메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 1822, Issue 12, 2012, Pages 1943-1950

Molecular aspects of implantation failure

Author keywords

Embryo; Endometrium; Implantation failure; IVF; Receptivity

Indexed keywords

CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN; CYCLOOXYGENASE 1; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2; CYTOSOLIC PHOSPHOLIPASE A2; INTERLEUKIN 11; INTERLEUKIN 11 RECEPTOR ALPHA; INTERLEUKIN 15; INTERLEUKIN 18; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 6; MUCIN 1; PROSTAGLANDIN; VITRONECTIN RECEPTOR;

EID: 84868475700     PISSN: 09254439     EISSN: 1879260X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.05.017     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (195)

References (136)
  • 2
    • 0021130983 scopus 로고
    • Use of a highly sensitive and specific immunoradiometric assay for detection of human chorionic gonadotropin in urine of normal, nonpregnant, and pregnant individuals
    • Armstrong E.G., Ehrlich P.H., Birken S., Schlatterer J.P., Siris E., Hembree W.C., Canfield R.E. Use of a highly sensitive and specific immunoradiometric assay for detection of human chorionic gonadotropin in urine of normal, nonpregnant, and pregnant individuals. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1984, 59:867-874.
    • (1984) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. , vol.59 , pp. 867-874
    • Armstrong, E.G.1    Ehrlich, P.H.2    Birken, S.3    Schlatterer, J.P.4    Siris, E.5    Hembree, W.C.6    Canfield, R.E.7
  • 4
    • 35348910997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recurrent implantation failure: definition
    • Rinehart J. Recurrent implantation failure: definition. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 2007, 24:284-287.
    • (2007) J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. , vol.24 , pp. 284-287
    • Rinehart, J.1
  • 6
    • 0037338008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conception, early pregnancy loss, and time to clinical pregnancy: a population-based prospective study
    • Wang X., Chen C., Wang L., Chen D., Guang W., French J. Conception, early pregnancy loss, and time to clinical pregnancy: a population-based prospective study. Fertil. Steril. 2003, 79:577-584.
    • (2003) Fertil. Steril. , vol.79 , pp. 577-584
    • Wang, X.1    Chen, C.2    Wang, L.3    Chen, D.4    Guang, W.5    French, J.6
  • 7
    • 80052900689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recurrent pre-clinical pregnancy loss is unlikely to be a 'cause' of unexplained infertility
    • Koot Y.E., Boomsma C.M., Eijkemans M.J., Lentjes E.G., Macklon N.S. Recurrent pre-clinical pregnancy loss is unlikely to be a 'cause' of unexplained infertility. Hum. Reprod. 2011, 26:2636-2641.
    • (2011) Hum. Reprod. , vol.26 , pp. 2636-2641
    • Koot, Y.E.1    Boomsma, C.M.2    Eijkemans, M.J.3    Lentjes, E.G.4    Macklon, N.S.5
  • 9
    • 0023152745 scopus 로고
    • Relationship between blood and urine concentrations of intact human chorionic gonadotropin and its free subunits in early pregnancy
    • Norman R.J., Menabawey M., Lowings C., Buck R.H., Chard T. Relationship between blood and urine concentrations of intact human chorionic gonadotropin and its free subunits in early pregnancy. Obstet. Gynecol. 1987, 69:590-593.
    • (1987) Obstet. Gynecol. , vol.69 , pp. 590-593
    • Norman, R.J.1    Menabawey, M.2    Lowings, C.3    Buck, R.H.4    Chard, T.5
  • 12
    • 0030994903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cumulative conception and live birth rates after oocyte donation: implications regarding endometrial receptivity
    • Paulson R.J., Hatch I.E., Lobo R.A., Sauer M.V. Cumulative conception and live birth rates after oocyte donation: implications regarding endometrial receptivity. Hum. Reprod. 1997, 12:835-839.
    • (1997) Hum. Reprod. , vol.12 , pp. 835-839
    • Paulson, R.J.1    Hatch, I.E.2    Lobo, R.A.3    Sauer, M.V.4
  • 13
    • 2442691540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cumulative pregnancy rates and drop-out rates in a German IVF programme: 4102 cycles in 2130 patients
    • Schroder A.K., Katalinic A., Diedrich K., Ludwig M. Cumulative pregnancy rates and drop-out rates in a German IVF programme: 4102 cycles in 2130 patients. Reprod. Biomed. Online 2004, 8:600-606.
    • (2004) Reprod. Biomed. Online , vol.8 , pp. 600-606
    • Schroder, A.K.1    Katalinic, A.2    Diedrich, K.3    Ludwig, M.4
  • 14
    • 0034892699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dramatic declines in implantation and pregnancy rates in patients who undergo repeated cycles of in vitro fertilization with blastocyst transfer after one or more failed attempts
    • Shapiro B.S., Richter K.S., Harris D.C., Daneshmand S.T. Dramatic declines in implantation and pregnancy rates in patients who undergo repeated cycles of in vitro fertilization with blastocyst transfer after one or more failed attempts. Fertil. Steril. 2001, 76:538-542.
