Obesity and weight management in the elderly

British Medical Bulletin

Volumn 97, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 169-196

  Han, T S ^a   Tajar, Abdelouahid ^b   Lean, M E J ^c  

^a ASHFORD AND ST PETER'S HOSPITALS NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

^c NONE

Author keywords

ageing; BMI; quality of life; waist circumference; weight management

Indexed keywords

SIBUTRAMINE;

AGED; AGING; ARTHRITIS; ARTICLE; BARIATRIC SURGERY; BODY COMPOSITION; BODY FAT DISTRIBUTION; BODY MASS; BONE DENSITY; BREAST CANCER; CALORIC RESTRICTION; CANCER RISK; CARCINOGENESIS; CIGARETTE SMOKING; COGNITION; CUSHING SYNDROME; DEPRESSION; DIET THERAPY; DYSLIPIDEMIA; ENDOMETRIUM CANCER; ENDURANCE; EXERCISE; FUNCTIONAL STATUS; GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX; HEALTH SERVICE; HEART FAILURE; HEART OUTPUT; HUMAN; HYPERINSULINEMIA; KYPHOSCOLIOSIS; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; MELANOMA; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; MUSCLE MASS; MUSCLE STRENGTH; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; OBESITY HYPOVENTILATION SYNDROME; PATHOGENESIS; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; POLYPHARMACY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RESPIRATORY FUNCTION; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; RISK FACTOR; SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME; URINE INCONTINENCE; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY; WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE; WAIST HIP RATIO; WEIGHT CONTROL; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

ADULT; AGED; AGING; BODY MASS INDEX; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; OBESITY; QUALITY OF LIFE; WEIGHT LOSS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 79952548601     PISSN: 00071420     EISSN: 14718391     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldr002     Document Type: Article

References (138)

