Atherosclerotic disease in octogenarians: A challenge for science and clinical practice

Atherosclerosis

Volumn 225, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 281-289

  Freitas, Wladimir M ^a   Carvalho, Luiz Sergio F ^a   Moura, Filipe A ^a   Sposito, Andrei C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMPINAS   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Aging; Atherogenesis; Risk factors

Indexed keywords

2 BORONOETHYLCYSTEINE; ACEXAMIC ACID; ANGIOTENSIN II; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; APOLIPOPROTEIN A; APOLIPOPROTEIN A1; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CHOLESTEROL; CHOLESTEROL ESTER TRANSFER PROTEIN; ENZYME INHIBITOR; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; INDAPAMIDE; INSULIN; LIPOPROTEIN A; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; NITRIC OXIDE; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; OSTEOPONTIN; OXIDIZED LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; PERINDOPRIL; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA; PLACEBO; PRASTERONE SULFATE; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; SEX HORMONE; SIRTUIN; TESTOSTERONE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

AGED; AGING; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE THERAPY; APOPTOSIS; ATHEROGENESIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CELL AGING; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); COHORT ANALYSIS; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; FRAIL ELDERLY; GENE EXPRESSION; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INCIDENCE; INSULIN BLOOD LEVEL; KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION; LIPOPROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; MEDICINE; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; MUSCLE ATROPHY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PARTICLE SIZE; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; PROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; RISK REDUCTION; SMOKING; SURVIVAL RATE; VASODILATATION; VISCERAL OBESITY;

AGE FACTORS; AGING; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; COMORBIDITY; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; POPULATION GROWTH; PROGNOSIS; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX;

EID: 84869499759     PISSN: 00219150     EISSN: 18791484     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.06.070     Document Type: Review

References (105)