    • (2001) Fertil. Steril. , vol.76 , pp. 538-542
    • Shapiro, B.S.1    Richter, K.S.2    Harris, D.C.3    Daneshmand, S.T.4
  • 16
    • 70349451755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disrupted gene pattern in patients with repeated in vitro fertilization (IVF) failure
    • Koler M., Achache H., Tsafrir A., Smith Y., Revel A., Reich R. Disrupted gene pattern in patients with repeated in vitro fertilization (IVF) failure. Hum. Reprod. 2009, 24:2541-2548.
    • (2009) Hum. Reprod. , vol.24 , pp. 2541-2548
    • Koler, M.1    Achache, H.2    Tsafrir, A.3    Smith, Y.4    Revel, A.5    Reich, R.6
  • 17
    • 81355149598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Specific and extensive endometrial deregulation is present before conception in IVF/ICSI repeated implantation failures (IF) or recurrent miscarriages
    • Ledee N., Munaut C., Aubert J., Serazin V., Rahmati M., Chaouat G., Sandra O., Foidart J.M. Specific and extensive endometrial deregulation is present before conception in IVF/ICSI repeated implantation failures (IF) or recurrent miscarriages. J. Pathol. 2011, 225:554-564.
    • (2011) J. Pathol. , vol.225 , pp. 554-564
    • Ledee, N.1    Munaut, C.2    Aubert, J.3    Serazin, V.4    Rahmati, M.5    Chaouat, G.6    Sandra, O.7    Foidart, J.M.8
  • 19
    • 84868509108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • C.f.D.C.a.P. CDC, Assisted reproductive technologies succes rate, CDC. B.C.).
    • C.f.D.C.a.P. CDC, Assisted reproductive technologies succes rate, CDC. (2008 B.C.).
    • (2008)
  • 20
    • 84868509109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J.D.T.B.-P.E.A.S. Yueping Alex Wang Assisted reproduction technology in Australia and New Zealand, AIHW
    • J.D.T.B.-P.E.A.S. Yueping Alex Wang, Assisted reproduction technology in Australia and New Zealand 2006, AIHW. number 12 (08).
    • (2006) , vol.12 , Issue.8
  • 22
    • 33644848689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Roadmap to embryo implantation: clues from mouse models
    • Wang H., Dey S.K. Roadmap to embryo implantation: clues from mouse models. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2006, 7:185-199.
    • (2006) Nat. Rev. Genet. , vol.7 , pp. 185-199
    • Wang, H.1    Dey, S.K.2
  • 25
    • 0028084493 scopus 로고
    • The polymorphic epithelial mucin MUC1 in human endometrium is regulated with maximal expression in the implantation phase
    • Hey N.A., Graham R.A., Seif M.W., Aplin J.D. The polymorphic epithelial mucin MUC1 in human endometrium is regulated with maximal expression in the implantation phase. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1994, 78:337-342.
    • (1994) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. , vol.78 , pp. 337-342
    • Hey, N.A.1    Graham, R.A.2    Seif, M.W.3    Aplin, J.D.4
  • 26
    • 0029911769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and LIF receptor expression in human endometrium suggests a potential autocrine/paracrine function in regulating embryo implantation
    • Cullinan E.B., Abbondanzo S.J., Anderson P.S., Pollard J.W., Lessey B.A., Stewart C.L. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and LIF receptor expression in human endometrium suggests a potential autocrine/paracrine function in regulating embryo implantation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1996, 93:3115-3120.
    • (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. , vol.93 , pp. 3115-3120
    • Cullinan, E.B.1    Abbondanzo, S.J.2    Anderson, P.S.3    Pollard, J.W.4    Lessey, B.A.5    Stewart, C.L.6
  • 27
    • 63449115545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recombinant human leukemia inhibitory factor does not improve implantation and pregnancy outcomes after assisted reproductive techniques in women with recurrent unexplained implantation failure
    • Brinsden P.R., Alam V., de M.B., Engrand P. Recombinant human leukemia inhibitory factor does not improve implantation and pregnancy outcomes after assisted reproductive techniques in women with recurrent unexplained implantation failure. Fertil. Steril. 2009, 91:1445-1447.
    • (2009) Fertil. Steril. , vol.91 , pp. 1445-1447
    • Brinsden, P.R.1    Alam, V.2    de, M.B.3    Engrand, P.4
  • 28
    • 0037323669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An in-vitro model for stromal invasion during implantation of the human blastocyst
    • Carver J., Martin K., Spyropoulou I., Barlow D., Sargent I., Mardon H. An in-vitro model for stromal invasion during implantation of the human blastocyst. Hum. Reprod. 2003, 18:283-290.
    • (2003) Hum. Reprod. , vol.18 , pp. 283-290
    • Carver, J.1    Martin, K.2    Spyropoulou, I.3    Barlow, D.4    Sargent, I.5    Mardon, H.6
  • 30
    • 70350704489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review: in vitro models for the study of early human embryo-endometrium interactions
    • Teklenburg G., Macklon N.S. Review: in vitro models for the study of early human embryo-endometrium interactions. Reprod. Sci. 2009, 16:811-818.