1. Dunnell K. Ageing and mortality in the UK. National statistician's annual article on the population. Office for National Statistics; population trends, Winter 2008 (www.statistics. gov.uk).
2. European Commission, 17 March 2005 (http://europa.eu/).
3. He W, Sengupta M, Velkoff VA et al. 65 \+ in the United States: 2005. Current population reports special studies. National Institute on Aging and U.S. Census Bureau. P23-209. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2005 (www.census.gov/prod/2006pubs/ p23-209.pdf).
4. World Health Organization. Definition of an older or elderly person (www.who.int/ healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/index.html).
5. Zaninotto P, Wardle H, Stamatakis E et al. Forecasting obesity to 2010. Prepared for the Department of Health, Revised July 2006 (www.dh.gov.uk).
6. Scottish Health Survey, 2009 (www.scotland.gov.uk).
7. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Kuczmarski RJ et al. Overweight and obesity in the United States: prevalence and trends, 1960-1994. Int J Obes 1998;22:39-47. T. S. Han et al. 190 .8. (Pubitemid 28036587)
8. Katsarou C, Lean MEJ. Changes in BMI and waist circumference in Scottish adults: use of repeated cross-sectional surveys to explore multiple age groups and birth cohorts (unpublished data).
9. Gustafson D, Rothenberg E, Blennow K et al. An 18-year follow-up of overweight and risk of Alzheimer disease. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:1524-8. (Pubitemid 36835095)
10. Whitmer RA, Gunderson EP, Barrett-Connor E et al. Obesity in middle age and future risk of dementia: a 27 year longitudinal population based study. BMJ 2005;330:1360.
11. Rosengren A, Skoog I, Gustafson D et al. Body mass index, other cardiovascular risk factors, and hospitalization for dementia. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:321-6. (Pubitemid 40216287)
12. Valdes AM, Andrew T, Gardner JP et al. Obesity, cigarette smoking, and telomere length in women. Lancet 2005;366:662-4. (Pubitemid 41176019)
13. Strande JL, Phillips SA. Thrombin increases inflammatory cytokine and angiogenic growth factor secretion in human adipose cells in vitro. J Inflamm 2009;6:4.
14. Lee DM, Rutter MK, O'Neill TW et al., European Male Ageing Study Group. Vitamin D, parathyroid hormone and the metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and older European men. Eur J Endocrinol 2009;161:947-54.
15. Seidell JC. Waist circumference and waist/hip ratio in relation to all-cause mortality, cancer and sleep apnea. Eur J Clin Nutr 2010;64:35-41.
16. Visscher TL, Seidell JC, Molarius A et al. A comparison of body mass index, waist-hip ratio and waist circumference as predictors of all-cause mortality among the elderly: the Rotterdam study. Int J Obes 2001;25:1730-5. (Pubitemid 33052086)
17. Janssen I, Mark AE. Elevated body mass index and mortality risk in the elderly. Obes Rev 2007;8:41-59. (Pubitemid 44952834)
18. Zamboni M, Mazzali G, Zoico E et al. Health consequences of obesity in the elderly: a review of four unresolved questions. Int J Obes 2005;29:1011-29. (Pubitemid 41192208)
19. Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases, and immunity disorders 240-279: other metabolic disorders and immunity disorders, 270-279: overweight, obesity and other hyperalimentation .278. (www.icd9data.com/2009/Volume1).
20. Han TS, Seidell JC, Currall JE et al. The influences of height and age on waist circumference as an index of adiposity in adults. Int J Obes 1997;21:83-9. (Pubitemid 27037826)
21. Han TS, Lean ME, Seidell JC. Waist circumference remains useful predictor of coronary heart disease. BMJ 1996;312:1227-8. (Pubitemid 26136724)
22. Snijder MB, Dekker JM, Visser M et al. Associations of hip and thigh circumferences independent of waist circumference with the incidence of type 2 diabetes: the Hoorn Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77:1192-7. (Pubitemid 44858435)
23. Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Lennon L et al. Decreased muscle mass and increased central adiposity are independently related to mortality in older men. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86:1339-46. (Pubitemid 350126236)
