Mars atmospheric escape and evolution; interaction with the solar wind

Planetary and Space Science

Volumn 52, Issue 11, 2004, Pages 1039-1058

  Chassefière, Eric ^a   Leblanc, François ^a  

^a Pôle de Planétologie   (France)

Author keywords

Escape; Isotopes; Mars

Indexed keywords

DUST; GRAVITATION; HYDRODYNAMICS; ISOTOPES; OXIDATION; PLANETS; XENON;

GAMMA-RAY SPECTROMETER (GRS); MARS ATOMOSPHERE; SOLAR WINDS;

EXTRATERRESTRIAL ATMOSPHERES;

EID: 4644288418     PISSN: 00320633     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pss.2004.07.002     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (98)

1. Acuna, M.H., et al., 1998. Magnetic field and plasma observations at Mars: initial results of the Mars Global Surveyor mission. Science 279, 1676.
2. Ahrens, T.J., O'Keefe, J.D., Lange, M.A., 1989. Formation of atmospheres during accretion of the terrestrial planets. In: Atreya, S.K., Pollack, J.B., Matthews, M.S. (Eds.), Origin and Evolution of Planetary and Satellite Atmospheres. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 328-385.
3. Ayres, T.R., 1997. Evolution of the solar ionizing flux. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 1641-1651.
4. Bandfield, J.L., Glotch, D., Christensen, P.R., 2003. Spectroscopic identification of carbonate minerals in the Martian dust. Science 301, 1084-1087.
5. Banks, P.M., Kockarts, G., 1973. Aeronomy. Academic Press, New-York and London (Chapter 15).
6. Bertaux, J.-L., Montmessin, F., 2001. Isotopic fractionation through water vapor condensation: the Deuteropause, a cold trap for deuterium in the atmosphere of Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 32,879.
7. Bogard, D.D., Clayton, R.N., Marti, K., Owen, T., Turner, G., 2001. Martian volatiles: isotopic composition, origin, and evolution. Space Sci. Rev. 96, 425-458.
8. Bougher, S.W., Chassefière, E., Berthelier, J.-J., Touboul, P., 2002. THERMOPAC/ADIP: a generic package for long-term monitoring of the Martian thermosphere. Adv. Space Res. 29 (2), 203-208.
9. Boynton, W.V., et al., 2002. Distribution of hydrogen in the near surface of Mars: evidence for subsurface ice deposits. Science 297, 5578, 81-85.
10. Brecht, S.H., Ledvina, S.A., Luhmann, J.G., 2003. Mars ion loss rates from a global hybrid model of the solar wind interaction. DPS Conference.
11. Carr, M.H., 1999. Retention of an atmosphere on early Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 21,897-21,909.
12. Carr, M.H., Head, J.W., 2003. Oceans on Mars: an assessment of the observational evidence and possible fate. J. Geophys. Res. 108, doi:10.1029/2002JE001963.
13. Chamberlain, J.W., 1961. Interplanetary gas, III. A hydrodynamic model of the corona. Astrophys. J. 133, 675-687.
14. Chamberlain, J.W., 1963. Planetary coronae and atmospheric evaporation. Planet. Space Sci. 11, 901-960.
15. Chassefière, E., 1996a. Hydrodynamic escape of oxygen from primitive atmospheres: applications to the cases of Venus and Mars. Icarus 124, 537-552.
16. Chassefière, E., 1996b. Hydrodynamic escape of hydrogen from a hot water-rich atmosphere: the case of Venus. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 26,039-26,056.
17. Chassefière, E., 1997. Loss of water on the young Venus: the effect of a strong primitive solar wind. Icarus 126, 229-232.
18. Chassefière, E., et al., 2001. Scientific objectives of the Dynamo mission. Adv. Space Res. 27 (11), 1851.
19. Chassefière, E., et al., 2003. DYNAMO: a Mars upper atmosphere package for investigating solar wind interaction and escape processes, and mapping Martian fields. Adv. Space Res. accepted for publication.
20. COMPLEX, 2002. Assessment of Mars Science and Mission Priorities, NAS/NRC.
21. 2 ice/vapor systems and relevance to the study of Mars. Geochemica et Cosmochemica Acta 64 (4), 733-746.
