Age-related white matter changes

Journal of Aging Research

Volumn 2011, Issue , 2011, Pages

  Xiong, Yun Yun ^a   Mok, Vincent ^a  

^a CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CYANOCOBALAMIN; DONEPEZIL; FOLIC ACID; GALANTAMINE; HOMOCYSTEINE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE 1; MEMANTINE; MULTIVITAMIN; NICARDIPINE; NIMODIPINE; PERINDOPRIL; PLACEBO; PRAVASTATIN; PYRIDOXINE; RIVASTIGMINE; SIMVASTATIN;

AGE RELATED WHITE MATTER CHANGE; AGING; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; BRAIN ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BRAIN DISEASE; CADASIL; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DEATH; DEMENTIA; DEPRESSION; DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING; DISEASE ACTIVITY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE MARKER; DISEASE SEVERITY; EPIDEMIC; GAIT DISORDER; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA; HYPERTENSION; MULTIINFARCT DEMENTIA; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SYMPTOM; TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; URINE INCONTINENCE; VISUAL ANALOG SCALE;

EID: 84869458455     PISSN: 20902204     EISSN: 20902212     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4061/2011/617927     Document Type: Review

References (192)

1. Pantoni L., Cerebral small vessel disease: from pathogenesis and clinical characteristics to therapeutic challenges. The Lancet Neurology 2010 9 7 689 701 2-s2.0-77953533246 10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70104-6
2. Longstreth W. T. Jr., Manolio T. A., Arnold A., Burke G. L., Bryan N., Jungreis C. A., Enright P. L., O'Leary D., Fried L., Clinical correlates of white matter findings on cranial magnetic resonance imaging of 3301 elderly people: the cardiovascular health study. Stroke 1996 27 8 1274 1282 2-s2.0-9444268676 (Pubitemid 26286152)
3. Liao D., Cooper L., Cai J., Toole J. F., Bryan N. R., Hutchinson R. G., Tyroler H. A., Presence and severity of cerebral white matter lesions and hypertension, its treatment, and its control: the ARIC study. Stroke 1996 27 12 2262 2270 2-s2.0-0030479954 (Pubitemid 26427203)
4. de Leeuw F. E., de Groot J. C., Achten E., Oudkerk M., Ramos L. M. P., Heijboer R., Hofman A., Jolles J., Van Gijn J., Breteler M. M. B., Prevalence of cerebral white matter lesions in elderly people: a population based magnetic resonance imaging study. The Rotterdam Scan Study. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 2001 70 1 9 14 2-s2.0-0035132684 10.1136/jnnp.70.1.9 (Pubitemid 32096113)
5. Wen W., Sachdev P. S., Li J. J., Chen X., Anstey K. J., White matter hyperintensities in the forties: their prevalence and topography in an epidemiological sample aged 44-48. Human Brain Mapping 2009 30 4 1155 1167 2-s2.0-63849278563 10.1002/hbm.20586
6. Launer L. J., Berger K., Breteler M. M. B., Dufouil C., Fuhrer R., Giampaoli S., Nilsson L. G., Pajak A., De Ridder M., Van Dijk E. J., Sans S., Schmidt R., Hofman A., Regional variability in the prevalence of cerebral white matter lesions: an MRI study in 9 European countries (CASCADE). Neuroepidemiology 2005 26 1 23 29 2-s2.0-29144517404 10.1159/000089233 (Pubitemid 41797934)
7. Mantyla R., Aronen H. J., Salonen O., Korpelainen M., Peltonen T., Standertskjöld-Nordenstam C. G., Erkinjuntti T., The prevalence and distribution of white-matter changes on different MRI pulse sequences in a post-stroke cohort. Neuroradiology 1999 41 9 657 665 2-s2.0-0344172780 10.1007/s002340050820 (Pubitemid 29457342)
8. Fu J. H., Lu C. Z., Hong Z., Dong Q., Luo Y., Wong K. S., Extent of white matter lesions is related to acute subcortical infarcts and predicts further stroke risk in patients with first ever ischaemic stroke. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 2005 76 6 793 796 2-s2.0-20444422592 10.1136/jnnp.2003.032771 (Pubitemid 40805808)
9. Tang W. K., Chan S. S., Chiu H. F., Ungvari G. S., Wong K. S., Kwok T. C. Y., Mok V., Wong K. T., Richards P. S., Ahuja A. T., Frequency and determinants of poststroke dementia in Chinese. Stroke 2004 35 4 930 935 2-s2.0-12144289678 10.1161/01.STR.0000119752.74880.5B (Pubitemid 38419805)
10. Jimenez-Conde J., Biffi A., Rahman R., Kanakis A., Butler C., Sonni S., Massasa E., Cloonan L., Gilson A., Capozzo K., Cortellini L., Ois A., Cuadrado-Godia E., Rodriguez-Campello A., Furie K. L., Roquer J., Rosand J., Rost N. S., Hyperlipidemia and reduced white matter hyperintensity volume in patients with ischemic stroke. Stroke 2010 41 3 437 442 2-s2.0-77649092348 10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.563502
11. Aharon-Peretz J., Cummings J. L., Hill M. A., Vascular dementia and dementia of the Alzheimer type. Cognition, ventricular size, and leuko-araiosis. Archives of Neurology 1988 45 7 719 721 2-s2.0-0023922294
12. de Leeuw F. E., Barkhof F., Scheltens P., White matter lesions and hippocampal atrophy in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 2004 62 2 310 312 2-s2.0-0842325638 (Pubitemid 38167149)
13. Targosz-Gajniak M., Siuda J., Ochudlo S., Opala G., Cerebral white matter lesions in patients with dementia-from MCI to severe Alzheimer's disease. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 2009 283 1-2 79 82 2-s2.0-67650136309 10.1016/j.jns.2009.02.314
14. Lee S. J., Kim J. S., Lee K. S., An J. Y., Kim W., Kim Y. I., Kim B. S., Jung S. L., The severity of leukoaraiosis correlates with the clinical phenotype of Parkinson's disease. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 2009 49 2 255 259 2-s2.0-67649819421 10.1016/j.archger.2008.09.005
15. Slawek J., Wieczorek D., Derejko M., Dubaniewicz M., Brockhuis B., Sitek E., Wilczewska L., Roszmann A., Lass P., The influence of vascular risk factors and white matter hyperintensities on the degree of cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease. Neurologia i Neurochirurgia Polska 2008 42 6 505 512
16. Sohn Y. H., Kim J. S., The influence of white matter hyperintensities on the clinical features of parkinson's disease. Yonsei Medical Journal 1998 39 1 50 55 2-s2.0-0031989995 (Pubitemid 128506817)
17. Jorgensen H. S., Nakayama H., Raaschou H. O., Olsen T. S., Leukoaraiosis in stroke patients: the Copenhagen stroke study. Stroke 1995 26 4 588 592 2-s2.0-0028902925
18. Liao D., Cooper L., Cai J., Toole J., Bryan N., Burke G., Shahar E., Nieto J., Mosley T., Heiss G., The prevalence and severity of white matter lesions, their relationship with age, ethnicity, gender, and cardiovascular disease risk factors: the ARIC study. Neuroepidemiology 1997 16 3 149 162 2-s2.0-8244237062 (Pubitemid 27215864)
19. Henon H., Godefroy O., Lucas C., Pruvo J. P., Leys D., Risk factors and leukoaraiosis in stroke patients. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 1996 94 2 137 144 (Pubitemid 26308801)
20. Basile A. M., Pantoni L., Pracucci G., Asplund K., Chabriat H., Erkinjuntti T., Fazekas F., Ferro J. M., Hennerici M., O'Brien J., Scheltens P., Visser M. C., Wahlund L. O., Waldemar G., Wallin A., Inzitari D., Age, hypertension, and lacunar stroke are the major determinants of the severity of age-related white matter changes. The LADIS (Leukoaraiosis and Disability in the Elderly) study. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2006 21 5-6 315 322 2-s2.0-33748463827 10.1159/000091536 (Pubitemid 44617294)