24. Wu FC, Tajar A, Pye SR et al. Hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis disruptions in older men are differentially linked to age and modifiable risk factors: the European Male Aging Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:2737-45. (Pubitemid 352008544)
25. Wilson A, Renzaho AM, McCabe M et al. Towards understanding the new food environment for refugees from the Horn of Africa in Australia. Health Place 2010;16:969-76.
26. Leslie WS, Hankey CR, Lean ME. Weight gain as an adverse effect of some commonly prescribed drugs: a systematic review. QJM 2007;100:395-404. (Pubitemid 47062891)
27. Stevens J, Cai J, Pamuk ER et al. The effect of age on the association between body-mass index and mortality. N Engl J Med 1998;338:1-7. (Pubitemid 28040168)
28. Jacobs EJ, Newton CC, Wang Y et al. Waist circumference and all-cause mortality in a large US cohort. Arch Intern Med 2010;170:1293-301.
29. Verburg FAJ, van Beek AP, Sluiter WJ et al. Metabolically healthy obese: a prospective study on risk of development of cardiovascular events. Endocrinology 2010 (abstract no. OR05-1).
30. Cefalu WT, Wang ZQ, Werbel S et al. Contribution of visceral fat mass to the insulin resistance of aging. Metabolism 1995;44:954-9.
31. Flegal KM. Waist circumference of healthy men and women in the United States. Int J Obes 2007;31:1134-9. (Pubitemid 46987771)
32. Masaki KH, Curb JD, Chiu D et al. Association of body mass index with blood pressure in elderly Japanese American men. The Honolulu Heart Program. Hypertension 1997;29: 673-7. (Pubitemid 27074735)
33. Matsumura K, Ansai T, Awano S et al. Association of body mass index with blood pressure in 80-year-old subjects. J Hypertens 2001;19:2165-9. (Pubitemid 33135237)
34. Janssen I, Katzmarzyk PT, Ross R. Waist circumference and not body mass index explains obesity-related health risk. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79:379-84. (Pubitemid 41115579)
35. Després JP. Dyslipidaemia and obesity. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;8:629-60.
36. Mykkanen L, Kuusisto J, Haffner SM et al. Hyperinsulinemia predicts multiple atherogenic changes in lipoproteins in elderly subjects. Arterioscler Thromb 1994;14:518-26.
37. Narayan KM, Boyle JP, Thompson TJ et al. Effect of BMI on lifetime risk for diabetes in the U.S. Diabetes Care 2007;30:1562-6. (Pubitemid 46871171)
38. Seidell JC, Han TS, Feskens EJM et al. Narrow hips and broad waist circumferences independently contribute to increased risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Int Med 1997;242:401-6. (Pubitemid 27513106)
39. Lissner L, Bjö rkelund C, Heitmann BL et al. Larger hip circumference independently predicts health and longevity in a Swedish female cohort. Obes Res 2001;9:644-6. (Pubitemid 33603877)
40. Corona G, Mannucci E, Forti G et al. Hypogonadism, ED, metabolic syndrome and obesity: a pathological link supporting cardiovascular diseases. Int J Androl 2009;32:587-98.
41. Riant E, Waget A, Cogo H et al. Estrogens protect against high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in mice. Endocrinology 2009;150:2109-17.
42. Cignarella A, Kratz M, Bolego C. Emerging role of estrogen in the control of cardiometabolic disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2010;31:183-9.
43. Harris TB, Launer LJ, Madans J et al. Cohort study of effect of being overweight and change in weight on risk of coronary heart disease in old age. BMJ 1997;314:1791-4. (Pubitemid 27259490)
44. Dey DK, Lissner L. Obesity in 70-year-old subjects as a risk factor for 15-year coronary heart disease incidence. Obes Res 2003;11:817-27. (Pubitemid 41137518)
45. Folsom AR, Kushi LH, Anderson KE et al. Associations of general and abdominal obesity with multiple health outcomes in older women: the Iowa Women's Health Study. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:2117-28. (Pubitemid 30482717)
46. Badley EM, Ansari H. Arthritis and arthritis-attributable activity limitations in the United States and Canada: a cross-border comparison. Arthritis Care Res 2010;62:308-15.
47. Al Snih S, Graham JE, Kuo YF et al. Obesity and disability: relation among older adults living in Latin America and the Caribbean. Am J Epidemiol 2010;171:1282-8.
