3D modelling of the early martian climate under a denser CO 2 atmosphere: Temperatures and CO 2 ice clouds

Icarus

Volumn 222, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 81-99

  Forget, F ^a   Wordsworth, R ^a   Millour, E ^a   Madeleine, J B ^a   Kerber, L ^a   Leconte, J ^a   Marcq, E ^b   Haberle, R M ^c  

^a LABORATOIRE DE MÉTÉOROLOGIE DYNAMIQUE   (France)

^b SERVICE D AÉRONOMIE DU CNRS   (France)

^c NASA AMES RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Atmospheres, Evolution; Mars; Mars, Climate; Mars, Polar caps; Mars, Surface

Indexed keywords

EID: 84869756861     PISSN: 00191035     EISSN: 10902643     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.icarus.2012.10.019     Document Type: Article

References (119)

1. Andreae M.O. Correlation between cloud condensation nuclei concentration and aerosol optical thickness in remote and polluted regions. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2009, 9:543-556.
2. Barabash S., Fedorov A., Lundin R., Sauvaud J.-A. Martian atmospheric erosion rates. Science 2007, 315:501-503.
3. 2 mixtures. J. Mol. Spectrosc. 2004, 228:432-440.
4. Bibring J.-P., et al. Mars surface diversity as revealed by the OMEGA/Mars Express observations. Science 2005, 307:1576-1581.
5. Bibring J.-P., et al. Global mineralogical and aqueous Mars history derived from OMEGA/Mars Express data. Science 2006, 312:400-404.
6. Boynton, W.V. et al., 2009. Evidence for calcium carbonate at the Phoenix Landing Site. Science 325, 61.
7. Brasser R., Walsh K.J. Stability analysis of the martian obliquity during the Noachian era. Icarus 2011, 213:423-427.
8. Carr M.H. Water on Mars 1996, Oxford University Press, New York.
9. Chassefière E., Leblanc F. Mars atmospheric escape and evolution; interaction with the solar wind. Planet. Space Sci. 2004, 52:1039-1058.
10. Colaprete A., Toon O.B. Carbon dioxide clouds in an early dense martian atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. (Planets) 2003, 1-6.
11. Craddock R.A., Maxwell T.A. Geomorphic evolution of the martian highlands through ancient fluvial processes. J. Geophys. Res. 1993, 98:3453-3468.
12. Craddock R.A., Howard A.D. The case for rainfall on a warm, wet early Mars. J. Geophys. Res. (Planets) 2002, 107:1-21.
13. Demott P.J., et al. Measurements of the concentration and composition of nuclei for cirrus formation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2003, 100:14655-14660.
14. 2: Preliminary results. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1999, 26:3493-3496.
15. Ehlmann B.L., et al. Orbital identification of carbonate-bearing rocks on Mars. Science 2008, 322:1828-1832.
16. Ehlmann B.L., et al. Subsurface water and clay mineral formation during the early history of Mars. Nature 2011, 479:53-60.
17. Fairén A.G. A cold and wet Mars. Icarus 2010, 208:165-175.
18. Fanale F.P., Salvail J., Banerdt W.B., Saunders R.S. Mars: The regolith-atmosphere-cap system and climate change. Icarus 1982, 50:381-407.
19. Fassett C.I., Head J.W. The timing of martian valley network activity: Constraints from buffered crater counting. Icarus 2008, 195:61-89.
20. Forget F., Pierrehumbert R.T. Warming early Mars with carbon dioxide clouds that scatter infrared radiation. Science 1997, 278:1273-1276.
21. 2 snow fall on Mars: Simulation with a general circulation model. Icarus 1998, 131:302-316.
22. Forget F., et al. Improved general circulation models of the martian atmosphere from the surface to above 80km. J. Geophys. Res. 1999, 104:24155-24176.
23. Forget F., Haberle R.M., Montmessin F., Levrard B., Head J.W. Formation of glaciers on Mars by atmospheric precipitation at high obliquity. Science 2006, 311:368-371.