    • (2009) Reprod. Sci. , vol.16 , pp. 811-818
    • Teklenburg, G.1    Macklon, N.S.2
  • 32
    • 78649493373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The molecular basis of recurrent pregnancy loss: impaired natural embryo selection
    • Teklenburg G., Salker M., Heijnen C., Macklon N.S., Brosens J.J. The molecular basis of recurrent pregnancy loss: impaired natural embryo selection. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 2010, 16:886-895.
    • (2010) Mol. Hum. Reprod. , vol.16 , pp. 886-895
    • Teklenburg, G.1    Salker, M.2    Heijnen, C.3    Macklon, N.S.4    Brosens, J.J.5
  • 34
    • 24644435635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recurrent implantation failure in assisted reproduction: how to counsel and manage. A. General considerations and treatment options that may benefit the couple
    • Urman B., Yakin K., Balaban B. Recurrent implantation failure in assisted reproduction: how to counsel and manage. A. General considerations and treatment options that may benefit the couple. Reprod. Biomed. Online 2005, 11:371-381.
    • (2005) Reprod. Biomed. Online , vol.11 , pp. 371-381
    • Urman, B.1    Yakin, K.2    Balaban, B.3
  • 35
    • 0035935221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preimplantation genetic diagnosis of structural abnormalities
    • Munne S. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis of structural abnormalities. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 2001, 183(Suppl. 1):S55-S58.
    • (2001) Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. , vol.183 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Munne, S.1
  • 36
    • 26244455545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of aneuploidy induction in human oogenesis and early embryogenesis
    • Delhanty J.D. Mechanisms of aneuploidy induction in human oogenesis and early embryogenesis. Cytogenet. Genome Res. 2005, 111:237-244.
    • (2005) Cytogenet. Genome Res. , vol.111 , pp. 237-244
    • Delhanty, J.D.1
  • 38
    • 0036295563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preimplantation genetic diagnosis for aneuploidy screening in early human embryos: a review
    • Wilton L. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis for aneuploidy screening in early human embryos: a review. Prenat. Diagn. 2002, 22:512-518.
    • (2002) Prenat. Diagn. , vol.22 , pp. 512-518
    • Wilton, L.1
  • 40
    • 29144482655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preimplantation genetic screening reveals a high incidence of aneuploidy and mosaicism in embryos from young women undergoing IVF
    • Baart E.B., Martini E., van D.B.I., Macklon N.S., Galjaard R.J., Fauser B.C., Van O.D. Preimplantation genetic screening reveals a high incidence of aneuploidy and mosaicism in embryos from young women undergoing IVF. Hum. Reprod. 2006, 21:223-233.
    • (2006) Hum. Reprod. , vol.21 , pp. 223-233
    • Baart, E.B.1    Martini, E.2    Van, D.B.I.3    Macklon, N.S.4    Galjaard, R.J.5    Fauser, B.C.6    Van, O.D.7
  • 43
    • 77955126785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SNP microarray-based 24 chromosome aneuploidy screening demonstrates that cleavage-stage FISH poorly predicts aneuploidy in embryos that develop to morphologically normal blastocysts
    • Northrop L.E., Treff N.R., Levy B., Scott R.T. SNP microarray-based 24 chromosome aneuploidy screening demonstrates that cleavage-stage FISH poorly predicts aneuploidy in embryos that develop to morphologically normal blastocysts. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 2010, 16:590-600.
    • (2010) Mol. Hum. Reprod. , vol.16 , pp. 590-600
    • Northrop, L.E.1    Treff, N.R.2    Levy, B.3    Scott, R.T.4
  • 44
    • 34247509254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High incidence of complex chromosome abnormality in cleavage embryos from patients with repeated implantation failure
    • Voullaire L., Collins V., Callaghan T., McBain J., Williamson R., Wilton L. High incidence of complex chromosome abnormality in cleavage embryos from patients with repeated implantation failure. Fertil. Steril. 2007, 87:1053-1058.
    • (2007) Fertil. Steril. , vol.87 , pp. 1053-1058
    • Voullaire, L.1    Collins, V.2    Callaghan, T.3    McBain, J.4    Williamson, R.5    Wilton, L.6
  • 45
    • 84856752062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preimplantation genetic diagnosis: State of the ART 2011
    • Harper J.C., Sengupta S.B. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis: State of the ART 2011. Hum. Genet. 2012, 131:175-186.
    • (2012) Hum. Genet. , vol.131 , pp. 175-186
    • Harper, J.C.1    Sengupta, S.B.2
  • 50
    • 47249117871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative protein-profile analysis of implanted versus non-implanted human blastocysts
    • Dominguez F., Gadea B., Esteban F.J., Horcajadas J.A., Pellicer A., Simon C. Comparative protein-profile analysis of implanted versus non-implanted human blastocysts. Hum. Reprod. 2008, 23:1993-2000.