48. Felson DT, Chaisson CE. Understanding the relationship between body weight and osteoarthritis. Baillieres Clin Rheumatol 1997;11:671-81. (Pubitemid 28005896)
49. Bieber J, Terkeltaub RA. Gout: on the brink of novel therapeutic options for an ancient disease. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:2400-14. (Pubitemid 39066263)
50. Soltani-Arabshahi R, Wong B, Feng BJ et al. Obesity in early adulthood as a risk factor for psoriatic arthritis. Arch Dermatol 2010;146:721-6.
51. Otero M, Lago R, Gomez R et al. Towards a pro-inflammatory and immunomodulatory emerging role of leptin. Rheumatology 2006;45:944-50. (Pubitemid 44283047)
52. Aaron SD, Vandemheen KL, Boulet LP et al. Canadian Respiratory Clinical Research Consortium. Overdiagnosis of asthma in obese and nonobese adults. CMAJ 2008;179:1121-31.
53. Caruana L, Petrie MC, Davie AP et al. Do patients with suspected heart failure and preserved left ventricular systolic function suffer from 'diastolic heart failure' or from misdiagnosis? A prospective descriptive study. BMJ 2000;321:215-8. (Pubitemid 30459560)
54. Strohl KP, Strohl KP, Parisi RA. Obesity and pulmonary function. In: Gray GA, Bouchard C, James WPT (eds). Handbook of Obesity. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, 1998,725-39.
55. Lazarus R, Sparrow D, Weiss ST. Effects of obesity and fat distribution on ventilatory function: the normative aging study. Chest 1997;111:891-8. (Pubitemid 27171458)
56. Franssen FM, O'Donnell DE, Goossens GH et al. Obesity and the lung: 5. Obesity and COPD. Thorax 2008;63:1110-7.
57. Guerra S, Sherrill DL, Bobadilla A et al. The relation of body mass index to asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. FD, Barbee RA. Chest 2002;122:1256-63. (Pubitemid 35339538)
58. Subak LL, Wing R, West DS et al., PRIDE Investigators. Weight loss to treat urinary incontinence in overweight and obese women. N Engl J Med 2009;360:481-9.
59. Hunskaar S. A systematic review of overweight and obesity as a risk factor and targets for clinical intervention for urinary incontinence in women. Neurourol Urodyn 2008;27:749-57.
60. Brown JS, Seeley DG, Fong J et al. Urinary incontinence in older women: who is at risk? Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Obstet Gynecol 1996;87:715-21.
61. Larrieu S, Pérès K, Letenneur L et al. Relationship between body mass index and different domains of disability in older persons: the 3C study. Int J Obes 2004;28:1555-60. (Pubitemid 39564333)
62. Noblett KL, Jensen JK, Ostergard DR. The relationship of body mass index to intra-abdominal pressure as measured by multichannel cystometry. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 1997;8:323-6. (Pubitemid 28203920)
63. Lambert DM, Marceau S, Forse RA. Intra-abdominal pressure in the morbidly obese. Obes Surg 2005;15:1225-32. (Pubitemid 41565115)
64. Boyle P, Autier P, Bartelink H et al. European Code against Cancer and scientific justification: third version. Ann Oncol 2003;14:973-1005. (Pubitemid 36950159)
65. van den Brandt PA, Spiegelman D, Yaun SS et al. Pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies on height, weight, and breast cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol 2000;152:514-27.
66. Lahmann PH, Hoffmann K, Allen N et al. Body size and breast cancer risk: findings from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Int J Cancer 2004;111:762-71. (Pubitemid 39062901)
67. Murphy TK, Calle EE, Rodriguez C et al. Body mass index and colon cancer mortality in a large prospective study. Am J Epidemiol 2000;152:847-54.
68. Reeves GK, Pirie K, Beral V et al., Million Women Study Collaboration. Cancer incidence and mortality in relation to body mass index in the Million Women Study: cohort study. BMJ 2007;335:1134.
69. Wolk A, Gridley G, Svensson M et al. A prospective study of obesity and cancer risk (Sweden). Cancer Causes Control 2001;12:13-21. (Pubitemid 32125897)
70. Bergstrom A, Pisani P, Tenet V et al. Overweight as an avoidable cause of cancer in Europe. Int J Cancer 2001;91:421-30. (Pubitemid 32049639)
71. Rose DP, Vona-Davis L. Interaction between menopausal status and obesity in affecting breast cancer risk. Maturitas 2010;66:33-8.
