology of psychosis. Schizophr Res 79:59-68 (Pubitemid 41362593)
77. Karlsson P, Farde L, Halldin C, Sedvall G (2002) PET study of D(1) dopamine receptor binding in neuroleptic-naive patients with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 159:761-767 (Pubitemid 34465049)
78. Kashihara K, Sato M, Fujiwara Y, Harada T, Ogawa T, Otsuki S (1986) Effects of intermittent and continuous haloperidol administration on the dopaminergic system in the rat brain. Biol Psychiatry 21:650-656 (Pubitemid 16042944)
79. Kegeles LS, Zea-Ponce Y, Abi-Dargham A, Rodenhiser J, Wang T, Weiss R, Van Heertum RL, Mann JJ, Laruelle M (1999) Stability of [123I]IBZM SPECT measurement of amphetamine-induced striatal dopamine release in humans. Synapse 31:302-308 (Pubitemid 29070292)
80. Kegeles LS, Martinez D, Kochan LD, Hwang DR, Huang Y, Mawlawi O, Suckow RF, Van Heertum RL, Laruelle M (2002) NMDA antagonist effects on striatal dopamine release: Positron emission tomography studies in humans. Synapse 43:19-29 (Pubitemid 33115664)
81. Kegeles LS, Abi-Dargham A, Frankle WG, Gil R, Cooper TB, Slifstein M, Hwang DR, Huang Y, Haber SN, Laruelle M (2010a) Increased synaptic dopamine function in associative regions of the striatum in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 67:231-239
82. Kegeles LS, Slifstein M, Xu X, Urban N, Thompson JL, Moadel T, Harkavy-Friedman JM, Gil R, Laruelle M, Abi-Dargham A (2010b) Striatal and extrastriatal dopamine D2/D3 receptors in schizophrenia evaluated with [18F]fallypride positron emission tomography. Biol Psychiatry 68:634-641
83. Kellendonk C, Simpson EH, Polan HJ, Malleret G, Vronskaya S, Winiger V, Moore H, Kandel ER (2006) Transient and selective overexpression of dopamine D2 receptors in the striatum causes persistent abnormalities in prefrontal cortex functioning. Neuron 49:603-615 (Pubitemid 43221894)
84. Kessler RM, Woodward ND, Riccardi P, Li R, Ansari MS, Anderson S, Dawant B, Zald D, Meltzer HY (2009) Dopamine D2 receptor levels in striatum, thalamus, substantia nigra, limbic regions, and cortex in schizophrenic subjects. Biol Psychiatry 65:1024-1031
85. Kestler LP, Walker E, Vega EM (2001) Dopamine receptors in the brains of schizophrenia patients: a meta-analysis of the findings. Behav Pharmacol 12:355-371 (Pubitemid 32983509)
86. Knable MB, Weinberger DR (1997) Dopamine, the prefrontal cortex and schizophrenia. J Psychopharmacol (Oxford, England) 11:123-131 (Pubitemid 27252643)
87. Knable MB, Hyde TM, Herman MM, Carter JM, Bigelow L, Kleinman JE (1994) Quantitative autoradiography of dopamine-D1 receptors, D2 receptors, and dopamine uptake sites in postmortem striatal specimens from schizophrenic patients. Biol Psychiatry 36:827-835
88. Laakso A, Vilkman H, Alakare B, Haaparanta M, Bergman J, Solin O, Peurasaari J, Rakkolainen V, Syvalahti E, Hietala J (2000) Striatal dopamine transporter binding in neuroleptic-naive patients with schizophrenia studied with positron emission tomography. Am J Psychiatry 157:269-271 (Pubitemid 30080910)
89. Laakso A, Bergman J, Haaparanta M, Vilkman H, Solin O, Syvalahti E, Hietala J (2001) Decreased striatal dopamine transporter binding in vivo in chronic schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 52:115-120 (Pubitemid 32947054)
90. Lahti RA, Roberts RC, Conley RR, Cochrane EV, Mutin A, Tamminga CA (1996) D2-type dopamine receptors in postmortem human brain sections from normal and schizophrenic subjects. Neuroreport 7:1945-1948 (Pubitemid 26348199)
91. Lahti RA, Roberts RC, Cochrane EV, Primus RJ, Gallager DW, Conley RR, Tamminga CA (1998) Direct determination of dopamine D4 receptors in normal and schizophrenic postmortem brain tissue: a [3H]NGD-94-1 study. Mol Psychiatry 3:528-533
92. Laruelle M (1998) Imaging dopamine transmission in schizophrenia: a review and meta-analysis. Q J Nucl Med 42:211-221 (Pubitemid 28529874)