24. Forget F., et al. Density and temperatures of the upper martian atmosphere measured by stellar occultations with Mars Express SPICAM. J. Geophys. Res. (Planets) 2009, 114:E01004.
25. Gaidos E., Marion G. Geological and geochemical legacy of a cold early Mars. J. Geophys. Res. (Planets) 2003, 108:5055.
26. Gendrin A., et al. Sulfates in martian layered terrains: The OMEGA/Mars Express view. Science 2005, 307:1587-1591.
27. 2 snow on Mars and early Earth: Experimental constraints. Icarus 2002, 160:66-72.
28. Gomes R., Levison H.F., Tsiganis K., Morbidelli A. Origin of the cataclysmic late heavy bombardment period of the terrestrial planets. Nature 2005, 435:466-469.
29. González-Galindo F., Bougher S.W., López-Valverde M.A., Forget F., Murphy J. Thermal and wind structure of the martian thermosphere as given by two General Circulation Models. Planet. Space Sci. 2010, 58:1832-1849.
30. Gough D.O. Solar interior structure and luminosity variations. Solar Phys. 1981, 74:21-34.
31. 2O on Mars. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2011, 308:391-400.
32. 2. Mol. Phys. 1998, 93:1007-1016.
33. Gumbel J., Megner L. Charged meteoric smoke as ice nuclei in the mesosphere. Part 1: A review of basic concepts. J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys. 2009, 71:1225-1235.
34. Guzik J.A., Mussack K. Exploring mass loss, low-Z accretion, and convective overshoot in solar models to mitigate the solar abundance Problem. Astrophys. J. 2010, 713:1108-1119.
35. Haberle R.M. Early Mars climate models. J. Geophys. Res. 1998, 103:28467.
36. Haberle R.M., Murphy J.R., Schaeffer J. Orbital change experiments with a Mars general circulation model. Icarus 2003, 161:66-89.
37. 2 cycle. Planet. Space Sci. 2008, 56:251-255.
38. Halevy I., Zuber M.T., Schrag D.P. A sulfur dioxide climate feedback on early Mars. Science 2007, 318:1903-1907.
39. Hansen G.B. Ultraviolet to near-infrared absorption spectrum of carbon dioxide ice from 0.174 to 1.8μm. J. Geophys. Res. (Planets) 2005, 110:E11003.
40. Hansen J.E., Travis L.D. Light scaterring in planetary atmosphere. Space Sci. Rev. 1974, 16:527-610.
41. Harvey R.P. Carbonates and martian climate. Science 2010, 329:400-401.
42. 2 from a reduced mantle and consequences for the early martian greenhouse. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2008, 270:147-155.
43. 2 I. Temperature dependence. J. Comput. Phys. 1971, 55:1028-1038.
44. Hourdin F., Armengaud A. Test of a hierarchy of finite-volume schemes for transport of trace species in an atmospheric general circulation model. Mon. Weather Rev. 1999, 127:822-837.
45. Hourdin F., Forget F., Talagrand O. The sensitivity of the martian surface pressure to various parameters: A comparison between numerical simulations and Viking observations. J. Geophys. Res. 1995, 100:5501-5523.
46. Hourdin F., Lebonnois S., Luz D., Rannou P. Titan's stratospheric composition driven by condensation and dynamics. J. Geophys. Res. (Planets) 2004, 109:12005.
47. Hudson J.G., Yum S.S. Cloud condensation nuclei spectra and polluted and clean clouds over the Indian Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. (Atmos.) 2002, 107:8022-8033.
48. Johnson S.S., Mischna M.A., Grove T.L., Zuber M.T. Sulfur-induced greenhouse warming on early Mars. J. Geophys. Res. (Planets) 2008, 113:E08005.
49. 2 condensation and the early climate of Mars. Icarus 1991, 94:1-13.
50. 2 levels on surface temperature and atmospheric oxidation state of the early Earth. J. Atmos. Chem. 1984, 1:403-428.