72. Henderson BE, Ross RK, Pike MC et al. Endogenous hormones as a major factor in human cancer. Cancer Res 1982;42:3232-9. (Pubitemid 12041084)
73. Key TJ, Pike MC. The dose-effect relationship between 'unopposed' oestrogens and endometrial mitotic rate: its central role in explaining and predicting endometrial cancer risk. Br J Cancer 1988;57:205-12. (Pubitemid 18085407)
74. Dickson RB, Stancel GM. Estrogen receptor-mediated processes in normal and cancer cells. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2000;27:135-45.
75. Kaaks R, Toniolo P, Akhmedkhanov A et al. Serum C-peptide, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF-binding proteins, and colorectal cancer risk in women. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000;92:1592-600.
76. Ma J, Giovannucci E, Pollak M et al. A prospective study of plasma C-peptide and colorectal cancer risk in men. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004;96:546-53. (Pubitemid 38559579)
77. McKeown-Eyssen G. Epidemiology of colorectal cancer revisited: are serum triglycerides and/or plasma glucose associated with risk? Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1994;3:687-95. (Pubitemid 24377963)
78. Edelstein ZR, Farrow DC, Bronner MP et al. Central adiposity and risk of Barrett's esophagus. Gastroenterology 2007;133:403-11. (Pubitemid 47187351)
79. Fine JT, Colditz GA, Coakley EH et al. A prospective study of weight change and health-related quality of life in women. JAMA 1999;282:2136-42.
80. Villareal DT, Banks M, Siener C et al. Physical frailty and body composition in obese elderly men and women. Obes Res 2004;12:913-20. (Pubitemid 41202391)
81. Banegas JR, Ló pez-García E, Graciani A et al. Relationship between obesity, hypertension and diabetes, and health-related quality of life among the elderly. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2007;14:456-62. (Pubitemid 46945573)
82. Bouchard DR, Dionne IJ, Brochu M. Sarcopenic/obesity and physical capacity in older men and women: data from the Nutrition as a Determinant of Successful Aging (NuAge)-the Quebec Longitudinal Study. Obesity 2009;17:2082-8.
83. Rolland Y, Lauwers-Cances V, Cristini C et al. Difficulties with physical function associated with obesity, sarcopenia, and sarcopenic-obesity in community-dwelling elderly women: the EPIDOS (EPIDemiologie de l'OSteoporose) Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89:1895-900.
84. Hubbard RE, Lang IA, Llewellyn DJ et al. Frailty, body mass index, and abdominal obesity in older people. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2010;65:377-81.
85. Visser M, Langlois J, Guralnik JM et al. High body fatness, but not low fat-free mass, predicts disability in older men and women: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68:584-90. (Pubitemid 28402380)
86. Ho AJ, Raji CA, Becker JT et al., Cardiovascular Health Study; ADNI. Obesity is linked with lower brain volume in 700 AD and MCI patients. Neurobiol Aging 2010;31:13.
87. Fantin F, Di Francesco V, Rossi A et al. Abdominal obesity and subclinical vascular damage in the elderly. J Hypertens 2010;28:333-9.
88. Ho AJ, Stein JL, Hua X et al. Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. A commonly carried allele of the obesity-related FTO gene is associated with reduced brain volume in the healthy elderly. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010;107:8404-9.
89. Kivipelto M, Helkala EL, Laakso MP et al. Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele, elevated midlife total cholesterol level, and high midlife systolic blood pressure are independent risk factors for late-life Alzheimer disease. Ann Intern Med 2002;137:149-55. (Pubitemid 34827510)
90. Nooyens AC, Baan CA, Spijkerman AM et al. Type 2 diabetes and cognitive decline in middle-aged men and women: the Doetinchem Cohort Study. Diabetes Care 2010;33:1964-9.
91. Yaffe K, Kanaya A, Lindquist K et al. The metabolic syndrome, inflammation, and risk of cognitive decline. JAMA 2004;292:2237-42. (Pubitemid 39473161)
92. Logue J, Sattar N. Obesity and mortality: summary of best evidence with explanations for the obesity paradox. Heart Metab 2010;48:11-13.