93. Laruelle M (2000) Imaging synaptic neurotransmission with in vivo binding competition techniques: a critical review. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 20:423-451 (Pubitemid 30164887)
94. Laruelle M, Abi-Dargham A, van Dyck CH, Rosenblatt W, Zea-Ponce Y, Zoghbi SS, Baldwin RM, Charney DS, Hoffer PB, Kung HF et al (1995) SPECT imaging of striatal dopamine release after amphetamine challenge. J Nucl Med 36:1182-1190
95. Laruelle M, Abi-Dargham A, van Dyck CH, Gil R, D'Souza CD, Erdos J, McCance E, Rosenblatt W, Fingado C, Zoghbi SS, Baldwin RM, Seibyl JP, Krystal JH, Charney DS, Innis RB (1996) Single photon emission computerized tomography imaging of amphetamine-induced dopamine release in drug-free schizophrenic subjects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93:9235-9240
96. 2 receptor occupancy by endogenous dopamine in humans. Neuropsychopharmacology 17:162-174 (Pubitemid 27365957)
97. Laruelle M, Abi-Dargham A, Gil R, Kegeles L, Innis R (1999) Increased dopamine transmission in schizophrenia: relationship to illness phases. Biol Psychiatry 46:56-72 (Pubitemid 29296818)
98. Laruelle M, Abi-Dargham A, van Dyck C, Gil R, D'Souza DC, Krystal J, Seibyl J, Baldwin R, Innis R (2000) Dopamine and serotonin transporters in patients with schizophrenia: an imaging study with [(123)I]beta-CIT. Biol Psychiatry 47:371-379 (Pubitemid 30110609)
99. Laruelle M, Kegeles LS, Abi-Dargham A (2003) Glutamate, dopamine, and schizophrenia: from pathophysiology to treatment. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1003:138-158 (Pubitemid 38083052)
100. Lavalaye J, Linszen DH, Booij J, Dingemans PM, Reneman L, Habraken JB, Gersons BP, van Royen EA (2001) Dopamine transporter density in young patients with schizophrenia assessed with [123]FP-CIT SPECT. Schizophr Res 47:59-67 (Pubitemid 32121771)
101. Lewis DA, Gonzalez-Burgos G (2000) Intrinsic excitatory connections in the prefrontal cortex and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Brain Res Bull 52:309-317 (Pubitemid 30462200)
102. Lieberman JA, Sheitman BB, Kinon BJ (1997) Neurochemical sensitization in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia: deficits and dysfunction in neuronal regulation and plasticity. Neuropsychopharmacology 17:205-229 (Pubitemid 27440642)
103. Lindstrom LH, Gefvert O, Hagberg G, Lundberg T, Bergstrom M, Hartvig P, Langstrom B (1999) Increased dopamine synthesis rate in medial prefrontal cortex and striatum in schizophrenia indicated by L-(beta-11C) DOPA and PET. Biol Psychiatry 46:681-688 (Pubitemid 29401864)
104. Lisman J (2012) Excitation, inhibition, local oscillations, or large-scale loops: what causes the symptoms of schizophrenia? Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2012 Jun;22(3):537-544
105. Lisman JE, Coyle JT, Green RW, Javitt DC, Benes FM, Heckers S, Grace AA (2008) Circuit-based framework for understanding neurotransmitter and risk gene interactions in schizophrenia. Trends Neurosci 31:234-242
106. Lodge DJ, Grace AA (2008) Hippocampal dysfunction and disruption of dopamine system regulation in an animal model of schizophrenia. Neurotox Res 14:97-104
107. 1 receptor: focus on negative symptoms. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 16:797-832
108. Marzella PL, Hill C, Keks N, Singh B, Copolov D (1997) The binding of both [3H]nemonapride and [3H]raclopride is increased in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 42:648-654 (Pubitemid 27444498)
109. Mateos JJ, Lomena F, Parellada E, Font M, Fernandez E, Pavia J, Prats A, Pons F, Bernardo M (2005) Decreased striatal dopamine transporter binding assessed with [123I] FP-CIT in firstepisode schizophrenic patients with and without short-term antipsychotic-induced parkinsonism. Psychopharmacology 181:401-406 (Pubitemid 41492210)