51. Kasting, J.F., Brown, L.L., Acord, J.M., Pollack, J.B., 1992. Was early Mars warmed by ammonia? In: Haberle, R.M., Jakosky, B.M. (Eds.), Martian Surface and Atmosphere through Time. Lunar Planet. Inst. pp. 84-85.
52. Kreslavsky M.A., Head J.W. Mars at very low obliquity: Atmospheric collapse and the fate of volatiles. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2005, 32:12202.
53. Kreslavsky M.A., Head J.W. Carbon dioxide glaciers on Mars: Products of recent low obliquity epochs (?). Icarus 2011, 216:111-115.
54. Kuhn W.R., Atreya S.K. Ammonia photolysis and the greenhouse effect in the primordial atmosphere of the Earth. Icarus 1979, 37:207-213.
55. Lammer, H., 2010. Production and loss of the martian CO2 atmosphere. In: European Planetary Science Congress, September 2010, p. 468.
56. Lammer H., Kasting J.F., Chassefière E., Johnson R.E., Kulikov Y.N., Tian F. Atmospheric escape and evolution of terrestrial planets and satellites. Space Sci. Rev. 2008, 139:399-436.
57. Laskar J., Correia A.C.M., Gastineau M., Joutel F., Levrard B., Robutel P. Long term evolution and chaotic diffusion of the insolation quantities of Mars. Icarus 2004, 170:343-364.
58. Leblanc F., Johnson R.E. Role of molecules in pick-up ion sputtering of the martian atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. (Planets) 2002, 22. 10209/2000JE001473.
59. Lebonnois S., Hourdin F., Eymet V., Crespin A., Fournier R., Forget F. Superrotation of Venus' atmosphere analyzed with a full general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res. (Planets) 2010, 115(Jun.):6006.
60. Lebonnois S., Burgalat J., Rannou P., Charnay B. Titan Global Climate Model: A new 3-dimensional version of the IPSL Titan GCM. Icarus 2012, 218:707-722.
61. Lefèvre F., Lebonnois S., Montmessin F., Forget F. Three-dimensional modeling of ozone on Mars. J. Geophys. Res. (Planets) 2004, 109:E07004.
62. Lefèvre F., et al. Heterogeneous chemistry in the atmosphere of Mars. Nature 2008, 454:971-975.
63. Levrard B., Forget F., Montmessin F., Laskar J. Recent ice-rich deposits formed at high latitudes on Mars by sublimation of unstable equatorial ice during low obliquity. Nature 2004, 431:1072-1075.
64. 2 clouds on Mars: MEx/OMEGA and MEx/HRSC observations and challenges for atmospheric models. Icarus 2010, 209:452-469.
65. Madeleine J.-B., Forget F., Head J.W., Levrard B., Montmessin F., Millour E. Amazonian northern mid-latitude glaciation on Mars: A proposed climate scenario. Icarus 2009, 203:390-405.
66. Madeleine J.-B., Forget F., Millour E., Montabone L., Wolff M.J. Revisiting the radiative impact of dust on Mars using the LMD Global Climate Model. J. Geophys. Res. (Planets) 2011, 116:E11010.
67. Malin M.C., Edgett K.S. Sedimentary rocks of early Mars. Science 2000, 290:1927-1937.
68. Malin M.C., Edgett K.S. Evidence for persistent flow and aqueous sedimentation on early Mars. Science 2003, 302:1931-1934.
69. Mangold N. Fluvial landforms on fresh impact ejecta on Mars. Planet. Space Sci. 2012, 62(1):69-85.
70. Marchant D.R., Head J.W. Antarctic Dry Valleys: Microclimate zonation, variable geomorphic processes, and implications for assessing climate change on Mars. Icarus 2007, 192:187-222.
71. McKay C.P., Wharton R.A., Squyres S.W., Clow G.D. Thickness of ice on perennially frozen lakes. Nature 1985, 313:561-562.
72. McKeown N.K., et al. Characterization of phyllosilicates observed in the central Mawrth Vallis region, Mars, their potential formational processes, and implications for past climate. J. Geophys. Res. (Planets) 2009, 114.
73. Mellor G.L., Yamada T. Development of a turbulence closure model for geophysical fluid problems. Rev. Geophys. 1982, 20(4):851-875.