21. van Swieten J. C., Geyskes G. G., Derix M. M., Peeck B. M., Ramos L. M. P., Van Latum J. C., Van Gijn J., Hypertension in the elderly is associated with white matter lesions and cognitive decline. Annals of Neurology 1991 30 6 825 830 2-s2.0-0025718487
22. Choi H. S., Cho Y. M., Kang J. H., Shin C. S., Park K. S., Lee H. K., Cerebral white matter hyperintensity is mainly associated with hypertension among the components of metabolic syndrome in Koreans. Clinical Endocrinology 2009 71 2 184 188 2-s2.0-67650311804 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03444.x
23. Park M. K., Jo I., Park M. H., Kim T. K., Jo S. A., Shin C., Cerebral white matter lesions and hypertension status in the elderly Korean: the Ansan Study. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 2005 40 3 265 273 2-s2.0-16244408945 10.1016/j.archger.2004.09.003 (Pubitemid 40462248)
24. van Dijk E. J., Breteler M. M., Schmidt R., Berger K., Nilsson L. G., Oudkerk M., Pajak A., Sans S., De Ridder M., Dufouil C., Fuhrer R., Giampaoli S., Launer L. J., Hofman A., The association between blood pressure, hypertension, and cerebral white matter lesions: cardiovascular determinants of dementia study. Hypertension 2004 44 5 625 630 2-s2.0-7244234168 10.1161/01.HYP.0000145857.98904.20 (Pubitemid 39435230)
25. de Leeuw F. E., de Groot J. C., Oudkerk M., Witteman J. C. M., Hofman A., Van Gijn J., Breteler M. M. B., Hypertension and cerebral white matter lesions in a prospective cohort study. Brain 2002 125 4 765 772 2-s2.0-0036208828 (Pubitemid 34279772)
26. Sierra C., Cerebral white matter lesions in essential hypertension. Current Hypertension Reports 2001 3 5 429 433 2-s2.0-0035486826
27. Kuller L. H., Margolis K. L., Gaussoin S. A., Bryan N. R., Kerwin D., Limacher M., Wassertheil-Smoller S., Williamson J., Robinson J. G., Relationship of hypertension, blood pressure, and blood pressure control with white matter abnormalities in the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS)-MRI trial. Journal of Clinical Hypertension 2010 12 3 203 212 2-s2.0-77950125956 10.1111/j.1751-7176.2009.00234.x
28. Dufouil C., de Kersaint-Gilly A., Besancon V., Levy C., Auffray E., Brunnereau L., Alpérovitch A., Tzourio C., Longitudinal study of blood pressure and white matter hyperintensities: the EVA MRI cohort. Neurology 2001 56 7 921 926 2-s2.0-0035836741 (Pubitemid 32290809)
29. Jeerakathil T., Wolf P. A., Beiser A., Massaro J., Seshadri S., D'Agostino R. B., DeCarli C., Stroke risk profile predicts white matter hyperintensity volume: the Framingham study. Stroke 2004 35 8 1857 1861 2-s2.0-3242761581 10.1161/01.STR.0000135226.53499.85 (Pubitemid 38971865)
30. Vuorinen M., Solomon A., Rovio S., Nieminen L., Kåreholt I., Tuomilehto J., Soininen H., Kivipelto M., Changes in vascular risk factors from midlife to late life and white matter lesions: a 20-year follow-up study. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 2011 31 2 119 125 10.1159/000323810
31. Brickman A. M., Reitz C., Luchsinger J. A., Manly J. J., Schupf N., Muraskin J., DeCarli C., Brown T. R., Mayeux R., Long-term blood pressure fluctuation and cerebrovascular disease in an elderly cohort. Archives of Neurology 2010 67 5 564 569 2-s2.0-77952168993 10.1001/archneurol.2010.70
32. Carmelli D., DeCarli C., Swan G. E., Jack L. M., Reed T., Wolf P. A., Miller B. L., Evidence for genetic variance in white matter hyperintensity volume in normal elderly male twins. Stroke 1998 29 6 1177 1181 2-s2.0-0031778072 (Pubitemid 28265474)
33. de Leeuw F. E., Richard F., de Groot J. C., Van Duijn C. M., Hofman A., Van Gijn J., Breteler M. M. B., Interaction between hypertension, apoE, and cerebral white matter lesions. Stroke 2004 35 5 1057 1060 2-s2.0-2142769752 10.1161/01.STR.0000125859.71051.83 (Pubitemid 38543516)
34. Kohara K., Fujisawa M., Ando F., Tabara Y., Niino N., Miki T., Shimokata H., MTHFR gene polymorphism as a risk factor for silent brain infarcts and white matter lesions in the Japanese general population: the NILS-LSA study. Stroke 2003 34 5 1130 1135 2-s2.0-0037967343 10.1161/01.STR.0000069163.02611.B0 (Pubitemid 36547502)
35. Henskens L. H., Kroon A. A., van Boxtel M. P., Hofman P. A., De Leeuw P. W., Associations of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor A1166C and the endothelial NO synthase G894T gene polymorphisms with silent subcortical white matter lesions in essential hypertension. Stroke 2005 36 9 1869 1873 2-s2.0-24644515339 10.1161/01.STR.0000177867.39769.cb (Pubitemid 41266516)
36. Paternoster L., Chen W., Sudlow C. L., Genetic determinants of white matter hyperintensities on brain scans: a systematic assessment of 19 candidate gene polymorphisms in 46 studies in 19,000 subjects. Stroke 2009 40 6 2020 2026 2-s2.0-66849141259 10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.542050
37. Podewils L. J., Guallar E., Beauchamp N., Lyketsos C. G., Kuller L. H., Scheltens P., Physical activity and white matter lesion progression: assessment using MRI. Neurology 2007 68 15 1223 1226 2-s2.0-34247223028 10.1212/01.wnl.0000259063.50219.3e (Pubitemid 46608471)
38. Mok V. C., Lam W. W., Fan Y. H., Wong A., Ng P. W., Tsoi T. H., Yeung V., Wong K. S., Effects of statins on the progression of cerebral white matter lesion: post hoc analysis of the ROCAS (Regression of Cerebral Artery Stenosis) study. Journal of Neurology 2009 256 5 750 757 2-s2.0-67349124996 10.1007/s00415-009-5008-7
39. Gouw A. A., van der Flier W. M., Fazekas F., Van Straaten E. C. W., Pantoni L., Poggesi A., Inzitari D., Erkinjuntti T., Wahlund L. O., Waldemar G., Schmidt R., Scheltens P., Barkhof F., Progression of white matter hyperintensities and incidence of new lacunes over a 3-year period: the leukoaraiosis and disability study. Stroke 2008 39 5 1414 1420 2-s2.0-44449143042 10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.498535
40. Wahlund L. O., Almkvist O., Basun H., Julin P., MRI in successful aging, a 5-year follow-up study from the eighth to ninth decade of life. Magnetic Resonance Imaging 1996 14 6 601 608 2-s2.0-0029907831 10.1016/0730-725X(96) 00098-7 (Pubitemid 26347285)
41. Veldink J. H., Scheltens P., Jonker C., Launer L. J., Progression of cerebral white matter hyperintensities on MRI is related to diastolic blood pressure. Neurology 1998 51 1 319 320 2-s2.0-0031868824 (Pubitemid 28345419)
42. Schmidt R., Fazekas F., Kapeller P., Schmidt H., Hartung H. P., MRI white matter hyperintensities: three-year follow-up of the Austrian Stroke Prevention Study. Neurology 1999 53 1 132 139 2-s2.0-0033551540 (Pubitemid 29329661)
43. Whitman G. T., Tang T., Lin A., Baloh R. W., A prospective study of cerebral white matter abnormalities in older people with gait dysfunction. Neurology 2001 57 6 990 994 2-s2.0-0035949762 (Pubitemid 32880191)
44. Schmidt R., Enzinger C., Ropele S., Schmidt H., Fazekas F., Progression of cerebral white matter lesions: 6-Year results of the Austrian Stroke Prevention Study. The Lancet 2003 361 9374 2046 2048 2-s2.0-0038516524 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13616-1 (Pubitemid 36695049)
45. Taylor W. D., Steffens D. C., MacFall J. R., McQuoid D. R., Payne M. E., Provenzale J. M., Krishnan K. R. R., White matter hyperintensity progression and late-life depression outcomes. Archives of General Psychiatry 2003 60 11 1090 1096 2-s2.0-0242509965 10.1001/archpsyc.60.11.1090 (Pubitemid 37429648)