1. UN, World population ageing: 1950-2050, In: D. o. E. a. S. A.-P. D. o. UN (ed), http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/.
2. Yazdanyar A., Newman A.B. The burden of cardiovascular disease in the elderly: morbidity, mortality, and costs. Clin Geriatr Med 2009, 25:563-577. [vii].
3. van Oostrom O., Velema E., Schoneveld A.H., et al. Age-related changes in plaque composition: a study in patients suffering from carotid artery stenosis. Cardiovasc Pathol 2005, 14:126-134.
4. Roger V.L., Weston S.A., Killian J.M., et al. Time trends in the prevalence of atherosclerosis: a population-based autopsy study. Am J Med 2001, 110:267-273.
5. Roger V.L., Jacobsen S.J., Weston S.A., et al. Trends in heart disease deaths in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1979-1994. Mayo Clin Proc 1999, 74:651-657.
6. Terry D.F., Evans J.C., Pencina M.J., et al. Characteristics of Framingham offspring participants with long-lived parents. Arch Intern Med 2007, 167:438-444.
7. Werle M.H., Moriguchi E., Fuchs S.C., et al. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in the very elderly: results of a cohort study in a city in southern Brazil. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2011, 18:369-377.
8. de Ruijter W., Westendorp R.G., Assendelft W.J., et al. Use of Framingham risk score and new biomarkers to predict cardiovascular mortality in older people: population based observational cohort study. BMJ 2009, 338:a3083.
9. Ettinger W.H., Verdery R.B., Wahl P.W., et al. High density lipoprotein cholesterol subfractions in older people. J Gerontol 1994, 49:M116-M122.
10. Heijmans B.T., Beekman M., Houwing-Duistermaat J.J., et al. Lipoprotein particle profiles mark familial and sporadic human longevity. PLoS Med 2006, 3:e495.
11. Lewington S., Whitlock G., Clarke R., et al. Blood cholesterol and vascular mortality by age, sex, and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of individual data from 61 prospective studies with 55,000 vascular deaths. Lancet 2007, 370:1829-1839.
12. Cock T.A., Houten S.M., Auwerx J. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma: too much of a good thing causes harm. EMBO Rep 2004, 5:142-147.
13. Hanefeld M. The role of pioglitazone in modifying the atherogenic lipoprotein profile. Diabetes Obes Metab 2009, 11:742-756.
14. Tontonoz P., Nagy L., Alvarez J.G., et al. PPARgamma promotes monocyte/macrophage differentiation and uptake of oxidized LDL. Cell 1998, 93:241-252.
15. Khalil A., Fortin J.P., LeHoux J.G., et al. Age-related decrease of dehydroepiandrosterone concentrations in low density lipoproteins and its role in the susceptibility of low density lipoproteins to lipid peroxidation. J Lipid Res 2000, 41:1552-1561.
16. Jira W., Spiteller G., Schramm A. Increase in hydroxy fatty acids in human low density lipoproteins with age. Chem Phys Lipids 1996, 84:165-173.
17. Alexandersen P., Christiansen C. The aging male: testosterone deficiency and testosterone replacement. An up-date. Atherosclerosis 2004, 173:157-169.
18. Srinivasan M., Irving B.A., Frye R.L., et al. Effects on lipoprotein particles of long-term dehydroepiandrosterone in elderly men and women and testosterone in elderly men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010, 95:1617-1625.
19. Akita H., Matsubara M., Shibuya H., et al. Effect of ageing on plasma lipoprotein(a) levels. Ann Clin Biochem 2002, 39:237-240.
20. Lippi G., Targher G., Salvagno G.L., et al. Lipoprotein(a) and ageing. Clin Lab 2010, 56:463-466.
21. Ariyo A.A., Thach C., Tracy R. Lp(a) lipoprotein, vascular disease, and mortality in the elderly. N Engl J Med 2003, 349:2108-2115.
22. Ron D., Aviram M., Brook J.G. High density lipoprotein in octogenarians. Biochem Med 1983, 30:253-260.
23. Barzilai N., Atzmon G., Schechter C., et al. Unique lipoprotein phenotype and genotype associated with exceptional longevity. JAMA 2003, 290:2030-2040.
24. Milochevitch C., Khalil A. Study of the paraoxonase and platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase activities with aging. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2001, 65:241-246.
25. Kontush A., Chantepie S., Chapman M.J. Small, dense HDL particles exert potent protection of atherogenic LDL against oxidative stress. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003, 23:1881-1888.
26. Berrougui H., Isabelle M., Cloutier M., et al. Age-related impairment of HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux. J Lipid Res 2007, 48:328-336.
27. Yancey P.G., de la Llera-Moya M., Swarnakar S., et al. High density lipoprotein phospholipid composition is a major determinant of the bi-directional flux and net movement of cellular free cholesterol mediated by scavenger receptor BI. J Biol Chem 2000, 275:36596-36604.