74. Melosh H.J., Vickery A.M. Impact erosion of the primordial atmosphere of Mars. Nature 1989, 338:487-489.
75. Meunier A., et al. Magmatic precipitation as a possible origin of Noachian clays on Mars. Nat. Geosci. 2012, 5:739-743.
76. Minder J.R., Mote P.W., Lundquist J.D. Surface temperature lapse rates over complex terrain: Lessons from the Cascade Mountains. J. Geophys. Res. (Atmos.) 2010, 115:D14122.
77. Minton D.A., Malhotra R. Assessing the massive young Sun hypothesis to solve the warm young Earth puzzle. Astrophys. J. 2007, 660:1700-1706.
78. Mischna M.A., Kasting J.F., Pavlov A., Freedman R. Influence of carbon dioxide clouds on early martian climate. Icarus 2000, 145:546-554.
79. 2 ice clouds in the equatorial mesosphere of Mars. J. Geophys. Res. (Planets) 2007, 112:E11S90.
80. Montmessin F., Forget F., Rannou P., Cabane M., Haberle R.M. Origin and role of water ice clouds in the martian water cycle as inferred from a general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res. (Planets) 2004, 109(E18):E11S90.
81. Montmessin F., Haberle R.M., Forget F., Langevin Y., Clancy R.T., Bibring J.-P. On the origin of perennial water ice at the south pole of Mars: A precession-controlled mechanism?. J. Geophys. Res. (Planets) 2007, 112:E08S17.
82. Moore, J.F., 1971. Infrared Absorption of Carbon Dioxide at High Densities with Application to the Atmosphere of Venus. Tech. Rep. X-630-72-48, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD.
83. Morris R.V., et al. Identification of carbonate-rich outcrops on Mars by the Spirit rover. Science 2010, 329:421-424.
84. Osterloo M.M., et al. Chloride-bearing materials in the southern highlands of Mars. Science 2008, 319:1651-1654.
85. 2 band. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 1989, 42:311-317.
86. Pettengill G.H., Ford P.G. Winter clouds over the north martian polar cap. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2000, 27:609-613.
87. Pham L.B.S., Karatekin Ö., Dehant V. Effects of impacts on the atmospheric evolution: Comparison between Mars, Earth, and Venus. Planet. Space Sci. 2011, 59:1087-1092.
88. Phillips R.J., et al. Ancient geodynamics and global-scale hydrology on Mars. Science 2001, 291:2587-2591.
89. Pollack J.B., Toon O.B., Boese R. Greenhouse models of Venus' high surface temperature, as constrained by Pioneer Venus measurements. J. Geophys. Res. 1980, 85:8223-8231.
90. Pollack J.B., Kasting J.F., Richardson S.M., Poliakoff K. The case for a wet, warm climate on early Mars. Icarus 1987, 71:203-224.
91. 2) on martian paleoclimate. J. Geophys. Res. 1986, 91:D431-D438.
92. Poulet F., et al. Phyllosilicates on Mars and implications for early martian climate. Nature 2005, 438:623-627.
93. Ramirez, R.M., Kasting, J.F., 2011. Greenhouse warming on early Mars and extrasolar planets plus a critique of the martian valley impact hypothesis. AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts B4.
94. Richardson M.I., Toigo A.D., Newman C.E. PlanetWRF: A general purpose, local to global numerical model for planetary atmospheric and climate dynamics. J. Geophys. Res. 2007, 112:E09001.
95. Rossow W.B. Cloud microphysics: Analysis of the clouds of Earth, Venus, Mars, and Jupiter. Icarus 1978, 36:1-50.
96. Rothman L.S., et al. The HITRAN 2008 molecular spectroscopic database. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 2009, 110:533-572.
97. Sagan C., Chyba C. The early faint young Sun paradox: Organic shielding of ultraviolet-labile greenhouse gases. Science 1997, 276:1217-1221.