46. Streifler J. Y., Eliasziw M., Benavente O. R., Alamowitch S., Fox A. J., Hachinski V., Barnett H. J. M., Development and progression of leukoaraiosis in patients with brain ischemia and carotid artery disease. Stroke 2003 34 8 1913 1916 2-s2.0-0042122438 10.1161/01.STR.0000080939.39414.83 (Pubitemid 36944780)
47. Sachdev P., Wen W., Chen X., Brodaty H., Progression of white matter hyperintensities in elderly individuals over 3 years. Neurology 2007 68 3 214 222 2-s2.0-33846206373 10.1212/01.wnl.0000251302.55202.73 (Pubitemid 46105740)
48. van Dijk E. J., Prins N. D., Vrooman H. A., Hofman A., Koudstaal P. J., Breteler M. M., Progression of cerebral small vessel disease in relation to risk factors and cognitive consequences: Rotterdam Scan study. Stroke 2008 39 10 2712 2719 2-s2.0-54049142899 10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.513176
49. Schmidt R., Scheltens P., Erkinjuntti T., Pantoni L., Markus H. S., Wallin A., Barkhof F., Fazekas F., White matter lesion progression: a surrogate endpoint for trials in cerebral small-vessel disease. Neurology 2004 63 1 139 144 2-s2.0-3242668742 (Pubitemid 38943791)
50. Burton E. J., McKeith I. G., Burn D. J., Firbank M. J., O'Brien J. T., Progression of white matter hyperintensities in Alzheimer disease, dementia with lewy bodies, and Parkinson disease dementia: a comparison with normal aging. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2006 14 10 842 849 2-s2.0-33749685525 10.1097/01.JGP.0000236596.56982.1c (Pubitemid 44556478)
51. van den Heuvel D. M., Admiraal-Behloul F., ten Dam V. H., Olofsen H., Bollen E. L. E. M., Murray H. M., Blauw G. J., Westendorp R. G. J., De Craen A. J. M., Van Buchem M. A., Different progression rates for deep white matter hyperintensities in elderly men and women. Neurology 2004 63 9 1699 1701 2-s2.0-8644292626 (Pubitemid 39507592)
52. Brun A., Englund E., A white matter disorder in dementia of the Alzheimer type: a pathoanatomical study. Annals of Neurology 1986 19 3 253 262 2-s2.0-0022572209 (Pubitemid 16111074)
53. Pantoni L., Pathophysiology of age-related cerebral white matter changes. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2002 13 supplement 2 7 10 2-s2.0-0036126380 (Pubitemid 34233902)
54. Pantoni L., Inzitari D., Pracucci G., Lolli F., Giordano G., Bracco L., Amaducci L., Cerebrospinal fluid proteins in patients with leucaraiosis: possible abnormalities in blood-brain barrier function. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 1993 115 2 125 131 2-s2.0-0027402238 10.1016/0022-510X(93) 90214-J (Pubitemid 23102438)
55. Wallin A., Sjogren M., Edman A., Blennow K., Regland B., Symptoms, vascular risk factors and blood-brain barrier function in relation to CT white-matter changes in dementia. European Neurology 2000 44 4 229 235 2-s2.0-0033679258
56. Topakian R., Barrick T. R., Howe F. A., Markus H. S., Blood-brain barrier permeability is increased in normal-appearing white matter in patients with lacunar stroke and leucoaraiosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 2010 81 2 192 197 2-s2.0-76549093011 10.1136/jnnp.2009.172072
57. Simpson J. E., Wharton S. B., Cooper J., Gelsthorpe C., Baxter L., Forster G., Shaw P. J., Savva G., Matthews F. E., Brayne C., Ince P. G., Alterations of the blood-brain barrier in cerebral white matter lesions in the ageing brain. Neuroscience Letters 2010 486 3 246 251 2-s2.0-78049377229 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.09.063
58. Fazekas F., Kleinert R., Olfenbacher H., Schmidt R., Kleinert G., Payer F., Radner H., Lechner H., Pathologic correlates of incidental MRI white matter signal hyperintensities. Neurology 1993 43 9 1683 1689 2-s2.0-0027493807 (Pubitemid 23307935)
59. Simpson J. E., Ince P. G., Higham C. E., Gelsthorpe C. H., Fernando M. S., Matthews F., Forster G., O'Brien J. T., Barber R., Kalaria R. N., Brayne C., Shaw P. J., Stoeber K., Williams G. H., Lewis C. E., Wharton S. B., Microglial activation in white matter lesions and nonlesional white matter of ageing brains. Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 2007 33 6 670 683 2-s2.0-35948973621 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2007.00890.x (Pubitemid 350076092)
60. Pantoni L., Garcia J. H., The significance of cerebral white matter abnormalities 100 years after Binswanger's report: a review. Stroke 1995 26 7 1293 1301 2-s2.0-0029018417
61. Manschot S. M., Biessels G. J., Rutten G. E., Kessels R. P., Gispen W. H., Kappelle L. J., Peripheral and central neurologic complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus: no association in individual patients. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 2008 264 157 162 (Pubitemid 350184089)
62. Novak V., Last D., Alsop D. C., Abduljalil A. M., Hu K., Lepicovsky L., Cavallerano J., Lipsitz L. A., Cerebral blood flow velocity and periventricular white matter hyperintensities in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006 29 7 1529 1534 2-s2.0-33746462348 10.2337/dc06-0261 (Pubitemid 44127576)
63. Simpson J. E., Hosny O., Wharton S. B., Heath P. R., Holden H., Fernando M. S., Matthews F., Forster G., O'Brien J. T., Barber R., Kalaria R. N., Brayne C., Shaw P. J., Lewis C. E., Ince P. G., Microarray RNA expression analysis of cerebral white matter lesions reveals changes in multiple functional pathways. Stroke 2009 40 2 369 375 2-s2.0-60549083472 10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.529214
64. Xu H., Stamova B., Jickling G., Tian Y., Zhan X., Ander B. P., Liu D., Turner R., Rosand J., Goldstein L. B., Furie K. L., Verro P., Johnston S. C., Sharp F. R., Decarli C. S., Distinctive RNA expression profiles in blood associated with white matter hyperintensities in brain. Stroke 2010 41 12 2744 2749 2-s2.0-78650415012 10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.591875
65. Fu J. H., Lu C. Z., Hong Z., Dong Q., Ding D., Wong K. S., Relationship between cerebral vasomotor reactivity and white matter lesions in elderly subjects without large artery occlusive disease. Journal of Neuroimaging 2006 16 2 120 125 2-s2.0-33645451555 10.1111/j.1552-6569.2006.00030.x
66. Isaka Y., Okamoto M., Ashida K., Imaizumi M., Decreased cerebrovascular dilatory capacity in subjects with asymptomatic periventricular hyperintensities. Stroke 1994 25 2 375 381 2-s2.0-0028012716 (Pubitemid 24047263)
67. Bakker S. L., de Leeuw F. E., de Groot J. C., Hofman A., Koudstaal P. J., Breteler M. M., Cerebral vasomotor reactivity and cerebral white matter lesions in the elderly. Neurology 1999 52 3 578 583 2-s2.0-0032977366 (Pubitemid 29075607)
68. Ohtani R., Tomimoto H., Kawasaki T., Cerebral vasomotor reactivity to postural change is impaired in patients with cerebrovascular white matter lesions. Journal of Neurology 2003 250 4 412 417 10.1007/s00415-003-0996-1 (Pubitemid 36459745)
69. Kozera G. M., Dubaniewicz M., Zdrojewski T., Madej-Dmochowska A., Mielczarek M., Wojczal J., Chwojnicki K., Swierblewska E., Schminke U., Wyrzykowski B., Nyka W. M., Cerebral vasomotor reactivity and extent of white matter lesions in middle-aged men with arterial hypertension: a pilot study. American Journal of Hypertension 2010 23 11 1198 1203 2-s2.0-77958085960 10.1038/ajh.2010.152