110. Mateos JJ, Lomena F, Parellada E, Mireia F, Fernandez-Egea E, Pavia J, Prats A, Pons F, Bernardo M (2007) Lower striatal dopamine transporter binding in neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic patients is not related to antipsychotic treatment but it suggests an illness trait. Psychopharmacology 191:805-811 (Pubitemid 46355894)
111. McGowan S, Lawrence AD, Sales T, Quested D, Grasby P (2004) Presynaptic dopaminergic dysfunction in schizophrenia: a positron emission tomographic [18F]fluorodopa study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61:134-142 (Pubitemid 38146547)
112. Meyer-Lindenberg A, Miletich RS, Kohn PD, Esposito G, Carson RE, Quarantelli M, Weinberger DR, Berman KF (2002) Reduced prefrontal activity predicts exaggerated striatal dopaminergic function in schizophrenia. Nat Neurosci 5:267-271 (Pubitemid 34171141)
113. Meyer-Lindenberg A, Olsen RK, Kohn PD, Brown T, Egan MF, Weinberger DR, Berman KF (2005) Regionally specific disturbance of dorsolateral prefrontal-hippocampal functional connectivity in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62:379-386 (Pubitemid 40471687)
114. Mizrahi R (2010) Advances in PET analyses of stress and dopamine. Neuropsychopharmacology 35:348-349
115. Moghaddam B (2003) Bringing order to the glutamate chaos in schizophrenia. Neuron 40:881-884 (Pubitemid 37522046)
116. Murray AM, Hyde TM, Knable MB, Herman MM, Bigelow LB, Carter JM, Weinberger DR, Kleinman JE (1995) Distribution of putative D4 dopamine receptors in postmortem striatum from patients with schizophrenia. J Neurosci 15:2186-2191
117. Narendran R, Frankle WG, Keefe R, Gil R, Martinez D, Slifstein M, Kegeles LS, Talbot PS, Huang Y, Hwang DR, Khenissi L, Cooper TB, Laruelle M, Abi-Dargham A (2005) Altered prefrontal dopaminergic function in chronic recreational ketamine users. Am J Psychiatry 162:2352-2359 (Pubitemid 41740215)
118. Nobrega JN, Seeman P (1994) Dopamine D2 receptors mapped in rat brain with [3H](+)PHNO. Synapse 17:167-172 (Pubitemid 24204342)
119. Nozaki S, Kato M, Takano H, Ito H, Takahashi H, Arakawa R, Okumura M, Fujimura Y, Matsumoto R, Ota M, Takano A, Otsuka A, Yasuno F, Okubo Y, Kashima H, Suhara T (2009) Regional dopamine synthesis in patients with schizophrenia using L-[beta-11C]DOPA PET. Schizophr Res 108:78-84
120. Okubo Y, Suhara T, Suzuki K, Kobayashi K, Inoue O, Terasaki O, Someya Y, Sassa T, Sudo Y, Matsushima E, Iyo M, Tateno Y, Toru M (1997) Decreased prefrontal dopamine D1 receptors in schizophrenia revealed by PET. Nature 385:634-636
121. Pessiglione M, Seymour B, Flandin G, Dolan RJ, Frith CD (2006) Dopamine-dependent prediction errors underpin reward-seeking behaviour in humans. Nature 442:1042-1045 (Pubitemid 44330261)
122. Pimoule C, Schoemaker H, Reynolds GP, Langer SZ (1985) [3H]SCH 23390 labeled D1 dopamine receptors are unchanged in schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. Eur J Pharmacol 114:235-237 (Pubitemid 16255563)
123. Reith J, Benkelfat C, Sherwin A, Yasuhara Y, Kuwabara H, Andermann F, Bachneff S, Cumming P, Diksic M, Dyve SE, Etienne P, Evans AC, Lal S, Shevell M, Savard G, Wong DF, Chouinard G, Gjedde A (1994) Elevated dopa decarboxylase activity in living brain of patients with psychosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91:11651-11654 (Pubitemid 24356402)
124. Reynolds GP, Czudek C (1988) Status of the dopaminergic system in post-mortem brain in schizophrenia. Psychopharmacol Bull 24:345-347 (Pubitemid 19031613)
125. Reynolds GP, Mason SL (1994) Are striatal dopamine D4 receptors increased in schizophrenia? J Neurochem 63:1576-1577
126. Schmitt GJ, Meisenzahl EM, Frodl T, La Fougere C, Hahn K, Möller HJ, Dresel S (2005) The striatal dopamine transporter in first-episode, drug-naive schizophrenic patients: evaluation by the new SPECT-ligand[99mTc]TRODAT-1. J Psychopharmacol 19:488-493 (Pubitemid 41392303)