    • (2008) Hum. Reprod. , vol.23 , pp. 1993-2000
    • Dominguez, F.1    Gadea, B.2    Esteban, F.J.3    Horcajadas, J.A.4    Pellicer, A.5    Simon, C.6
  • 52
    • 0025346976 scopus 로고
    • Impairment of the hatching process following IVF in the human and improvement of implantation by assisting hatching using micromanipulation
    • Cohen J., Elsner C., Kort H., Malter H., Massey J., Mayer M.P., Wiemer K. Impairment of the hatching process following IVF in the human and improvement of implantation by assisting hatching using micromanipulation. Hum. Reprod. 1990, 5:7-13.
    • (1990) Hum. Reprod. , vol.5 , pp. 7-13
    • Cohen, J.1    Elsner, C.2    Kort, H.3    Malter, H.4    Massey, J.5    Mayer, M.P.6    Wiemer, K.7
  • 53
    • 0036291694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The zona pellucida in folliculogenesis, fertilization and early development
    • Zhao M., Dean J. The zona pellucida in folliculogenesis, fertilization and early development. Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord. 2002, 3:19-26.
    • (2002) Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord. , vol.3 , pp. 19-26
    • Zhao, M.1    Dean, J.2
  • 54
    • 0014098836 scopus 로고
    • Cinemicrographic observations on the trophoblast and zona pellucida of the mouse blastocyst
    • Cole R.J. Cinemicrographic observations on the trophoblast and zona pellucida of the mouse blastocyst. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 1967, 17:481-490.
    • (1967) J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. , vol.17 , pp. 481-490
    • Cole, R.J.1
  • 55
    • 0031425282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hardening of zona pellucida of mouse oocytes and embryos in vivo and in vitro
    • Demeestere I., Barlow P., Leroy F. Hardening of zona pellucida of mouse oocytes and embryos in vivo and in vitro. Int. J. Fertil. Womens Med. 1997, 42:219-222.
    • (1997) Int. J. Fertil. Womens Med. , vol.42 , pp. 219-222
    • Demeestere, I.1    Barlow, P.2    Leroy, F.3
  • 56
    • 0025163167 scopus 로고
    • Freeze-thaw-induced changes of the zona pellucida explains decreased rates of fertilization in frozen-thawed mouse oocytes
    • Carroll J., Depypere H., Matthews C.D. Freeze-thaw-induced changes of the zona pellucida explains decreased rates of fertilization in frozen-thawed mouse oocytes. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1990, 90:547-553.
    • (1990) J. Reprod. Fertil. , vol.90 , pp. 547-553
    • Carroll, J.1    Depypere, H.2    Matthews, C.D.3
  • 58
    • 0033215064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Embryo implantation in in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection: impact of cleavage status, morphology grade, and number of embryos transferred
    • Hsu M.I., Mayer J., Aronshon M., Lanzendorf S., Muasher S., Kolm P., Oehninger S. Embryo implantation in in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection: impact of cleavage status, morphology grade, and number of embryos transferred. Fertil. Steril. 1999, 72:679-685.
    • (1999) Fertil. Steril. , vol.72 , pp. 679-685
    • Hsu, M.I.1    Mayer, J.2    Aronshon, M.3    Lanzendorf, S.4    Muasher, S.5    Kolm, P.6    Oehninger, S.7
  • 59
    • 79958712150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assisted hatching of human embryos: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
    • Martins W.P., Rocha I.A., Ferriani R.A., Nastri C.O. Assisted hatching of human embryos: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hum. Reprod. Update 2011, 17:438-453.
    • (2011) Hum. Reprod. Update , vol.17 , pp. 438-453
    • Martins, W.P.1    Rocha, I.A.2    Ferriani, R.A.3    Nastri, C.O.4
  • 61
    • 35848947442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decidualization of the human endometrium: mechanisms, functions, and clinical perspectives
    • Gellersen B., Brosens I.A., Brosens J.J. Decidualization of the human endometrium: mechanisms, functions, and clinical perspectives. Semin. Reprod. Med. 2007, 25:445-453.
    • (2007) Semin. Reprod. Med. , vol.25 , pp. 445-453
    • Gellersen, B.1    Brosens, I.A.2    Brosens, J.J.3
  • 64
    • 0026744210 scopus 로고
    • The impact of embryonic development and endometrial maturity on the timing of implantation
    • Bergh P.A., Navot D. The impact of embryonic development and endometrial maturity on the timing of implantation. Fertil. Steril. 1992, 58:537-542.
    • (1992) Fertil. Steril. , vol.58 , pp. 537-542
    • Bergh, P.A.1    Navot, D.2
  • 65
    • 33745212704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Death or survival-progesterone-dependent cell fate decisions in the human endometrial stroma
    • Brosens J.J., Gellersen B. Death or survival-progesterone-dependent cell fate decisions in the human endometrial stroma. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 2006, 36:389-398.
    • (2006) J. Mol. Endocrinol. , vol.36 , pp. 389-398
    • Brosens, J.J.1    Gellersen, B.2
  • 66
    • 0017228258 scopus 로고
    • Interactions of the trophoblast and maternal tissues in three closely related primate species
    • Ramsey E.M., Houston M.L., Harris J.W. Interactions of the trophoblast and maternal tissues in three closely related primate species. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1976, 124:647-652.