70. Chung C. P., Hu H. H., Pathogenesis of leukoaraiosis: role of jugular venous reflux. Medical Hypotheses 2010 75 1 85 90 2-s2.0-77953359962 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.01.042
71. Pantoni L., Garcia J. H., Pathogenesis of leukoaraiosis: a review. Stroke 1997 28 3 652 659 2-s2.0-0030937940 (Pubitemid 27118393)
72. Brown W. R., Moody D. M., Thore C. R., Challa V. R., Apoptosis in leukoaraiosis. American Journal of Neuroradiology 2000 21 1 79 82 2-s2.0-0033998871 (Pubitemid 30225831)
73. Jickling G., Salam A., Mohammad A., Hussain M. S., Scozzafava J., Nasser A. M., Jeerakathil T., Shuaib A., Camicioli R., Circulating endothelial progenitor cells and age-related white matter changes. Stroke 2009 40 10 3191 3196 2-s2.0-70349673124 10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.554527
74. Hassan A., Hunt B. J., O'Sullivan M., Parmar K., Bamford J. M., Briley D., Brown M. M., Thomas D. J., Markus H. S., Markers of endothelial dysfunction in lacunar infarction and ischaemic leukoaraiosis. Brain 2003 126 2 424 432 2-s2.0-0037312568 10.1093/brain/awg040 (Pubitemid 36172746)
75. de Groot J. C., de Leeuw F. E., Oudkerk M., Van Gijn J., Hofman A., Jolles J., Breteler M. M. B., Cerebral white matter lesions and cognitive function: the Rotterdam Scan study. Annals of Neurology 2000 47 2 145 151 2-s2.0-0033950216 10.1002/1531-8249(200002)47:2145::AID-ANA3>3.0.CO;2-P (Pubitemid 30078560)
76. Jones D. K., Lythgoe D., Horsfield M. A., Simmons A., Williams S. C., Markus H. S., Characterization of white matter damage in ischemic leukoaraiosis with diffusion tensor MRI. Stroke 1999 30 2 393 397 2-s2.0-0032910006 (Pubitemid 29071807)
77. Nitkunan A., Barrick T. R., Charlton R. A., Clark C. A., Markus H. S., Multimodal MRI in cerebral small vessel disease: its relationship with cognition and sensitivity to change over time. Stroke 2008 39 7 1999 2005 2-s2.0-47649105221 10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.507475
78. Fazekas F., Barkhof F., Wahlund L. O., Pantoni L., Erkinjuntti T., Scheltens P., Schmidt R., CT and MRI rating of white matter lesions. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2002 13 supplement 2 31 36 2-s2.0-0036126310 (Pubitemid 34233906)
79. Fazekas F., Chawluk J. B., Alavi A., Hurtig H. I., Zimmerman R. A., MR signal abnormalities at 1.5 T in Alzheimer's dementia and normal aging. American Journal of Roentgenology 1987 149 2 351 356 (Pubitemid 17104996)
80. Scheltens P., Barkhof F., Leys D., Pruvo J. P., Nauta J. J. P., Vermersch P., Steinling M., Valk J., A semiquantitative rating scale for the assessment of signal hyperintensities on magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 1993 114 1 7 12 2-s2.0-0027339590 10.1016/0022-510X(93) 90041-V (Pubitemid 23025201)
81. Wahlund L. O., Barkhof F., Fazekas F., Bronge L., Augustin M., Sjögren M., Wallin A., Ader H., Leys D., Pantoni L., Pasquier F., Erkinjuntti T., Scheltens P., A new rating scale for age-related white matter changes applicable to MRI and CT. Stroke 2001 32 6 1318 1322 2-s2.0-0034986196 (Pubitemid 32530416)
82. Hachinski V., Iadecola C., Petersen R. C., Breteler M. M., Nyenhuis D. L., Black S. E., Powers W. J., DeCarli C., Merino J. G., Kalaria R. N., Vinters H. V., Holtzman D. M., Rosenberg G. A., Dichgans M., Marler J. R., Leblanc G. G., National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-Canadian Stroke Network vascular cognitive impairment harmonization standards. Stroke 2006 37 9 2220 2241 2-s2.0-33748352752 10.1161/01.STR.0000237236.88823.47 (Pubitemid 44337162)
83. Xiong Y., Mok V., Wong A., Chen X., Chu W. C. W., Fan Y., Soo Y., Wong K. S., The age-related white matter changes scale correlates with cognitive impairment. European Journal of Neurology 2010 17 12 1451 1456 2-s2.0-78649567023 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03078.x
84. Xiong Y., Yang J., Wong A., Wong C. H. K., Chan S. S. W., Li H. H.S., Tam L. H. P., Bao J. W. K., Wong G. C.Y., Chen X., Chu W. C. W., Lee W. K., Wong K. S., Mok V. C. T., Operational definitions improve reliability of the age-related white matter changes scale. European Journal of Neurology 2011 18 5 744 749 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03272.x
85. Prins N. D., van Straaten E. C., van Dijk E. J., Simoni M., Van Schijndel R. A., Vrooman H. A., Koudstaal P. J., Scheltens P., Breteler M. M. B., Barkhof F., Measuring progression of cerebral white matter lesions on MRI: visual rating and volumetrics. Neurology 2004 62 9 1533 1539 2-s2.0-2342608440 (Pubitemid 38608191)
86. Gouw A. A., van der Flier W. M., van Straaten E. C., Pantoni L., Bastos-Leite A. J., Inzitari D., Erkinjuntti T., Wahlund L. O., Ryberg C., Schmidt R., Fazekas F., Scheltens P., Barkhof F., Reliability and sensitivity of visual scales versus volumetry for evaluating white matter hyperintensity progression. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2008 25 3 247 253 2-s2.0-41349097700 10.1159/000113863 (Pubitemid 351450428)
87. Prins N. D., van Dijk E. J., den Heijer T., Vermeer S. E., Jolles J., Koudstaal P. J., Hofman A., Breteler M. M. B., Cerebral small-vessel disease and decline in information processing speed, executive function and memory. Brain 2005 128 9 2034 2041 2-s2.0-24344482925 10.1093/brain/awh553 (Pubitemid 41253271)
88. Mok V. C., Wong A., Lam W. W., Fan Y. H., Tang W. K., Kwok T., Hui A. C. F., Wong K. S., Cognitive impairment and functional outcome after stroke associated with small vessel disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 2004 75 4 560 566 2-s2.0-1642564657 10.1136/jnnp.2003.015107 (Pubitemid 38406653)
89. Junque C., Pujol J., Vendrell P., Bruna O., Jodar M., Ribas J. C., Vinas J., Capdevila A., Marti-Vilalta J. L., Leuko-araiosis on magnetic resonance imaging and speed of mental processing. Archives of Neurology 1990 47 2 151 156 2-s2.0-0025190459 (Pubitemid 20058110)
90. Ylikoski R., Ylikoski A., Erkinjuntti T., Sulkava R., Raininko R., Tilvis R., White matter changes in healthy elderly persons correlate with attention and speed of mental processing. Archives of Neurology 1993 50 8 818 824 2-s2.0-0027304103 (Pubitemid 23229307)
91. van der Flier W. M., Van Straaten E. C., Barkhof F., Verdelho A., Madureira S., Pantoni L., Inzitari D., Erkinjuntti T., Crisby M., Waldemar G., Schmidt R., Fazekas F., Scheltens P., Small vessel disease and general cognitive function in nondisabled elderly: the LADIS study. Stroke 2005 36 10 2116 2120 2-s2.0-26444525643 10.1161/01.STR.0000179092.59909.42 (Pubitemid 41429230)
92. Debette S., Markus H. S., The clinical importance of white matter hyperintensities on brain magnetic resonance imaging: systematic review and meta-analysis. British Medical Journal 2010 341 2-s2.0-77955492941 10.1136/bmj.c3666 c3666
93. van den Heuvel D. M., ten Dam V. H., de Craen A. J., Admiraal-Behloul F., Olofsen H., Bollen E. L. E. M., Jolles J., Murray H. M., Blauw G. J., Westendorp R. G. J., Van Buchem M. A., Increase in periventricular white matter hyperintensities parallels decline in mental processing speed in a non-demented elderly population. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 2006 77 2 149 153 2-s2.0-32344434739 10.1136/jnnp.2005.070193 (Pubitemid 43220832)
94. Prins N. D., van Dijk E. J., den Heijer T., Vermeer S. E., Koudstaal P. J., Oudkerk M., Hofman A., Breteler M. M. B., Cerebral white matter lesions and the risk of dementia. Archives of Neurology 2004 61 10 1531 1534 2-s2.0-5344253243 10.1001/archneur.61.10.1531 (Pubitemid 39350263)