22. Fouchet, T., Lellouch, E., 2000. Vapor pressure isotope fractionation effects in planetary atmospheres: application to deuterium. Icarus 144, 114-123.
23. Fox, J.L., 1993. On the escape of oxygen and hydrogen from Mars. Geophys. Res. Lett. 20, 1847-1850.
24. Fox, J.L., 1997. Upper limits to the outflow of ions at Mars: implications for atmospheric evolution. Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 2901-2904.
25. Fox, J.L., Bakalian, F.M., 2001. Photochemical escape of atomic carbon from Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 28,785-28,795.
26. Fox, J.L., Ha, A., 1997a. Spectrum of hot O at the exobases of the terrestrial planets. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 24,005-24,011.
27. + dissociative recombination. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 9191-9204.
28. + dissociative recombination: implications for photochemical escape of C from Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 24,729-24,737.
29. Gaidos, E., Marion, G., 2003. Geological and geochemical legacy of a cold early Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 108, doi: 10.1029/2002JE002000.
30. Garrison, D.H., Bogard, D.D., 1998. Isotopic composition of trapped and cosmogenic noble gases in several Martian meteorites. Meteoritics & Planet. Sci. 33, 721-736.
31. Henney, C.J., Ulrich, R.K., 1995. The effects of heavy-element diffusion and mass loss on solar evolution. In: Proceedings of Fourth SOHO Workshop, pp. 3-7.
32. Hodges, R.R., 2000. Distribution of hot oxygen for Venus and Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 105, 6971-6981.
33. Hoefen, T.D., Clark, R.N., Bandfield, J.L., Smith, M.D., Pearl, J.C., Christensen, P.R., 2003. Discovery of Olivine in the Nili Fossea region of Mars. Science 302, 627-630.
34. Hoyle, F., 1955. Frontiers in Astronomy. William Heinemann, London.
35. Hunten, D.M., 1973. The escape of light gases from planetary atmospheres. J. Atmos. Sci. 30, 1481-1494.
36. Hunten, D.M., Pepin, R.O., Walker, J.C.G., 1987. Mass fractionation in hydrodynamic escape. Icarus 69, 532-549.
37. Ingersoll, A.P., 1969. The runaway greenhouse: a history of water on Venus. J. Atmos. Sci. 26, 1191-1198.
38. Jakosky, B.M., 1991. Mars volatile evolution - evidence from stable isotopes. Icarus 94, 14-31.
39. Jakosky, B.M., Haberle, R.M., 1992. The seasonal behavior of water on Mars. In: Kieffer, H.H., Jakosky, B.M., Snyder, C.W., Matthews, M.S. (Eds.). The University of Arizona Press, Tucson and London, pp. 969-1016.
40. Jakosky, B.M., Jones, J.H., 1997. The history of Martian volatiles. Rev. Geophys. 35, 1-16.
41. Jakosky, B.M., Phillips, R.J., 2001. Mars' volatile and climate history. Nature 412, 237-244.
42. Jakosky, B.M., Pepin, R.O., Johnson, R.E., Fox, J.L., 1994. Mars atmospheric loss and isotopic fractionation by solar-wind-induced sputtering and photochemical escape. Icarus 111, 271-288.
43. Johnson, R.E., Liu, M., 1996. The loss of atmosphere from Mars. Science 274, 1932.
44. Johnson, R.E., Luhmann, J.G., 1998. Sputter contribution to the atmospheric corona on Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 3649-3653.
45. +. J. Geophys. Res. 105, 1659.
46. Kallio, E., Janhunen, P., 2002. Ion escape from Mars in a quasi-neutral hybrid model. J. Geophys. Res. 107, doi: 10.1029/2001JA000090.
47. + ions at Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 12,747-12,752.
48. Kass, D.M., Yung, Y.L., 1995. Loss of atmosphere from Mars due to solar-wind induced sputtering. Science 268, 697.
49. Kass, D.M., Yung, Y.L., 1996. The loss of atmosphere from Mars: response. Science 274, 1932-1933.
50. Kasting, J.F., Pollack, J.B., 1983. Loss of water from Venus. I. Hydrodynamic escape of hydrogen. Icarus 53, 479-508.