93. Rumpel C, Harris TB, Madans J. Modification of the relationship between the Quetelet index and mortality by weight-loss history among older women. Ann Epidemiol 1993;3:343-50. (Pubitemid 23195818)
94. Losonczy KG, Harris TB, Cornoni-Huntley J et al. Does weight loss from middle age to old age explain the inverse weight mortality relation in old age? Am J Epidemiol 1995;141:312-21.
95. Seidell JC, Visscher TL. Body weight and weight change and their health implications for the elderly. Eur J Clin Nutr 2000;54(Suppl. 3):S33-9. (Pubitemid 30447298)
96. Lean ME, Powrie JK, Anderson AS et al. Obesity, weight loss and prognosis in type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 1990;7:228-33. (Pubitemid 20104137)
97. Williamson DF, Thompson TJ, Thun M et al. Intentional weight loss and mortality among overweight individuals with diabetes. Diab Care 2000;23:1499-504.
98. James WP, Caterson ID, Coutinho W et al. Effect of sibutramine on cardiovascular outcomes in overweight and obese subjects. N Engl J Med 2010;363:905-17.
99. Banks M, Klein S, Sinacore D et al. Effects of weight loss and exercise on frailty in obese elderly subjects. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005;53:S16 (abstract).
100. Frimel TN, Sinacore DR, Villareal DT. Exercise attenuates the weight-loss-induced reduction in muscle mass in frail obese older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008;40:1213-9.
101. Ryan AS, Nicklas BJ, Dennis KE. Aerobic exercise maintains regional bone mineral density during weight loss in postmenopausal women. J Appl Physiol 1998;84:1305-10. (Pubitemid 28158696)
102. Purnell JQ, Kahn SE, Albers JJ et al. Effect of weight loss with reduction of intra-abdominal fat on lipid metabolism in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:977-82. (Pubitemid 32269336)
103. Mazzali G, Di Francesco V, Zoico E et al. Interrelations between fat distribution, muscle lipid content, adipocytokines, and insulin resistance: effect of moderate weight loss in older women. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;84:1193-9. (Pubitemid 44730392)
104. Rejeski WJ, Focht BC, Messier SP et al. Obese, older adults with knee osteoarthritis: weight loss, exercise, and quality of life. Health Psychol 2002;21:419-26. (Pubitemid 34921074)
105. Villareal DT, Miller BV III, Banks M et al. Effect of lifestyle intervention on metabolic coronary heart disease risk factors in obese older adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;84:1317-23. (Pubitemid 44912812)
106. Hamman RF, Wing RR, Edelstein SL et al. Effect of weight loss with lifestyle intervention on risk of diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006;29:2102-7. (Pubitemid 44871194)
107. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group, Crandall J, Schade D, Ma Y et al. The influence of age on the effects of lifestyle modification and metformin in prevention of diabetes. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2006;61:1075-81. (Pubitemid 44727217)
108. Bales CW, Buhr G. Is obesity bad for older persons? A systematic review of the pros and cons of weight reduction in later life. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2008;9:302-12. (Pubitemid 351737314)
109. McTigue KM, Hess R, Ziouras J. Obesity in older adults: a systematic review of the evidence for diagnosis and treatment. Obesity 2006;14:1485-97. (Pubitemid 46214814)
110. Witham MD, Avenell A. Interventions to achieve long-term weight loss in obese older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing 2010;39:176-84.
111. Lavie CJ, Milani RV, Ventura HO. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: risk factor, paradox, and impact of weight loss. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;53:1925-32.
112. Wilhelmsen L, Rosengren A, Eriksson H et al. Heart failure in the general population of men-morbidity, risk factors and prognosis. J Intern Med 2001;249:253-61. (Pubitemid 32417788)
113. Stewart S, MacIntyre K, Capewell S et al. Heart failure and the aging population: an increasing burden in the 21st century? Heart 2003;89:49-53. (Pubitemid 36044289)
114. Jordan J, Engeli S, Redon J et al. European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Obesity: background, aims and perspectives. J Hypertens 2007;25:897-900. (Pubitemid 46398889)