95. Vermeer S. E., Hollander M., van Dijk E. J., Hofman A., Koudstaal P. J., Breteler M. M., Silent brain infarcts and white matter lesions increase stroke risk in the general population: the Rotterdam Scan Study. Stroke 2003 34 5 1126 1129 2-s2.0-0038643550 10.1161/01.STR.0000068408.82115.D2 (Pubitemid 36547501)
96. Schmidt R., Ropele S., Enzinger C., Petrovic K., Smith S., Schmidt H., Matthews P. M., Fazekas F., White matter lesion progression, brain atrophy, and cognitive decline: the Austrian stroke prevention study. Annals of Neurology 2005 58 4 610 616 2-s2.0-25444467168 10.1002/ana.20630 (Pubitemid 41377225)
97. Mungas D., Reed B. R., Jagust W. J., DeCarli C., Mack W. J., Kramer J. H., Weiner M. W., Schuff N., Chui H. C., Volumetric MRI predicts rate of cognitive decline related to AD and cerebrovascular disease. Neurology 2002 59 6 867 873 2-s2.0-0037167541
98. Mungas D., Harvey D., Reed B. R., Jagust W. J., DeCarli C., Beckett L., Mack W. J., Kramer J. H., Weiner M. W., Schuff N., Chui H. C., Longitudinal volumetric MRI change and rate of cognitive decline. Neurology 2005 65 4 565 571 2-s2.0-23844442499 10.1212/01.wnl.0000172913.88973.0d (Pubitemid 41170716)
99. Mungas D., Jagust W. J., Reed B. R., Kramer J. H., Weiner M. W., Schuff N., Norman D., Mack W. J., Willis L., Chui H. C., MRI predictors of cognition in subcortical ischemic vascular disease and Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 2001 57 12 2229 2235 2-s2.0-0035956485 (Pubitemid 34016456)
100. Du A. T., Schuff N., Chao L. L., Kornak J., Ezekiel F., Jagust W. J., Kramer J. H., Reed B. R., Miller B. L., Norman D., Chui H. C., Weiner M. W., White matter lesions are associated with cortical atrophy more than entorhinal and hippocampal atrophy. Neurobiology of Aging 2005 26 4 553 559 2-s2.0-19944426233 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2004.05.002 (Pubitemid 40093938)
101. DeCarli C., Murphy D. G., Tranh M., Grady C. L., Haxby J. V., Gillette J. A., Salerno J. A., Gonzales-Aviles A., Horwitz B., Rapoport S. I., Schapiro M. B., The effect of white matter hyperintensity volume on brain structure, cognitive performance, and cerebral metabolism of glucose in 51 healthy adults. Neurology 1995 45 11 2077 2084 2-s2.0-0029398499
102. Tullberg M., Fletcher E., DeCarli C., Mungas D., Reed B. R., Harvey D. J., Weiner M. W., Chui H. C., Jagust W. J., White matter lesions impair frontal lobe function regardless of their location. Neurology 2004 63 2 246 253 2-s2.0-3242773654 (Pubitemid 38971122)
103. Eckerstrom C., Olsson E., Klasson N., Bjerke M., Göthlin M., Jonsson M., Rolstad S., Malmgren H., Wallin A., Edman Å., High white matter lesion load is associated with hippocampal atrophy in mild cognitive impairment. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 2011 31 2 132 138 10.1159/000323014
104. Smith E. E., Egorova S., Blacker D., Killiany R. J., Muzikansky A., Dickerson B. C., Tanzi R. E., Albert M. S., Greenberg S. M., Guttmann C. R. G., Magnetic resonance imaging white matter hyperintensities and brain volume in the prediction of mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Archives of Neurology 2008 65 1 94 100 2-s2.0-38349048522 10.1001/archneurol.2007.23
105. Vernooij M. W., Ikram M. A., Vrooman H. A., Wielopolski P. A., Krestin G. P., Hofman A., Niessen W. J., Van Der Lugt A., Breteler M. M. B., White matter microstructural integrity and cognitive function in a general elderly population. Archives of General Psychiatry 2009 66 5 545 553 2-s2.0-65549146233 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.5
106. van Norden A. G., de Laat K. F., van Dijk E. J., van Uden I. W.M., van Oudheusden L. J.B., Gons R. A.R., Norris D. G., Zwiers M. P., de Leeuw F. E., Diffusion tensor imaging and cognition in cerebral small vessel disease. The RUN DMC study. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. In press 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.04.008
107. Boone K. B., Miller B. L., Lesser I. M., Mehringer C. M., Hill-Gutierrez E., Goldberg M. A., Berman N. G., Neuropsychological correlates of white-matter lesions in healthy elderly subjects: a threshold effect. Archives of Neurology 1992 49 5 549 554 2-s2.0-0026719711
108. Mok V., Lam W., Chan Y., Wong K., Poststroke Dementia and Imaging 2008 Nova Science Publishers
109. Vermeer S. E., Longstreth W. T. Jr., Koudstaal P. J., Silent brain infarcts: a systematic review. The Lancet Neurology 2007 6 7 611 619 2-s2.0-34250335562 10.1016/S1474-4422(07)70170-9 (Pubitemid 46921055)
110. Pettersen J. A., Sathiyamoorthy G., Gao F. Q., Szilagyi G., Nadkarni N. K., George P. S., Rogaeva E., Black S. E., Microbleed topography, leukoaraiosis, and cognition in probable Alzheimer disease from the sunnybrook dementia study. Archives of Neurology 2008 65 6 790 795 2-s2.0-45149113307 10.1001/archneur.65. 6.790 (Pubitemid 351831457)
111. Vermeer S. E., Prins N. D., den Heijer T., Hofman A., Koudstaal P. J., Breteler M. M., Silent brain infarcts and the risk of dementia and cognitive decline. New England Journal of Medicine 2003 348 13 1215 1222 2-s2.0-0037468674 10.1056/NEJMoa022066 (Pubitemid 36359297)
112. Yakushiji Y., Nishiyama M., Yakushiji S., Hirotsu T., Uchino A., Nakajima J., Eriguchi M., Nanri Y., Hara M., Horikawa E., Kuroda Y., Brain microbleeds and global cognitive function in adults without neurological disorder. Stroke 2008 39 12 3323 3328 2-s2.0-58149358844 10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.516112
113. Schneider J. A., Brain microbleeds and cognitive function. Stroke 2007 38 6 1730 1731 2-s2.0-34249822813 10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.487173 (Pubitemid 46847226)
114. Camicioli R., Moore M. M., Sexton G., Howieson D. B., Kaye J. A., Age-related brain changes associated with motor function in healthy older people. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1999 47 3 330 334 2-s2.0-0032962614 (Pubitemid 29113848)
115. Guttmann C. R., Benson R., Warfield S. K., Wei X., Anderson M. C., Hall C. B., Abu-Hasaballah K., Mugler J. P., Wolfson L., White matter abnormalities in mobility-impaired older persons. Neurology 2000 54 6 1277 1283 2-s2.0-0034724426 (Pubitemid 30174047)
116. Rosano C., Brach J., Longstreth W. T. Jr., Newman A. B., Quantitative measures of gait characteristics indicate prevalence of underlying subclinical structural brain abnormalities in high-functioning older adults. Neuroepidemiology 2006 26 1 52 60 2-s2.0-29144510455 10.1159/000089240 (Pubitemid 41797938)
117. Maki B. E., Gait changes in older adults: predictors of falls or indicators of fear. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1997 45 3 313 320 2-s2.0-0031042280 (Pubitemid 27114304)
118. Rosano C., Brach J., Studenski S., Longstreth W. T. Jr., Newman A. B., Gait variability is associated with subclinical brain vascular abnormalities in high-functioning older adults. Neuroepidemiology 2008 29 3-4 193 200 2-s2.0-38849092067 10.1159/000111582 (Pubitemid 351197522)