28. Weverling-Rijnsburger A.W., Blauw G.J., Lagaay A.M., et al. Total cholesterol and risk of mortality in the oldest old. Lancet 1997, 350:1119-1123.
29. Soares A.A.S., Freitas W.M., Munhoz L.M., et al. The high-density lipoprotein levels influence the systemic inflammatory activity and the process of coronary artery calcification in the very elderly. Eur Heart J 2011, 32:260.
30. Aronow W.S., Fleg J.L., Pepine C.J., et al. ACCF/AHA 2011 expert consensus document on hypertension in the elderly: a report of the American college of cardiology foundation task force on clinical expert consensus documents developed in collaboration with the American academy of neurology, American geriatrics society, American society for preventive cardiology, American society of hypertension, American society of nephrology, association of black cardiologists, and European society of hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011, 57:2037-2114.
31. Coutinho T., Turner S.T., Kullo I.J. Aortic pulse wave velocity is associated with measures of subclinical target organ damage. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2011, 4:754-761.
32. Sutton-Tyrrell K., Najjar S.S., Boudreau R.M., et al. Elevated aortic pulse wave velocity, a marker of arterial stiffness, predicts cardiovascular events in well-functioning older adults. Circulation 2005, 111:3384-3390.
33. Cecelja M., Chowienczyk P. Dissociation of aortic pulse wave velocity with risk factors for cardiovascular disease other than hypertension: a systematic review. Hypertension 2009, 54:1328-1336.
34. O'Rourke M.F., Nichols W.W. Aortic diameter, aortic stiffness, and wave reflection increase with age and isolated systolic hypertension. Hypertension 2005, 45:652-658.
35. Huffman K.M., Pieper C.F., Kraus V.B., et al. Relations of a marker of endothelial activation (s-VCAM) to function and mortality in community-dwelling older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2011, 66:1369-1375.
36. Celermajer D.S., Sorensen K.E., Spiegelhalter D.J., et al. Aging is associated with endothelial dysfunction in healthy men years before the age-related decline in women. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994, 24:471-476.
37. Santhanam L., Christianson D.W., Nyhan D., et al. Arginase and vascular aging. J Appl Physiol 2008, 105:1632-1642.
38. Duggan J., Kilfeather S., O'Brien E., et al. Effects of aging and hypertension on plasma angiotensin II and platelet angiotensin II receptor density. Am J Hypertens 1992, 5:687-693.
39. Kim J.M., Heo H.S., Ha Y.M., et al. Mechanism of Ang II involvement in activation of NF-kappaB through phosphorylation of p65 during aging. Age (Dordr) 2012, 34:11-25.
40. Imanishi T., Hano T., Nishio I. Angiotensin II accelerates endothelial progenitor cell senescence through induction of oxidative stress. J Hypertens 2005, 23:97-104.
41. Imanishi T., Kobayashi K., Kuroi A., et al. Pioglitazone inhibits angiotensin II-induced senescence of endothelial progenitor cell. Hypertens Res 2008, 31:757-765.
42. Kim H.J., Ham S.A., Kim M.Y., et al. PPARdelta coordinates angiotensin II-induced senescence in vascular smooth muscle cells through PTEN-mediated inhibition of superoxide generation. J Biol Chem 2011, 286:44585-44593.
43. Holowatz L.A., Kenney W.L. Up-regulation of arginase activity contributes to attenuated reflex cutaneous vasodilatation in hypertensive humans. J Physiol 2007, 581:863-872.
44. Turgut F., Balogun R.A., Abdel-Rahman E.M. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade effects on the kidney in the elderly: benefits and limitations. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010, 5:1330-1339.
45. Beckett N.S., Peters R., Fletcher A.E., et al. Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older. N Engl J Med 2008, 358:1887-1898.
46. Rastas S., Pirttila T., Viramo P., et al. Association between blood pressure and survival over 9 years in a general population aged 85 and older. J Am Geriatr Soc 2006, 54:912-918.
47. Boutitie F., Gueyffier F., Pocock S., et al. J-shaped relationship between blood pressure and mortality in hypertensive patients: new insights from a meta-analysis of individual-patient data. Ann Intern Med 2002, 136:438-448.
48. Johannsen D.L., Conley K.E., Bajpeyi S., et al. Ectopic lipid accumulation and reduced glucose tolerance in elderly adults are accompanied by altered skeletal muscle mitochondrial activity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011.
49. Cnop M., Igoillo-Esteve M., Hughes S.J., et al. Longevity of human islet alpha- and beta-cells. Diabetes Obes Metab 2011, 13(Suppl. 1):39-46.