98. Squyres S., Kasting J. Early Mars, how warm and how wet?. Science 1994, 265:744-749.
99. Squyres S.W., Knoll A.H. Sedimentary rocks at Meridiani Planum: Origin, diagenesis, and implications for life on Mars. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2005, 240:1-10.
100. Squyres S.W., et al. In situ evidence for an ancient aqueous environment at Meridiani Planum, Mars. Science 2004, 306:1709-1714.
101. Squyres S.W., et al. Detection of silica-rich deposits on Mars. Science 2008, 320:1063-1067.
102. Tian F., Kasting J.F., Solomon S.C. Thermal escape of carbon from the early martian atmosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2009, 36:2205.
103. Tian F., et al. Photochemical and climate consequences of sulfur outgassing on early Mars. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2010, 295:412-418.
104. Tobie G., Forget F., Lott F. Numerical simulation of the winter polar wave clouds observed by Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter. Icarus 2003, 164:33-49.
105. Toon O.B., McKay C.P., Ackerman T.P., Santhanam K. Rapid calculation of radiative heating rates and photodissociation rates in inhomogeneous multiple scattering atmospheres. J. Geophys. Res. 1989, 94:16287-16301.
106. Toon O.B., Segura T., Zahnle K. The formation of martian river valleys by impacts. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2010, 38:303-322.
107. Tosca N.J., Knoll A.H. Juvenile chemical sediments and the long term persistence of water at the surface of Mars. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2009, 286:379-386.
108. Turck-Chièze S., Piau L., Couvidat S. The solar energetic balance revisited by young solar analogs, helioseismology, and neutrinos. Astrophys. J. 2011, 731:L29.
109. Whitmire D.P., Doyle L.R., Reynolds R.T., Matese J. A slightly more massive young Sun as an explanation for warm temperature on early Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 1995, 100:5457-5464.
110. Wolf E.T., Toon O.B. Fractal organic hazes provided an ultraviolet shield for early Earth. Science 2010, 328:1266-1268.
111. Wolff M.J., et al. Wavelength dependence of dust aerosol single scattering albedo as observed by the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer. J. Geophys. Res. 2009, 114:E00D04.
112. Wood, S.E., 1999. Nucleation and Growth of Carbon Dioxide Ice Crystals in the Martian Atmosphere. Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Los Angeles.
113. Wood B.E., Müller H.-R., Zank G.P., Linsky J.L., Redfield S. New mass-loss measurements from astrospheric Lyα absorption. Astrophys. J. 2005, 628:L143-L146.
114. 2 atmospheres. Icarus 2010, 210:992-997.
115. Wordsworth, R., Forget, F., Millour, E., Madeleine, J.-B., Haberle, R.M., Eymet, V., 2011a. Modelling past Mars Climates and water cycle with a thicker CO2 atmosphere. In: Forget, F., Millour, E. (Eds.), Mars Atmosphere: Modelling and Observation, pp. 447-448.
116. Wordsworth R.D., Forget F., Selsis F., Millour E., Charnay B., Madeleine J.-B. Gliese 581d is the first discovered terrestrial-mass exoplanet in the habitable zone. Astrophys. J. 2011, 733:L48.
117. Wordsworth, R., Forget, F., Millour, E., Head, J.W., Madeleine, J.-B., Charnay, B., 2012. Global modelling of the early Martian climate under a denser CO2 atmosphere: Water cycle and ice evolution. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2012.09.036.
118. 2 inhibits condensation. Icarus 1997, 130:222-224.
119. Zahnle K., Haberle R.M., Catling D.C., Kasting J.F. Photochemical instability of the ancient martian atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. (Planets) 2008, 113:11004.