119. Baezner H., Blahak C., Poggesi A., Pantoni L., Inzitari D., Chabriat H., Erkinjuntti T., Fazekas F., Ferro J. M., Langhorne P., O'Brien J., Scheltens P., Visser M. C., Wahlund L. O., Waldemar G., Wallin A., Hennerici M. G., Association of gait and balance disorders with age-related white matter changes: the LADIS Study. Neurology 2008 70 12 935 942 2-s2.0-41149085551 10.1212/01.wnl.0000305959.46197.e6 (Pubitemid 351430742)
120. Briley D. P., Wasay M., Sergent S., Thomas S., Cerebral white matter changes (leukoaraiosis), stroke, and gait disturbance. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1997 45 12 1434 1438 2-s2.0-0030731149 (Pubitemid 27523117)
121. Chui H. C., Zarow C., Mack W. J., Ellis W. G., Zheng L., Jagust W. J., Mungas D., Reed B. R., Kramer J. H., DeCarli C. C., Weiner M. W., Vinters H. V., Cognitive impact of subcortical vascular and Alzheimer's disease pathology. Annals of Neurology 2006 60 6 677 687 2-s2.0-33846030130 10.1002/ana.21009 (Pubitemid 46048485)
122. Srikanth V., Beare R., Blizzard L., Phan T., Stapleton J., Chen J., Callisaya M., Martin K., Reutens D., Cerebral white matter lesions, gait, and the risk of incident falls: a prospective population-based study. Stroke 2009 40 1 175 180 2-s2.0-60549112211 10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.524355
123. Srikanth V., Phan T. G., Chen J., Beare R., Stapleton J. M., Reutens D. C., The location of white matter lesions and gait-A voxel-based study. Annals of Neurology 2010 67 2 265 269 2-s2.0-77949380691 10.1002/ana.21826
124. Bhadelia R. A., Price L. L., Tedesco K. L., Scott T., Qiu W. Q., Patz S., Folstein M., Rosenberg I., Caplan L. R., Bergethon P., Diffusion tensor imaging, white matter lesions, the corpus callosum, and gait in the elderly. Stroke 2009 40 12 3816 3820 2-s2.0-73449098907 10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.564765
125. de Laat K. F., Tuladhar A. M., van Norden A. G., Norris D. G., Zwiers M. P., de Leeuw F. E., Loss of white matter integrity is associated with gait disorders in cerebral small vessel disease. Brain 2011 134 1 73 83 2-s2.0-78650685311 10.1093/brain/awq343
126. de Laat K. F., van Norden A. G., Gons R. A., van Oudheusden L. J. B., van Uden I. W. M., Norris D. G., Zwiers M. P., de Leeuw F. E., Diffusion tensor imaging and gait in elderly persons with cerebral small vessel disease. Stroke 2011 42 373 379 2-s2.0-78650723993 10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.596502
127. Iseki K., Hanakawa T., Hashikawa K., Tomimoto H., Nankaku M., Yamauchi H., Hallett M., Fukuyama H., Gait disturbance associated with white matter changes: a gait analysis and blood flow study. NeuroImage 2010 49 2 1659 1666 2-s2.0-70749132311 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.09.023
128. Jellinger K. A., The pathology of Parkinson's disease. Advances in Neurology 2001 86 55 72
129. Bohnen N. I., Albin R. L., White matter lesions in Parkinson disease. Nature Reviews Neurology 2011 7 4 229 236 10.1038/nrneurol.2011.21
130. Silbert L. C., Kaye J., Neuroimaging and cognition in Parkinson's disease dementia. Brain Pathology 2010 20 3 646 653 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2009.00368.x
131. Kuo H. K., Lipsitz L. A., Cerebral white matter changes and geriatric syndromes: is there a link? Journals of Gerontology 2004 59 8 818 826 2-s2.0-4444317856 (Pubitemid 39167425)
132. Kuchel G. A., Moscufo N., Guttmann C. R., Zeevi N., Wakefield D., Schmidt J., DuBeau C. E., Wolfson L., Localization of brain white matter hyperintensities and urinary incontinence in community-dwelling older adults. Journals of Gerontology 2009 64 8 902 909 2-s2.0-67650663283 10.1093/gerona/glp037
133. Sonohara K., Kozaki K., Akishita M., Nagai K., Hasegawa H., Kuzuya M., Yokote K., Toba K., White matter lesions as a feature of cognitive impairment, low vitality and other symptoms of geriatric syndrome in the elderly. Geriatrics and Gerontology International 2008 8 2 93 100 2-s2.0-55749089394 10.1111/j.1447-0594.2008.00454.x
134. Poggesi A., Pracucci G., Chabriat H., Erkinjuntti T., Fazekas F., Verdelho A., Hennerici M., Langhorne P., O'Brien J., Scheltens P., Visser M. C., Crisby M., Waldemar G., Wallin A., Inzitari D., Pantoni L., Urinary complaints in nondisabled elderly people with age-related white matter changes: the Leukoaraiosis And DISability (LADIS) Study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2008 56 9 1638 1643 2-s2.0-51249090942 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.01832.x
135. Sitoh Y. Y., Sitoh Y. Y., Sahadevan S., Clinical significance of cerebral white matter lesions in older Asians with suspected dementia. Age and Ageing 2004 33 1 67 71 2-s2.0-1642432934
136. Tadic S. D., Griffiths D., Murrin A., Schaefer W., Aizenstein H. J., Resnick N. M., Brain activity during bladder filling is related to white matter structural changes in older women with urinary incontinence. NeuroImage 2010 51 4 1294 1302 2-s2.0-77952882193 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.03.016
137. Lesser I. M., Hill-Gutierrez E., Miller B. L., Boone K. B., Late-onset depression with white matter lesions. Psychosomatics 1993 34 4 364 367 2-s2.0-0027288932 (Pubitemid 23199414)
138. Nebes R. D., Reynolds C. F. Jr., Boada F., Meltzer C. C., Fukui M. B., Saxton J., Halligan E. M., DeKosky S. T., Longitudinal increase in the volume of white matter hyperintensities in late-onset depression. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2002 17 6 526 530 2-s2.0-0036082095 10.1002/gps.635 (Pubitemid 34678704)
139. Steffens D. C., Bosworth H. B., Provenzale J. M., MacFall J. R., Subcortical white matter lesions and functional impairment in geriatric depression. Depression and Anxiety 2002 15 1 23 28 2-s2.0-0036173743 10.1002/da.1081 (Pubitemid 34160262)
140. Teodorczuk A., O'Brien J. T., Firbank M. J., Pantoni L., Poggesi A., Erkinjuntti T., Wallin A., Wahlund L. O., Gouw A., Waldemar G., Schmidt R., Ferro J. M., Chabriat H., Bäzner H., Inzitari D., White matter changes and late-life depressive symptoms: longitudinal study. British Journal of Psychiatry 2007 191 3 212 217 2-s2.0-34548799644 10.1192/bjp.bp.107.036756 (Pubitemid 47435050)
141. Godin O., Dufouil C., Maillard P., Delcroix N., Mazoyer B., Crivello F., Alpérovitch A., Tzourio C., White matter lesions as a predictor of depression in the elderly: the 3C-dijon study. Biological Psychiatry 2008 63 7 663 669 2-s2.0-40149085873 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.09.006 (Pubitemid 351329279)
142. Herrmann L. L., Le Masurier M., Ebmeier K. P., White matter hyperintensities in late life depression: a systematic review. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 2008 79 6 619 624 10.1136/jnnp.2007. 124651 (Pubitemid 351829430)
143. Vattakatuchery J. J., Joy J., Hyperintensities on MRI: white matter and depression. British Medical Journal 2010 341 2-s2.0-77956241911 10.1136/bmj.c4611 c4611
144. Olesen P. J., Gustafson D. R., Simoni M., Pantoni L., Stling S., Guo X., Skoog I., Temporal lobe atrophy and white matter lesions are related to major depression over 5 years in the elderly. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010 35 13 2638 2645 2-s2.0-78149465196 10.1038/npp.2010.176
145. Tang W. K., Chen Y. K., Lu J. Y., Chu W. C., Mok V. C., Ungvari G. S., Wong K. S., Wong K. S., White matter hyperintensities in post-stroke depression: a case control study. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 2010 81 12 1312 1315 10.1136/jnnp.2009.203141