    • (1976) Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. , vol.124 , pp. 647-652
    • Ramsey, E.M.1    Houston, M.L.2    Harris, J.W.3
  • 67
    • 0036854088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The myometrial junctional zone spiral arteries in normal and abnormal pregnancies: a review of the literature
    • Brosens J.J., Pijnenborg R., Brosens I.A. The myometrial junctional zone spiral arteries in normal and abnormal pregnancies: a review of the literature. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2002, 187:1416-1423.
    • (2002) Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. , vol.187 , pp. 1416-1423
    • Brosens, J.J.1    Pijnenborg, R.2    Brosens, I.A.3
  • 69
    • 0000717788 scopus 로고
    • Accuracy of endometrial dating; correlation of endometrial dating with basal body temperature and menses
    • Noyes R.W., Haman J.O. Accuracy of endometrial dating; correlation of endometrial dating with basal body temperature and menses. Fertil. Steril. 1953, 4:504-517.
    • (1953) Fertil. Steril. , vol.4 , pp. 504-517
    • Noyes, R.W.1    Haman, J.O.2
  • 70
    • 2342529038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A critical analysis of the accuracy, reproducibility, and clinical utility of histologic endometrial dating in fertile women
    • Murray M.J., Meyer W.R., Zaino R.J., Lessey B.A., Novotny D.B., Ireland K., Zeng D., Fritz M.A. A critical analysis of the accuracy, reproducibility, and clinical utility of histologic endometrial dating in fertile women. Fertil. Steril. 2004, 81:1333-1343.
    • (2004) Fertil. Steril. , vol.81 , pp. 1333-1343
    • Murray, M.J.1    Meyer, W.R.2    Zaino, R.J.3    Lessey, B.A.4    Novotny, D.B.5    Ireland, K.6    Zeng, D.7    Fritz, M.A.8
  • 72
    • 0345040180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Presence of uterine pinopodes at the embryo-endometrial interface during human implantation in vitro
    • Tin-Ley U., Sjogren A., Nilsson L., Hamberger L., Larsen J.F., Horn T. Presence of uterine pinopodes at the embryo-endometrial interface during human implantation in vitro. Hum. Reprod. 1999, 14:515-520.
    • (1999) Hum. Reprod. , vol.14 , pp. 515-520
    • Tin-Ley, U.1    Sjogren, A.2    Nilsson, L.3    Hamberger, L.4    Larsen, J.F.5    Horn, T.6
  • 73
    • 0035208243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intranuclear endoplasmic reticulum induced by Nopp 140 mimics the nucleolar channel system of human endometrium
    • Isaac C., Pollard J.W., Meier U.T. Intranuclear endoplasmic reticulum induced by Nopp 140 mimics the nucleolar channel system of human endometrium. J. Cell Sci. 2001, 114:4253-4264.
    • (2001) J. Cell Sci. , vol.114 , pp. 4253-4264
    • Isaac, C.1    Pollard, J.W.2    Meier, U.T.3
  • 75
    • 60149103783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pinopodes: a questionable role in endometrial receptivity
    • Quinn C.E., Casper R.F. Pinopodes: a questionable role in endometrial receptivity. Hum. Reprod. Update 2009, 15:229-236.
    • (2009) Hum. Reprod. Update , vol.15 , pp. 229-236
    • Quinn, C.E.1    Casper, R.F.2
  • 76
    • 0036713120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in gene expression during the early to mid-luteal (receptive phase) transition in human endometrium detected by high-density microarray screening
    • Carson D.D., Lagow E., Thathiah A., Al-Shami R., Farach-Carson M.C., Vernon M., Yuan L., Fritz M.A., Lessey B. Changes in gene expression during the early to mid-luteal (receptive phase) transition in human endometrium detected by high-density microarray screening. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 2002, 8:871-879.
    • (2002) Mol. Hum. Reprod. , vol.8 , pp. 871-879
    • Carson, D.D.1    Lagow, E.2    Thathiah, A.3    Al-Shami, R.4    Farach-Carson, M.C.5    Vernon, M.6    Yuan, L.7    Fritz, M.A.8    Lessey, B.9
  • 78
    • 25144444240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In search of candidate genes critically expressed in the human endometrium during the window of implantation
    • Mirkin S., Arslan M., Churikov D., Corica A., Diaz J.I., Williams S., Bocca S., Oehninger S. In search of candidate genes critically expressed in the human endometrium during the window of implantation. Hum. Reprod. 2005, 20:2104-2117.
    • (2005) Hum. Reprod. , vol.20 , pp. 2104-2117
    • Mirkin, S.1    Arslan, M.2    Churikov, D.3    Corica, A.4    Diaz, J.I.5    Williams, S.6    Bocca, S.7    Oehninger, S.8
  • 81
    • 70349451750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proteomic analysis of the human receptive versus non-receptive endometrium using differential in-gel electrophoresis and MALDI-MS unveils stathmin 1 and annexin A2 as differentially regulated
    • Dominguez F., Garrido-Gomez T., Lopez J.A., Camafeita E., Quinonero A., Pellicer A., Simon C. Proteomic analysis of the human receptive versus non-receptive endometrium using differential in-gel electrophoresis and MALDI-MS unveils stathmin 1 and annexin A2 as differentially regulated. Hum. Reprod. 2009, 24:2607-2617.