50. Miklossy J., Qing H., Radenovic A., et al. Beta amyloid and hyperphosphorylated tau deposits in the pancreas in type 2 diabetes. Neurobiol Aging 2010, 31:1503-1515.
51. Gunasekaran U., Gannon M. Type 2 diabetes and the aging pancreatic beta cell. Aging (Albany NY) 2011, 3:565-575.
52. Kovacic J.C., Moreno P., Nabel E.G., et al. Cellular senescence, vascular disease, and aging: part 2 of a 2-part review: clinical vascular disease in the elderly. Circulation 2011, 123:1900-1910.
53. Yamagishi S. Role of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and receptor for AGEs (RAGE) in vascular damage in diabetes. Exp Gerontol 2011, 46:217-224.
54. Xue M., Rabbani N., Thornalley P.J. Glyoxalase in ageing. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2011, 22:293-301.
55. Choi K.M., Yoo H.J., Kim H.Y., et al. Association between endogenous secretory RAGE, inflammatory markers and arterial stiffness. Int J Cardiol 2009, 132:96-101.
56. Gerstein H.C., Miller M.E., Genuth S., et al. Long-term effects of intensive glucose lowering on cardiovascular outcomes. N Engl J Med 2011, 364:818-828.
57. Zoungas S., Patel A., Chalmers J., et al. Severe hypoglycemia and risks of vascular events and death. N Engl J Med 2010, 363:1410-1418.
58. Elhamdani A., Palfrey C.H., Artalejo C.R. Ageing changes the cellular basis of the "fight-or-flight" response in human adrenal chromaffin cells. Neurobiol Aging 2002, 23:287-293.
59. Penev P., Spiegel K., Marcinkowski T., et al. Impact of carbohydrate-rich meals on plasma epinephrine levels: dysregulation with aging. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005, 90:6198-6206.
60. Chan T.Y. Estimates on the incidence of antidiabetic drug-induced severe hypoglycaemia in Hong Kong. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 1998, 7:411-414.
61. Wang J., Alexanian A., Ying R., et al. Acute exposure to low glucose rapidly induces endothelial dysfunction and mitochondrial oxidative stress: role for AMP kinase. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012, 32:712-720.
62. Elia M. Obesity in the elderly. Obes Res 2001, 9(Suppl. 4):244S-248S.
63. Wormser D., Kaptoge S., Di Angelantonio E., et al. Separate and combined associations of body-mass index and abdominal adiposity with cardiovascular disease: collaborative analysis of 58 prospective studies. Lancet 2011, 377:1085-1095.
64. Han T.S., Tajar A., Lean M.E. Obesity and weight management in the elderly. Br Med Bull 2011, 97:169-196.
65. McTigue K.M., Hess R., Ziouras J. Obesity in older adults: a systematic review of the evidence for diagnosis and treatment. Obes (Silver Spring) 2006, 14:1485-1497.
66. Zhou X.J., Rakheja D., Yu X., et al. The aging kidney. Kidney Int 2008, 74:710-720.
67. Matsushita K., van der Velde M., Astor B.C., et al. Association of estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in general population cohorts: a collaborative meta-analysis. Lancet 2010, 375:2073-2081.
68. Tell G.S., Polak J.F., Ward B.J., et al. Relation of smoking with carotid artery wall thickness and stenosis in older adults. The cardiovascular health study. The cardiovascular health study (CHS) collaborative research group. Circulation 1994, 90:2905-2908.
69. Mandraffino G., Sardo M.A., Riggio S., et al. Circulating progenitor cells and the elderly: a seven-year observational study. Exp Gerontol 2012, 47:394-400.
70. Lim S.H., Tai B.C., Yuan J.M., et al. Smoking cessation and mortality among middle-aged and elderly Chinese in Singapore: the Singapore Chinese health study. Tob Control 2012, [Epub ahead of print]. 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050106.
71. Greenlund L.J., Nair K.S. Sarcopenia-consequences, mechanisms, and potential therapies. Mech Ageing Dev 2003, 124:287-299.
72. Zamboni M., Mazzali G., Fantin F., et al. Sarcopenic obesity: a new category of obesity in the elderly. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2008, 18:388-395.
73. Nair K.S. Aging muscle. Am J Clin Nutr 2005, 81:953-963.
74. Short K.R., Bigelow M.L., Kahl J., et al. Decline in skeletal muscle mitochondrial function with aging in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005, 102:5618-5623.
75. Hamrick M.W., Herberg S., Arounleut P., et al. The adipokine leptin increases skeletal muscle mass and significantly alters skeletal muscle miRNA expression profile in aged mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010, 400:379-383.
76. Yliharsila H., Kajantie E., Osmond C., et al. Birth size, adult body composition and muscle strength in later life. Int J Obes (Lond) 2007, 31:1392-1399.
77. Goodpaster B.H., Carlson C.L., Visser M., et al. Attenuation of skeletal muscle and strength in the elderly: the health ABC study. J Appl Physiol 2001, 90:2157-2165.