127. Schmitt GJ, Frodl T, Dresel S, la Fougere C, Bottlender R, Koutsouleris N, Hahn K, Möller HJ, Meisenzahl EM (2006) Striatal dopamine transporter availability is associated with the productive psychotic state in first episode, drug-naive schizophrenic patients. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 256:115-121
128. Schmitt GJ, la Fougere C, Dresel S, Frodl T, Hahn K, Möller HJ, Meisenzahl EM (2008) Dualisotope SPECT imaging of striatal dopamine: first episode, drug naive schizophrenic patients. Schizophr Res 101:133-141
129. Schobel SA, Lewandowski NM, Corcoran CM, Moore H, Brown T, Malaspina D, Small SA (2009) Differential targeting of the CA1 subfield of the hippocampal formation by schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66:938-946
130. Schultz W (1998) Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. J Neurophysiol 80:1-27 (Pubitemid 28326237)
131. Seeman P (2010) All roads to schizophrenia lead to dopamine supersensitivity and elevated dopamine D2 receptors. CNS Neurosci Ther 9(7):777-89
132. Seeman P, Bzowej NH, Guan HC, Bergeron C, Reynolds GP, Bird ED, Riederer P, Jellinger K, Tourtellotte WW (1987) Human brain D1 and D2 dopamine receptors in schizophrenia, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases. Neuropsychopharmacology 1:5-15 (Pubitemid 19125243)
133. Seeman P, Guan HC, Van Tol HH (1993) Dopamine D4 receptors elevated in schizophrenia. Nature 365:441-445 (Pubitemid 23311038)
134. Seeman P, Weinshenker D, Quirion R, Srivastava LK, Bhardwaj SK, Grandy DK, Premont RT, Sotnikova TD, Boksa P, El-Ghundi M, O'Dowd BF, George SR, Perreault ML, Mannisto PT, Robinson S, Palmiter RD, Tallerico T (2005) Dopamine supersensitivity correlates with D2High states, implying many paths to psychosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:3513-3518 (Pubitemid 40328076)
135. Seeman P, Schwarz J, Chen JF, Szechtman H, Perreault M, McKnight GS, Roder JC, Quirion R, Boksa P, Srivastava LK, Yanai K, Weinshenker D, Sumiyoshi T (2006) Psychosis pathways converge via D2high dopamine receptors. Synapse 60:319-346 (Pubitemid 44134353)
136. Shotbolt P, Stokes PR, Owens SF, Toulopoulou T, Picchioni MM, Bose SK, Murray RM, Howes OD (2011) Striatal dopamine synthesis capacity in twins discordant for schizophrenia. Psychol Med 41:1-8
137. Sibley DR, De Lean A, Creese I (1982) Anterior pituitary dopamine receptors. Demonstration of interconvertible high and low affinity states of the D-2 dopamine receptor. J Biol Chem 257:6351-6361 (Pubitemid 12029548)
138. Silvestri S, Seeman MV, Negrete JC, Houle S, Shammi CM, Remington GJ,
139. Simpson EH, Kellendonk C, Kandel E (2010) A possible role for the striatum in the pathogenesis of the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. Neuron 65:585-596
140. Slifstein M, Kegeles LS, Gonzales R, Frankle WG, Xu X, Laruelle M, Abi-Dargham A (2007) [11C]NNC 112 selectivity for dopamine D1 and serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptors: a PET study in healthy human subjects. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 27:1733-1741 (Pubitemid 47476096)
141. Smith A, Li M, Becker S, Kapur S (2006) Dopamine, prediction error and associative learning: a model-based account. Network (Bristol, England) 17:61-84 (Pubitemid 43656070)
142. Sokoloff P, Diaz J, Le Foll B, Guillin O, Leriche L, Bezard E, Gross C (2006) The dopamine D3 receptor: a therapeutic target for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 5:25-43 (Pubitemid 43796626)
143. Soliman A, O'Driscoll GA, Pruessner J, Holahan AL, Boileau I, Gagnon D, Dagher A (2007) Stress-induced dopamine release in humans at risk of psychosis: a [(11)C]Raclopride PET Study. Neuropsychopharmacology 33:2033-2041
144. Stuber GD, Klanker M, de Ridder B, Bowers MS, Joosten RN, Feenstra MG, Bonci A (2008) Reward-predictive cues enhance excitatory synaptic strength onto midbrain dopamine neurons. Science 321:1690-1692