    • (2009) Hum. Reprod. , vol.24 , pp. 2607-2617
    • Dominguez, F.1    Garrido-Gomez, T.2    Lopez, J.A.3    Camafeita, E.4    Quinonero, A.5    Pellicer, A.6    Simon, C.7
  • 82
    • 66249088652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gene expression profile of human endometrial receptivity: comparison between natural and stimulated cycles for the same patients
    • Haouzi D., Assou S., Mahmoud K., Tondeur S., Reme T., Hedon B., De V.J., Hamamah S. Gene expression profile of human endometrial receptivity: comparison between natural and stimulated cycles for the same patients. Hum. Reprod. 2009, 24:1436-1445.
    • (2009) Hum. Reprod. , vol.24 , pp. 1436-1445
    • Haouzi, D.1    Assou, S.2    Mahmoud, K.3    Tondeur, S.4    Reme, T.5    Hedon, B.6    De, V.J.7    Hamamah, S.8
  • 84
    • 43949124486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of ovarian stimulation with recombinant FSH in combination with GnRH antagonist on the endometrial transcriptome in the window of implantation
    • Macklon N.S., van der Gaast M.H., Hamilton A., Fauser B.C., Giudice L.C. The impact of ovarian stimulation with recombinant FSH in combination with GnRH antagonist on the endometrial transcriptome in the window of implantation. Reprod. Sci. 2008, 15:357-365.
    • (2008) Reprod. Sci. , vol.15 , pp. 357-365
    • Macklon, N.S.1    van der Gaast, M.H.2    Hamilton, A.3    Fauser, B.C.4    Giudice, L.C.5
  • 85
    • 77953841126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for in vitro fertilization alters endometrial receptivity in humans: protocol effects
    • Haouzi D., Assou S., Dechanet C., Anahory T., Dechaud H., De V.J., Hamamah S. Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for in vitro fertilization alters endometrial receptivity in humans: protocol effects. Biol. Reprod. 2010, 82:679-686.
    • (2010) Biol. Reprod. , vol.82 , pp. 679-686
    • Haouzi, D.1    Assou, S.2    Dechanet, C.3    Anahory, T.4    Dechaud, H.5    De, V.J.6    Hamamah, S.7
  • 86
    • 84855357111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Insights into human endometrial receptivity from transcriptomic and proteomic data
    • Haouzi D., Dechaud H., Assou S., De V.J., Hamamah S. Insights into human endometrial receptivity from transcriptomic and proteomic data. Reprod. Biomed. Online 2012, 24:23-34.
    • (2012) Reprod. Biomed. Online , vol.24 , pp. 23-34
    • Haouzi, D.1    Dechaud, H.2    Assou, S.3    De, V.J.4    Hamamah, S.5
  • 87
    • 67651083497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • P53 tumor suppressor factor, plasminogen activator inhibitor, and vascular endothelial growth factor gene polymorphisms and recurrent implantation failure
    • Goodman C., Jeyendran R.S., Coulam C.B. P53 tumor suppressor factor, plasminogen activator inhibitor, and vascular endothelial growth factor gene polymorphisms and recurrent implantation failure. Fertil. Steril. 2009, 92:494-498.
    • (2009) Fertil. Steril. , vol.92 , pp. 494-498
    • Goodman, C.1    Jeyendran, R.S.2    Coulam, C.B.3
  • 92
    • 1942435249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Micromanagers of gene expression: the potentially widespread influence of metazoan microRNAs
    • Bartel D.P., Chen C.Z. Micromanagers of gene expression: the potentially widespread influence of metazoan microRNAs. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2004, 5:396-400.
    • (2004) Nat. Rev. Genet. , vol.5 , pp. 396-400
    • Bartel, D.P.1    Chen, C.Z.2
  • 94
    • 77953821972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genomic profiling of microRNAs and messenger RNAs reveals hormonal regulation in microRNA expression in human endometrium
    • Kuokkanen S., Chen B., Ojalvo L., Benard L., Santoro N., Pollard J.W. Genomic profiling of microRNAs and messenger RNAs reveals hormonal regulation in microRNA expression in human endometrium. Biol. Reprod. 2010, 82:791-801.
    • (2010) Biol. Reprod. , vol.82 , pp. 791-801
    • Kuokkanen, S.1    Chen, B.2    Ojalvo, L.3    Benard, L.4    Santoro, N.5    Pollard, J.W.6
  • 95
    • 80052906260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MicroRNAs are associated with human embryo implantation defects
    • Revel A., Achache H., Stevens J., Smith Y., Reich R. MicroRNAs are associated with human embryo implantation defects. Hum. Reprod. 2011, 26:2830-2840.