51. Kella, D., Johnson, P.J., Pedersen, H.B., Vejby-Christensen, L., Andersen, L.H., 1997. The source of green light emission determined from a heavy-ion storage ring experiment. Science 276, 1530-1533.
52. Kim, J., Nagy, A.F., Fox, J.L., Cravens, T.E., 1998. Solar cycle variability of hot oxygen atoms at Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 29,339.
53. Krasnopolsky, V.A., 2000. On the deuterium abundance on Mars and some related problems. Icarus 148, 597.
54. Krasnopolsky, V.A., Feldman, P.D., 2001. Detection of molecular hydrogen in the atmosphere of Mars. Science 294, 1914-1917.
55. Krasnopolsky, V.A., Bowyer, S., Chakrabarti, S., Gladstone, G.R., McDonald, J.S., 1994. First measurement of helium on Mars: implications for the problem of radiogenic gases on the terrestrial planets. Icarus 109, 337-351.
56. Krasnopolsky, V.A., Mumma, M.J., Gladstone, G.R., 1998. Detection of atomic deuterium in the upper atmosphere of Mars. Science 280, 1576-1580.
57. Lammer, H., Bauer, S.J., 1991. Non-thermal atmospheric escape from Mars and Titan. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 1819-1825.
58. Lammer, H., Stumptner, W., Bauer, S.J., 1996. Loss of H and from Mars: implications for the planetary water inventory. Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 3353-3356.
59. Lammer, H., Lichtenegger, H.I.M., Kolb, C., Ribas, I., Guinan, E.F., Abart, R., Bauer, S.J., 2003a. Loss of water from Mars: implications for the oxidation of the soil. Icarus 165, 9-25.
60. Lammer, H., Kolb, C., Penz, T., Amerstorfer, U.V., Biernat, H.K., Bodiselitsch, B., 2003b. Estimation of the past and present Martian water-ice reservoirs by isotopic constraints on exchange between the atmosphere and the surface. Int. J. Astrobiol. 2, 1-8.
61. Leblanc, F., Johnson, R.E., 2001. Sputtering of the Martian atmosphere by solar wind pick-up ions. Planet. Space Sci. 49, 645-656.
62. Leblanc, F., Johnson, R.E., 2002. Role of molecules in pick-up ion sputtering of the Martian atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 10209/2000JE001473.
63. Leblanc, F., Luhmann, J.G., Johnson, R.E., Chassefiére, E., 2002. Some expected impacts of a solar energetic particle event at Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 2001JA90178.
64. Leovy, C.B., Armstrong, J.C., 2003. Wind and water at the surface of Mars. Sixth International Conference on Mars.
65. Liu, Y., Nagy, A.F., Gombosi, T.I., DeZeeuw, D.L., Powell, K.G., 1999. 3D multifluid MHD studies of the solar wind interaction with Mars. Geophys. Res. Lett. 26, 2689.
66. Liu, Y., Nagy, A.F., Gombosi, T.I., DeZeeuw, D.L., Powell, K.G., 2001. The solar wind interaction with Mars: results of three dimensional three species MHD Studies. Adv. Space Res. 27, 1837-1846.
67. Luhmann, J.G., 1997. Correction to "The ancient oxygen exosphere of Mars: implications for atmospheric evolution". J. Geophys. Res. 102, 1637.
68. Luhmann, J.G., Kozyra, J.U., 1991. Dayside pickup oxygen ion precipitation at Venus and Mars: spatial distributions, energy deposition and consequences. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 5457-5468.
69. + pick-up ions. Geophys. Res. Lett. 19, 2151-2154.
70. Lundin, R., Zakharov, A., Pellinen, R., Borg, H., Hultqvist, B., Pissarenko, N., Dubinin, E.M., Barabash, S.W., Liede, I., Koskinen, H., 1989. First measurement of the ionospheric plasma escape from Mars. Nature 341, 609.
71. Ma, Y., Nagy, A.F., Hansen, K.C., DeZeeuw, D.L., Gombosi, T.I., 2002. Three-dimensional multispecies MHD studies of the solar wind interaction with Mars in the presence of crustal fields. J. Geophys. Res. 107, doi: 10.1029/2002JA009293.
72. Ma, Y., Nagy, A.F., Sokolov, I.V., Gombosi, T.I., 2004. 3D, multi-species, high spatial resolution MHD studies of the solar wind interaction with Mars. J. Geophys. Res., submitted for publication.