78. Srinivas-Shankar U., Wu F.C. Frailty and muscle function: role for testosterone?. Front Horm Res 2009, 37:133-149.
79. Waters D.L., Qualls C.R., Dorin R.I., et al. Altered growth hormone, cortisol, and leptin secretion in healthy elderly persons with sarcopenia and mixed body composition phenotypes. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2008, 63:536-541.
80. Ochi M., Kohara K., Tabara Y., et al. Arterial stiffness is associated with low thigh muscle mass in middle-aged to elderly men. Atherosclerosis 2010, 212:327-332.
81. Xue Q.L. The frailty syndrome: definition and natural history. Clin Geriatr Med 2011, 27:1-15.
82. Afilalo J., Karunananthan S., Eisenberg M.J., et al. Role of frailty in patients with cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol 2009, 103:1616-1621.
83. Newman A.B., Simonsick E.M., Naydeck B.L., et al. Association of long-distance corridor walk performance with mortality, cardiovascular disease, mobility limitation, and disability. JAMA 2006, 295:2018-2026.
84. Salpea K.D., Humphries S.E. Telomere length in atherosclerosis and diabetes. Atherosclerosis 2010, 209:35-38.
85. Ogami M., Ikura Y., Ohsawa M., et al. Telomere shortening in human coronary artery diseases. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004, 24:546-550.
86. Xiao Q., Kiechl S., Patel S., et al. Endothelial progenitor cells, cardiovascular risk factors, cytokine levels and atherosclerosis-results from a large population-based study. PLoS One 2007, 2:e975.
87. Brouilette S., Singh R.K., Thompson J.R., et al. White cell telomere length and risk of premature myocardial infarction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003, 23:842-846.
88. Sikora E., Arendt T., Bennett M., et al. Impact of cellular senescence signature on ageing research. Ageing Res Rev 2011, 10:146-152.
89. Minamino T., Yoshida T., Tateno K., et al. Ras induces vascular smooth muscle cell senescence and inflammation in human atherosclerosis. Circulation 2003, 108:2264-2269.
90. McElhaney J.E., Effros R.B. Immunosenescence: what does it mean to health outcomes in older adults?. Curr Opin Immunol 2009, 21:418-424.
91. Pawelec G., Larbi A., Derhovanessian E. Senescence of the human immune system. J Comp Pathol 2011, 142(Suppl. 1):S39-S44.
92. Guarente L., Franklin H. Epstein lecture: sirtuins, aging, and medicine. N Engl J Med 2011, 364:2235-2244.
93. Bonda D.J., Lee H.G., Camins A., et al. The sirtuin pathway in ageing and Alzheimer disease: mechanistic and therapeutic considerations. Lancet Neurol 2011, 10:275-279.
94. Stein S., Matter C.M. Protective roles of SIRT1 in atherosclerosis. Cell Cycle 2011, 10:640-647.
95. Kim S., Bi X., Czarny-Ratajczak M., et al. Telomere maintenance genes SIRT1 and XRCC6 impact age-related decline in telomere length but only SIRT1 is associated with human longevity. Biogerontology 2012, 13:119-131.
96. Yamashita S., Ogawa K., Ikei T., et al. SIRT1 prevents replicative senescence of normal human umbilical cord fibroblast through potentiating the transcription of human telomerase reverse transcriptase gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012, 417:630-634.
97. Zheng T., Lu Y. Changes in SIRT1 expression and its downstream pathways in age-related cataract in humans. Curr Eye Res 2011, 36:449-455.
98. Chen Z., Peng I.C., Cui X., et al. Shear stress, SIRT1, and vascular homeostasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010, 107:10268-10273.
99. Miyazaki R., Ichiki T., Hashimoto T., et al. SIRT1, a longevity gene, downregulates angiotensin II type 1 receptor expression in vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008, 28:1263-1269.
100. Nisoli E., Tonello C., Cardile A., et al. Calorie restriction promotes mitochondrial biogenesis by inducing the expression of eNOS. Science 2005, 310:314-317.
101. Stein S., Schafer N., Breitenstein A., et al. SIRT1 reduces endothelial activation without affecting vascular function in ApoE-/- mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2010, 2:353-360.
102. Zhang Q.J., Wang Z., Chen H.Z., et al. Endothelium-specific overexpression of class III deacetylase SIRT1 decreases atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Cardiovasc Res 2008, 80:191-199.
103. Li X., Zhang S., Blander G., et al. SIRT1 deacetylates and positively regulates the nuclear receptor LXR. Mol Cell 2007, 28:91-106.
104. Yu J., Auwerx J. The role of sirtuins in the control of metabolic homeostasis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009, 1173(Suppl. 1):E10-E19.
105. Alcendor R.R., Gao S., Zhai P., et al. Sirt1 regulates aging and resistance to oxidative stress in the heart. Circ Res 2007, 100:1512-1521.