145. Suhara T, Okubo Y, Yasuno F, Sudo Y, Inoue M, Ichimiya T, Nakashima Y, Nakayama K, Tanada S, Suzuki K, Halldin C, Farde L (2002) Decreased dopamine D2 receptor binding in the anterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59:25-30 (Pubitemid 34044401)
146. Sumiyoshi T, Stockmeier CA, Overholser JC, Thompson PA, Meltzer HY (1995) Dopamine D4 receptors and effects of guanine nucleotides on [3H]raclopride binding in postmortem caudate nucleus of subjects with schizophrenia or major depression. Brain Res 681:109-116
147. Talvik M, Nordstrom AL, Olsson H, Halldin C, Farde L (2003) Decreased thalamic D2/D3 receptor binding in drug-naive patients with schizophrenia: a PET study with [11C]FLB 457. The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology/ Official Scientific Journal of the Collegium Internationale Neuropsychopharmacologicum (CINP) 6:361-370 (Pubitemid 38146254)
148. Talvik M, Nordstrom AL, Okubo Y, Olsson H, Borg J, Halldin C, Farde L (2006) Dopamine D2 receptor binding in drug-naive patients with schizophrenia examined with raclopride-C11 and positron emission tomography. Psychiatry Res 148:165-173 (Pubitemid 44750590)
149. Tuppurainen H, Kuikka J, Viinamaki H, Husso-Saastamoinen M, Bergstrom K, Tiihonen J (2003) Extrastriatal dopamine D 2/3 receptor density and distribution in drug-naive schizophrenic patients. Mol Psychiatry 8:453-455 (Pubitemid 36609670)
150. Tuppurainen H, Kuikka JT, Laakso MP, Viinamaki H, Husso M, Tiihonen J (2006) Midbrain dopamine D2/3 receptor binding in schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 256:382-387 (Pubitemid 44393006)
151. van Rossum JM (1966) The significance of dopamine-receptor blockade for the mechanism of action of neuroleptic drugs. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 160:492-494
152. Ward RD, Kellendonk C, Simpson EH, Lipatova O, Drew MR, Fairhurst S, Kandel ER, Balsam PD (2009) Impaired timing precision produced by striatal D2 receptor overexpression is mediated by cognitive and motivational deficits. Behav Neurosci 123:720-730
153. Weinberger DR (1987) Implications of normal brain development for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44:660-669 (Pubitemid 17099795)
154. Willeit M, Ginovart N, Kapur S, Houle S, Hussey D, Seeman P, Wilson AA (2006) High-affinity states of human brain dopamine D2/3 receptors imaged by the agonist [11C]-(+)-PHNO. Biol Psychiatry 59:389-394 (Pubitemid 43289216)
155. Woodward ND, Cowan RL, Park S, Ansari MS, Baldwin RM, Li R, Doop M, Kessler RM, Zald DH (2010) Correlation of individual differences in schizotypal personality traits with amphetamine-induced dopamine release in striatal and extrastriatal brain regions. Am J Psychiatry 168(4):418-26
156. Yang YK, Yu L, Yeh TL, Chiu NT, Chen PS, Lee IH (2004) Associated alterations of striatal dopamine D2/D3 receptor and transporter binding in drug-naive patients with schizophrenia: a dual-isotope SPECT study. Am J Psychiatry 161:1496-1498 (Pubitemid 38989108)
157. Yasuno F, Suhara T, Okubo Y, Sudo Y, Inoue M, Ichimiya T, Takano A, Nakayama K, Halldin C, Farde L (2004) Low dopamine D(2) receptor binding in subregions of the thalamus in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 161:1016-1022 (Pubitemid 38735987)
158. Yoder KK, Hutchins GD, Morris ED, Brashear A, Wang C, Shekhar A (2004) Dopamine transporter density in schizophrenic subjects with and without tardive dyskinesia. Schizophr Res 71:371-375 (Pubitemid 39330515)
159. Zakzanis KK, Hansen KT (1998) Dopamine D2 densities and the schizophrenic brain. Schizophr Res 32:201-206
160. Zhang ZJ, Reynolds GP (2002) A selective decrease in the relative density of parvalbuminimmunoreactive neurons in the hippocampus in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 55:1-10 (Pubitemid 34310531)