146. Fu J. H., Wong K., Mok V., Hu X., Xiong Y., Chen Y., Tang W. K., Chen X., Wong A., Chu W., Wong K. S., Wong S., Neuroimaging predictors for depressive symptoms in cerebral small vessel disease. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2010 25 10 1039 1043 2-s2.0-78649428728 10.1002/gps.2436
147. Cullen K. R., Klimes-Dougan B., Muetzel R., Mueller B. A., Camchong J., Houri A., Kurma S., Lim K. O., Altered white matter microstructure in adolescents with major depression: a preliminary study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2010 49 2 173 183 2-s2.0-76249129340 10.1097/00004583-201002000-00011
148. Buyck J. F., Dufouil C., Mazoyer B., Maillard P., Ducimetière P., Alpérovitch A., Bousser M. G., Kurth T., Tzourio C., Cerebral white matter lesions are associated with the risk of stroke but not with other vascular events: the 3-city dijon study. Stroke 2009 40 7 2327 2331 2-s2.0-67650076525 10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.548222
149. Bokura H., Kobayashi S., Yamaguchi S., Iijima K., Nagai A., Toyoda G., Oguro H., Takahashi K., Silent brain infarction and subcortical white matter lesions increase the risk of stroke and mortality: a prospective cohort study. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases 2006 15 2 57 63 2-s2.0-33644641080 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2005.11.001 (Pubitemid 43324967)
150. Oksala N. K., Oksala A., Pohjasvaara T., Vataja R., Kaste M., Karhunen P. J., Erkinjuntti T., Age related white matter changes predict stroke death in long term follow-up. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 2009 80 7 762 766 10.1136/jnnp.2008.154104
151. Inzitari D., Cadelo M., Marranci M. L., Pracucci G., Pantoni L., Vascular deaths in elderly neurological patients with leukoaraiosis. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1997 62 2 177 181 (Pubitemid 27090937)
152. Palumbo V., Boulanger J. M., Hill M. D., Inzitari D., Buchan A. M., Leukoaraiosis and intracerebral hemorrhage after thrombolysis in acute stroke. Neurology 2007 68 13 1020 1024 2-s2.0-34147124515 10.1212/01.wnl.0000257817. 29883.48 (Pubitemid 46569136)
153. Neumann-Haefelin T., Hoelig S., Berkefeld J., Fiehler J., Gass A., Humpich M., Kastrup A., Kucinski T., Lecei O., Liebeskind D. S., Rother J., Rosso C., Samson Y., Saver J. L., Yan B., Leukoaraiosis is a risk factor for symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage after thrombolysis for acute stroke. Stroke 2006 37 10 2463 2466 2-s2.0-33748317511 10.1161/01.STR.0000239321.53203.ea (Pubitemid 44454661)
154. Swartz R. H., Kern R. Z., Migraine is associated with magnetic resonance imaging white matter abnormalities: a meta-analysis. Archives of Neurology 2004 61 9 1366 1368 2-s2.0-4444232906 10.1001/archneur.61.9.1366 (Pubitemid 39202218)
155. Kruit M. C., van Buchem M. A., Launer L. J., Terwindt G. M., Ferrari M. D., Migraine is associated with an increased risk of deep white matter lesions, subclinical posterior circulation infarcts and brain iron accumulation: the population-based MRI CAMERA study. Cephalalgia 2010 30 2 129 136 2-s2.0-77956247518 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2009.01904.x
156. Colledge N., Lewis S., Mead G., gillian.e.mead@ed.ac.uk Sellar R., Wardlaw J., Wilson J., Magnetic resonance brain imaging in people with dizziness: a comparison with non-dizzy people. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 2002 72 5 587 589 10.1136/jnnp.72.5.587 (Pubitemid 34462810)
157. Hankey G. J., Eikelboom J. W., Homocysteine and vascular disease. The Lancet 1999 354 9176 407 413 2-s2.0-0033620779 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)11058-9 (Pubitemid 29355767)
158. Welch G. N., Loscalzo J., Homocysteine and atherothrombosis. New England Journal of Medicine 1998 338 15 1042 1050 2-s2.0-0032499024 10.1056/ NEJM199804093381507 (Pubitemid 28180407)
159. Perini F., Galloni E., Bolgan I., Bader G., Ruffini R., Arzenton E., Alba S., Azzini C., Bartolomei L., Billo G., Bortolon F., Dudine P., Garofalo P. G., L'Erario R., Morra M., Parisen P., Stenta G., Toso V., Elevated plasma homocysteine in acute stroke was not associated with severity and outcome: stronger association with small artery disease. Neurological Sciences 2005 26 5 310 318 2-s2.0-30744464594 10.1007/s10072-005-0505-7 (Pubitemid 43091339)
160. Vermeer S. E., van Dijk E. J., Koudstaal P. J., Oudkerk M., Hofman A., Clarke R., Breteler M. M. B., Homocysteine, silent brain infarcts, and white matter lesions: the Rotterdam scan study. Annals of Neurology 2002 51 3 285 289 2-s2.0-0036194221 10.1002/ana.10111 (Pubitemid 34206283)
161. Dufouil C., Alperovitch A., Ducros V., Tzourio C., Homocysteine, white matter hyperintensities, and cognition in healthy elderly people. Annals of Neurology 2003 53 2 214 221 10.1002/ana.10440 (Pubitemid 36164003)
162. Longstreth W. T. Jr., Katz R., Olson J., Bernick C., Carr J. J., Malinow M. R., Hess D. L., Cushman M., Schwartz S. M., Plasma total homocysteine levels and cranial magnetic resonance imaging findings in elderly persons: the cardiovascular health study. Archives of Neurology 2004 61 1 67 72 2-s2.0-0347949639 10.1001/archneur.61.1.67 (Pubitemid 38067416)
163. Hassan A., Hunt B. J., O'Sullivan M., Bell R., D'Souza R., Jeffery S., Bamford J. M., Markus H. S., Homocysteine is a risk factor for cerebral small vessel disease, acting via endothelial dysfunction. Brain 2004 127 1 212 219 2-s2.0-0346097879 10.1093/brain/awh023 (Pubitemid 38055360)
164. Sachdev P., Parslow R., Salonikas C., Lux O., Wen W., Kumar R., Naidoo D., Christensen H., Jorm A., Homocysteine and the brain in midadult life: evidence for an increased risk of leukoaraiosis in men. Archives of Neurology 2004 61 9 1369 1376 2-s2.0-4444322387 10.1001/archneur.61.9.1369 (Pubitemid 39202219)
165. Scott T. M., Tucker K. L., Bhadelia A., Benjamin B., Patz S., Bhadelia R., Liebson E., Price L. L., Griffith J., Rosenberg I., Folstein M. F., Homocysteine and B vitamins relate to brain volume and white-matter changes in geriatric patients with psychiatric disorders. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2004 12 6 631 638 2-s2.0-16644382970 10.1176/appi.ajgp.12.6.631 (Pubitemid 41031065)
166. Wright C. B., Paik M. C., Brown T. R., Stabler S. P., Allen R. H., Sacco R. L., DeCarli C., Total homocysteine is associated with white matter hyperintensity volume: the Northern Manhattan study. Stroke 2005 36 6 1207 1211 2-s2.0-20444410004 10.1161/01.STR.0000165923.02318.22 (Pubitemid 40798740)
167. Wong A., Mok V., Fan Y. H., Lam W. W., Liang K. S., Wong K. S., Hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with volumetric white matter change in patients with small vessel disease. Journal of Neurology 2006 253 4 441 447 2-s2.0-33745672761 10.1007/s00415-005-0022-x (Pubitemid 43965608)
168. Censori B., Partziguian T., Manara O., Poloni M., Plasma homocysteine and severe white matter disease. Neurological Sciences 2007 28 5 259 263 2-s2.0-35848934553 10.1007/s10072-007-0832-y (Pubitemid 350055435)
169. Fuh J. L., Homocysteine, cognition and brain white matter hyperintensities. Acta Neurologica Taiwanica 2010 19 3 150 152