73. McElroy, M.B., 1972. Mars: an evolving atmosphere. Science 175, 443.
74. McElroy, M.B., Donahue, T.M., 1972. Stability of the Martian atmosphere. Science 177, 986-988.
75. Melosh, H.J., Vickery, A.M., 1989. Impact erosion of the primordial atmosphere of Mars. Nature 338, 487-489.
76. Merlivat, L., Nief, G., 1967. Fractionnement isotopique lors des changements d'état solide-vapeur et liquide-vapeur de l'eau à des températures inférieures à 0°C. Tellus 19, 122-127.
77. Nagy, A.F., Gombosi, T.I., Szego, K., Sagdeev, R.Z., Shapiro, V.D., Shevchenko, V.I., 1990. Venus Mantle - Mars planetosphere: what are the similarities and differences? Geophys. Res. Lett. 17, 865-868.
78. Nagy, A.F., Liemohn, M.W., Fox, J.L., Kim, J., 2001. Hot carbon densities in the exosphere of Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 21,565-21,568.
79. 9.6 years. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta Suppl. 13, 293-301.
80. Öpik, E.J., Singer, S.F., 1961. Distribution of density in a planetary exosphere. II. Phys. Fluids 4, 221-233.
81. Owen, T., 1992. The composition and early history of the atmosphere of Mars. In: Kieffer, H.H., Jakosky, B.M., Snyder, C.W., Matthews, M.S. (Eds.), Mars. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson and London, pp. 818-833.
82. Owen, T., Maillard, J.P., DeBergh, C., Lutz, B.L., 1988. Deuterium on Mars: the abundance of HDO and the value of D/H. Science 240, 1767.
83. Pepin, R.O., 1991. On the origin and early evolution of terrestrial planet atmospheres and meteoritic volatiles. Icarus 92, 2.
84. Pepin, R.O., 1994. Evolution of the Martian atmosphere. Icarus 111, 289-304.
85. 2 in the Venus atmosphere. Nature 226, 1037-1039.
86. 2-He atmosphere. Earth and Planet. Sci. Lett. 89, 323-334.
87. Sekiya, M., Nakasawa, K., Hayashi, C., 1980a. Dissipation of the primordial terrestrial atmosphere due to irradiation of the solar EUV. Progress of Theoretical Phys. 64 (6), 1968-1985.
88. Sekiya, M., Nakasawa, K., Hayashi, C., 1980b. Dissipation of the rare gases contained in the primordial Earth's atmosphere. Earth and Planet. Sci. Lett. 50, 197-201.
89. Shimazu, Y., Urabe, T., 1968. An energetic study of the evolution of the terrestrial and cytherean atmospheres. Icarus 9, 498-506.
90. Solar System Exploration Survey, 2002. New Frontiers in the Solar System, Space Studies Board. NRC, Washington, DC.
91. Swindle, T.D., 1995. How many Martian noble gas reservoirs have we sampled? In: Farley, K. (Ed.), Volatiles in the Earth and Solar System. AIP Congress Proceedings, vol. 341, American Institute of Physics, NY, pp. 175-185.
92. Wallis, M.K., 1978. Exospheric density and escape fluxes of atomic isotopes on Venus and Mars. Planet. Space Sci. 26, 949.
93. Watson, A.J., Donahue, T.M., Walker, J.C.G., 1981. The dynamics of a rapidly escaping atmosphere: applications to the evolution of Earth and Venus. Icarus 48, 150-166.
94. Wood, B.E., Muller, H.-R., Zank, G., Linsky, J.L., 2002. Measured mass loss rates of solar like stars as a function of age and activity. Astrophys. J. 574, 412-425.
95. Zahnle, K.J., Kasting, J.F., 1986. Mass fractionation during transonic escape and implications for loss of water from Mars and Venus. Icarus 68, 462-480.
96. Zahnle, K.J., Walker, J.C.G., 1982. The evolution of solar ultraviolet luminosity. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 20, 280-292.
97. Zhang, M.H.G., Luhmann, J.G., Nagy, A.F., Spreiter, J.R., Stahara, S., 1993a. Oxygen ionization rates at Mars and Venus: relative contributions of impact ionization and charge exchange. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 3311.
98. Zhang, M.H.G., Luhmann, J.G., Bougher, S.W., Nagy, A.F., 1993b. The ancient oxygen exosphere of Mars: implication for atmospheric evaluations. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 10,915-10,923.