115. Mosterd A, Cost B, Hoes AW et al. The prognosis of heart failure in the general population: the Rotterdam Study. Eur Heart J 2001;22:1318-27. (Pubitemid 32737624)
116. Contaldo F, Pasanisi F, Finelli C et al. Obesity, heart failure and sudden death. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2002;12:190-7. (Pubitemid 135713170)
117. Han TS, Bijnen FC, Lean ME et al. Separate associations of waist and hip circumference with lifestyle factors. Int J Epidemiol 1998;27:422-30. (Pubitemid 28336969)
118. Lissin LW, Gauri AJ, Froelicher VF et al. The prognostic value of body mass index and standard exercise testing in male veterans with congestive heart failure. J Card Fail 2002;8:206-15.
119. Davos CH, Doehner W, Rauchhaus M et al. Body mass and survival in patients with chronic heart failure without cachexia: the importance of obesity. J Card Fail 2003;9:29-35. (Pubitemid 36356699)
120. Lavie CJ, Osman AF, Milani RV et al. Body composition and prognosis in chronic systolic heart failure: the obesity paradox. Am J Cardiol 2003;91:891-4. (Pubitemid 36363743)
121. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Guideline No 8. Obesity in Scotland: Integrating Prevention with Weight Management. SIGN: Edinburgh, 1996 (www.sign.ac.uk/ pdf/sign8.pdf).
122. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Management of Obesity: A National Clinical Guideline. SIGN: Edinburgh, 2010 (www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/qrg115.pdf).
123. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Clinical Guideline 43. Obesity Guidance on the Prevention, Identification, Assessment and Management of Overweight and Obesity in Adults and Children, 2006 (www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/ CG43NICEGuideline.pdf).
124. Villareal DT, Apovian CM, Kushner RF et al., American Society for Nutrition; NAASO, The Obesity Society. Obesity in older adults: technical review and position statement of the American Society for Nutrition and NAASO, The Obesity Society. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82:923-34. (Pubitemid 43779747)
125. Villareal DT, Banks M, Sinacore DR et al. Effect of weight loss and exercise on frailty in obese older adults. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:860-6.
126. Erlinger S. Gallstones in obesity and weight loss. Eur J Gastroenterol 2000;12:1347-52. (Pubitemid 32057379)
127. Saris WH. Very-low-calorie diets and sustained weight loss. Obes Res 2001;9(Suppl. 4):295S-301S.
128. Tsai AG, Wadden TA. The evolution of very-low-calorie diets: an update and meta-analysis. Obesity 2006;14:1283-93. (Pubitemid 46219653)
129. National Obesity Forum. Position statement on the application of Very Low Energy Diets in achieving weight loss in the management of obesity, 2010 (www.nationalobesityforum.org. uk/).
130. Pommier A, Pons M, Kocienski P. The first total synthesis of (-)-lipstatin. J Org Chem 1995;60:7334-9.
131. Finer N, James WP, Kopelman PG et al. One-year treatment of obesity: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre study of orlistat, a gastrointestinal lipase inhibitor. Int J Obes 2000;24:301-13.
132. Hauptman J, Lucas C, Boldrin MN et al. Orlistat in the long-term treatment of obesity in primary care settings. Arch Fam Med 2000;9:160-7.
133. McDuffie JR, Calis KA, Booth SL et al. Effects of orlistat on fat-soluble vitamins in obese adolescents. Pharmacotherapy 2002;22:814-22. (Pubitemid 34743432)
134. Lean ME. How does sibutramine work?. Int J Obes 2001;25(Suppl. 4):S8-11.
135. Picot J, Jones J, Colquitt JL et al. The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of bariatric (weight loss) surgery for obesity: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess 2009;13:1-190, 215-357, iii-iv.
136. Sugerman HJ, DeMaria EJ, Kellum JM et al. Effects of bariatric surgery in older patients. Ann Surg 2004;240:243-7. (Pubitemid 38963014)
137. St Peter SD, Craft RO, Tiede JL et al. Impact of advanced age on weight loss and health benefits after laparoscopic gastric bypass. Arch Surg 2005;140:165-8. (Pubitemid 40229107)
138. Sosa JL, Pombo H, Pallavicini H et al. Laparoscopic gastric bypass beyond age 60. Obes Surg 2004;14:1398-1401. (Pubitemid 39658329)