    • (2011) Hum. Reprod. , vol.26 , pp. 2830-2840
    • Revel, A.1    Achache, H.2    Stevens, J.3    Smith, Y.4    Reich, R.5
  • 96
    • 0036593372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytosolic phospholipase A2alpha is crucial [correction of A2alpha deficiency is crucial] for 'on-time' embryo implantation that directs subsequent development
    • Song H., Lim H., Paria B.C., Matsumoto H., Swift L.L., Morrow J., Bonventre J.V., Dey S.K. Cytosolic phospholipase A2alpha is crucial [correction of A2alpha deficiency is crucial] for 'on-time' embryo implantation that directs subsequent development. Development 2002, 129:2879-2889.
    • (2002) Development , vol.129 , pp. 2879-2889
    • Song, H.1    Lim, H.2    Paria, B.C.3    Matsumoto, H.4    Swift, L.L.5    Morrow, J.6    Bonventre, J.V.7    Dey, S.K.8
  • 98
    • 13944279135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxytocin-induced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis is regulated by progesterone via oxytocinase in Ishikawa cells
    • Kotani Y., Iwase A., Ando H., Mizutani S. Oxytocin-induced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis is regulated by progesterone via oxytocinase in Ishikawa cells. Horm. Metab. Res. 2005, 37:4-9.
    • (2005) Horm. Metab. Res. , vol.37 , pp. 4-9
    • Kotani, Y.1    Iwase, A.2    Ando, H.3    Mizutani, S.4
  • 99
    • 77956190790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defective endometrial prostaglandin synthesis identified in patients with repeated implantation failure undergoing in vitro fertilization
    • Achache H., Tsafrir A., Prus D., Reich R., Revel A. Defective endometrial prostaglandin synthesis identified in patients with repeated implantation failure undergoing in vitro fertilization. Fertil. Steril. 2010, 94:1271-1278.
    • (2010) Fertil. Steril. , vol.94 , pp. 1271-1278
    • Achache, H.1    Tsafrir, A.2    Prus, D.3    Reich, R.4    Revel, A.5
  • 100
    • 79851494207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of cyclooxygenase-2 signaling pathway dysfunction in unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion
    • Wang Y., Zhao A.M., Lin Q.D. Role of cyclooxygenase-2 signaling pathway dysfunction in unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion. Chin. Med. J. (Engl.) 2010, 123:1543-1547.
    • (2010) Chin. Med. J. (Engl.) , vol.123 , pp. 1543-1547
    • Wang, Y.1    Zhao, A.M.2    Lin, Q.D.3
  • 101
    • 0034740084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Osteopontin and its receptor alphavbeta(3) integrin are coexpressed in the human endometrium during the menstrual cycle but regulated differentially
    • Apparao K.B., Murray M.J., Fritz M.A., Meyer W.R., Chambers A.F., Truong P.R., Lessey B.A. Osteopontin and its receptor alphavbeta(3) integrin are coexpressed in the human endometrium during the menstrual cycle but regulated differentially. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2001, 86:4991-5000.
    • (2001) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. , vol.86 , pp. 4991-5000
    • Apparao, K.B.1    Murray, M.J.2    Fritz, M.A.3    Meyer, W.R.4    Chambers, A.F.5    Truong, P.R.6    Lessey, B.A.7
  • 102
    • 0027290604 scopus 로고
    • Beta-1 integrin cell adhesion molecules in the endometrium of fertile and infertile women
    • Klentzeris L.D., Bulmer J.N., Trejdosiewicz L.K., Morrison L., Cooke I.D. Beta-1 integrin cell adhesion molecules in the endometrium of fertile and infertile women. Hum. Reprod. 1993, 8:1223-1230.
    • (1993) Hum. Reprod. , vol.8 , pp. 1223-1230
    • Klentzeris, L.D.1    Bulmer, J.N.2    Trejdosiewicz, L.K.3    Morrison, L.4    Cooke, I.D.5
  • 103
    • 0028909186 scopus 로고
    • Integrins as markers of uterine receptivity in women with primary unexplained infertility
    • Lessey B.A., Castelbaum A.J., Sawin S.W., Sun J. Integrins as markers of uterine receptivity in women with primary unexplained infertility. Fertil. Steril. 1995, 63:535-542.
    • (1995) Fertil. Steril. , vol.63 , pp. 535-542
    • Lessey, B.A.1    Castelbaum, A.J.2    Sawin, S.W.3    Sun, J.4
  • 104
    • 0037277627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced expression of alphavbeta3 integrin in the endometrium of unexplained infertility patients with recurrent IVF-ET failures: improvement by danazol treatment
    • Tei C., Maruyama T., Kuji N., Miyazaki T., Mikami M., Yoshimura Y. Reduced expression of alphavbeta3 integrin in the endometrium of unexplained infertility patients with recurrent IVF-ET failures: improvement by danazol treatment. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 2003, 20:13-20.
    • (2003) J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. , vol.20 , pp. 13-20
    • Tei, C.1    Maruyama, T.2    Kuji, N.3    Miyazaki, T.4    Mikami, M.5    Yoshimura, Y.6
  • 105
    • 0036152007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elevated endometrial androgen receptor expression in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome
    • Apparao K.B., Lovely L.P., Gui Y., Lininger R.A., Lessey B.A. Elevated endometrial androgen receptor expression in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Biol. Reprod. 2002, 66:297-304.