170. Seshadri S., Wolf P. A., Beiser A. S., Selhub J., Au R., Jacques P. F., Yoshita M., Rosenberg I. H., D'Agostino R. B., DeCarli C., Association of plasma total homocysteine levels with subclinical brain injury: cerebral volumes, white matter hyperintensity, and silent brain infarcts at volumetric magnetic resonance imaging in the Framingham Offspring Study. Archives of Neurology 2008 65 5 642 649 2-s2.0-43549091613 10.1001/archneur.65.5.642 (Pubitemid 351679660)
171. Anan F., Masaki T., Tatsukawa H., Nagano S., Oribe M., Eshima N., Saikawa T., Yoshimatsu H., The role of homocysteine as a significant risk factor for white matter lesions in Japanese women with rheumatoid arthritis. Metabolism 2009 58 1 69 73 2-s2.0-57049114957 10.1016/j.metabol.2008.08.008
172. Tseng Y. L., Chang Y. Y., Liu J. S., Su C. S., Lai S. L., Lan M. Y., Association of plasma homocysteine concentration with cerebral white matter hyperintensity on magnetic resonance images in stroke patients. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 2009 284 1-2 36 39 2-s2.0-67949094319 10.1016/j.jns.2009. 03.030
173. Markus H. S., Hunt B., Palmer K., Enzinger C., Schmidt H., Schmidt R., Markers of endothelial and hemostatic activation and progression of cerebral white matter hyperintensities: longitudinal results of the Austrian Stroke Prevention Study. Stroke 2005 36 7 1410 1414 2-s2.0-22044444670 10.1161/01.STR.0000169924.60783.d4 (Pubitemid 40967503)
174. Han J. H., Wong K. S., Wang Y. Y., Fu J. H., Ding D., Hong Z., Plasma level of sICAM-1 is associated with the extent of white matter lesion among asymptomatic elderly subjects. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery 2009 111 10 847 851 10.1016/j.clineuro.2009.08.018
175. Schmidt R., Schmidt H., Pichler M., Enzinger C., Petrovic K., Niederkorn K., Horner S., Ropele S., Watzinger N., Schumacher M., Berghold A., Kostner G. M., Fazekas F., C-reactive protein, carotid atherosclerosis, and cerebral small-vessel disease: results of the austrian stroke prevention study. Stroke 2006 37 12 2910 2916 2-s2.0-33845506466 10.1161/01.STR.0000248768.40043.f9 (Pubitemid 44913857)
176. van Dijk E. J., Prins N. D., Vermeer S. E., Vrooman H. A., Hofman A., Koudstaal P. J., Breteler M. M. B., C-reactive protein and cerebral small-vessel disease: the Rotterdam scan study. Circulation 2005 112 6 900 905 2-s2.0-23844437999 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.506337 (Pubitemid 41170078)
177. Fornage M., Chiang Y. A., Omeara E. S., Psaty B. M., Reiner A. P., Siscovick D. S., Tracy R. P., Longstreth W. T., Biomarkers of inflammation and MRI-defined small vessel disease of the brain: the cardiovascular health study. Stroke 2008 39 7 1952 1959 2-s2.0-47649119414 10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.508135
178. Dufouil C., Chalmers J., Coskun O., Besançon V., Bousser M. G., Guillon P., MacMahon S., Mazoyer B., Neal B., Woodward M., Tzourio-Mazoyer N., Tzourio C., Effects of blood pressure lowering on cerebral white matter hyperintensities in patients with stroke: the PROGRESS (Perindopril Protection Against Recurrent Stroke Study) Magnetic Resonance Imaging Substudy. Circulation 2005 112 11 1644 1650 2-s2.0-24944486283 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.501163 (Pubitemid 41324527)
179. Pantoni L., Carosi M., Amigoni S., Mascalchi M., Inzitari D., A preliminary open trial with nimodipine in patients with cognitive impairment and leukoaraiosis. Clinical Neuropharmacology 1996 19 6 497 506 (Pubitemid 26391354)
180. Pantoni L., Rossi R., Inzitari D., Bianchi C., Beneke M., Erkinjuntti T., Wallin A., Efficacy and safety of nimodipine in subcortical vascular dementia: a subgroup analysis of the Scandinavian Multi-Infarct Dementia Trial. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 2000 175 2 124 134 10.1016/S0022-510X(00)00300-2 (Pubitemid 30265479)
181. Pantoni L., del Ser T., Soglian A. G., Amigoni S., Spadari G., Binelli D., Inzitari D., Efficacy and safety of nimodipine in subcortical vascular dementia: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Stroke 2005 36 3 619 624 2-s2.0-14844323654 10.1161/01.STR.0000155686.73908.3e (Pubitemid 40344166)
182. Amenta F., Lanari A., Mignini F., Silvestrelli G., Traini E., Tomassoni D., Nicardipine use in cerebrovascular disease: a review of controlled clinical studies. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 2009 283 1-2 219 223 2-s2.0-67650169053 10.1016/j.jns.2009.02.335
183. Kario K., Matsuo T., Kobayashi H., Imiya M., Matsuo M., Shimada K., Nocturnal fall of blood pressure and silent cerebrovascular damage in elderly hypertensive patients: advanced silent cerebrovascular damage in extreme dippers. Hypertension 1996 27 1 130 135 2-s2.0-0030047350 (Pubitemid 26017692)
184. Pedersen T. R., Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). The Lancet 1994 344 8934 1383 1389 2-s2.0-0027987849 (Pubitemid 24365311)
185. Bernick C., Katz R., Smith N. L., Rapp S., Bhadelia R., Carlson M., Kuller L., Statins and cognitive function in the elderly: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Neurology 2005 65 9 1388 1394 2-s2.0-27644511663 10.1212/01.wnl.0000182897.18229.ec (Pubitemid 41552767)
186. Woo D., Kissela B. M., Khoury J. C., Sauerbeck L. R., Haverbusch M. A., Szaflarski J. P., Gebel J. M., Pancioli A. M., Jauch E. C., Schneider A., Kleindorfer D., Broderick J. P., Hypercholesterolemia, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, and risk of intracerebral hemorrhage: a case-control study. Stroke 2004 35 6 1360 1364 2-s2.0-2542641056 10.1161/01.STR.0000127786.16612.A4 (Pubitemid 38697458)
187. Roquer J., Rodriguez Campello A., Gomis M., Ois A., Munteis E., Bohm P., Serum lipid levels and in-hospital mortality in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 2005 65 8 1198 1202 2-s2.0-27144507786 10.1212/01.wnl.0000180968.26242.4a (Pubitemid 41508211)
188. Kavirajan H., Schneider L. S., Efficacy and adverse effects of cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine in vascular dementia: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. The Lancet Neurology 2007 6 9 782 792 2-s2.0-34547787131 10.1016/S1474-4422(07)70195-3 (Pubitemid 47243710)
189. Mobius H. J., Stoffler A., New approaches to clinical trials in vascular dementia: memantine in small vessel disease. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2002 13 supplement 2 61 66 10.1159/000049153 (Pubitemid 34233912)
190. Dichgans M., Markus H. S., Salloway S., Verkkoniemi A., Moline M., Wang Q., Posner H., Chabriat H. S., Donepezil in patients with subcortical vascular cognitive impairment: a randomised double-blind trial in CADASIL. The Lancet Neurology 2008 7 4 310 318 2-s2.0-40849137685 10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70046-2
191. Roman G. C., Salloway S., Black S. E., Royall D. R., Decarli C., Weiner M. W., Moline M., Kumar D., Schindler R., Posner H., Randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of donepezil in vascular dementia: differential effects by hippocampal size. Stroke 2010 41 6 1213 1221 2-s2.0-77953151730 10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.570077
192. The VITATOPS Trial Study Group, B vitamins in patients with recent transient ischaemic attack or stroke in the VITAmins TO Prevent Stroke (VITATOPS) trial: a randomised, double-blind, parallel, placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet Neurology 2010 9 9 855 865 10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70187-3