    • (2002) Biol. Reprod. , vol.66 , pp. 297-304
    • Apparao, K.B.1    Lovely, L.P.2    Gui, Y.3    Lininger, R.A.4    Lessey, B.A.5
  • 106
    • 0042836909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endometrial integrin expression in women undergoing in vitro fertilization and the association with subsequent treatment outcome
    • Thomas K., Thomson A., Wood S., Kingsland C., Vince G., Lewis-Jones I. Endometrial integrin expression in women undergoing in vitro fertilization and the association with subsequent treatment outcome. Fertil. Steril. 2003, 80:502-507.
    • (2003) Fertil. Steril. , vol.80 , pp. 502-507
    • Thomas, K.1    Thomson, A.2    Wood, S.3    Kingsland, C.4    Vince, G.5    Lewis-Jones, I.6
  • 109
    • 0037449569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development. What makes an embryo stick?
    • Fazleabas A.T., Kim J.J. Development. What makes an embryo stick?. Science 2003, 299:355-356.
    • (2003) Science , vol.299 , pp. 355-356
    • Fazleabas, A.T.1    Kim, J.J.2
  • 110
    • 33750208498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endometrial receptivity markers, the journey to successful embryo implantation
    • Achache H., Revel A. Endometrial receptivity markers, the journey to successful embryo implantation. Hum. Reprod. Update 2006, 12:731-746.
    • (2006) Hum. Reprod. Update , vol.12 , pp. 731-746
    • Achache, H.1    Revel, A.2
  • 112
    • 0027943106 scopus 로고
    • Endometrial differentiation in the peri-implantation phase of women with recurrent miscarriage: a morphological and immunohistochemical study
    • Serle E., Aplin J.D., Li T.C., Warren M.A., Graham R.A., Seif M.W., Cooke I.D. Endometrial differentiation in the peri-implantation phase of women with recurrent miscarriage: a morphological and immunohistochemical study. Fertil. Steril. 1994, 62:989-996.
    • (1994) Fertil. Steril. , vol.62 , pp. 989-996
    • Serle, E.1    Aplin, J.D.2    Li, T.C.3    Warren, M.A.4    Graham, R.A.5    Seif, M.W.6    Cooke, I.D.7
  • 113
    • 0029927744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MUC1 as a cell surface and secretory component of endometrial epithelium: reduced levels in recurrent miscarriage
    • Aplin J.D., Hey N.A., Li T.C. MUC1 as a cell surface and secretory component of endometrial epithelium: reduced levels in recurrent miscarriage. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol. 1996, 35:261-266.
    • (1996) Am. J. Reprod. Immunol. , vol.35 , pp. 261-266
    • Aplin, J.D.1    Hey, N.A.2    Li, T.C.3
  • 114
    • 0028875772 scopus 로고
    • MUC1 in secretory phase endometrium: expression in precisely dated biopsies and flushings from normal and recurrent miscarriage patients
    • Hey N.A., Li T.C., Devine P.L., Graham R.A., Saravelos H., Aplin J.D. MUC1 in secretory phase endometrium: expression in precisely dated biopsies and flushings from normal and recurrent miscarriage patients. Hum. Reprod. 1995, 10:2655-2662.
    • (1995) Hum. Reprod. , vol.10 , pp. 2655-2662
    • Hey, N.A.1    Li, T.C.2    Devine, P.L.3    Graham, R.A.4    Saravelos, H.5    Aplin, J.D.6
  • 118
    • 79952522230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural killer cell-triggered vascular transformation: maternal care before birth?
    • Zhang J., Chen Z., Smith G.N., Croy B.A. Natural killer cell-triggered vascular transformation: maternal care before birth?. Cell. Mol. Immunol. 2011, 8:1-11.
    • (2011) Cell. Mol. Immunol. , vol.8 , pp. 1-11
    • Zhang, J.1    Chen, Z.2    Smith, G.N.3    Croy, B.A.4
  • 119
    • 0346365536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) gene mutations in women with unexplained infertility and recurrent failure of implantation after IVF and embryo transfer
    • Steck T., Giess R., Suetterlin M.W., Bolland M., Wiest S., Poehls U.G., Dietl J. Leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) gene mutations in women with unexplained infertility and recurrent failure of implantation after IVF and embryo transfer. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 2004, 112:69-73.
    • (2004) Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. , vol.112 , pp. 69-73
    • Steck, T.1    Giess, R.2    Suetterlin, M.W.3    Bolland, M.4    Wiest, S.5    Poehls, U.G.6    Dietl, J.7
  • 120
    • 0031976107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endometrial leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) as a possible cause of unexplained infertility and multiple failures of implantation
    • Hambartsoumian E. Endometrial leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) as a possible cause of unexplained infertility and multiple failures of implantation. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol. 1998, 39:137-143.
    • (1998) Am. J. Reprod. Immunol. , vol.39 , pp. 137-143
    • Hambartsoumian, E.1
  • 121
    • 84995853574 scopus 로고
    • Interleukin-1 system in the materno-trophoblast unit in human implantation: immunohistochemical evidence for autocrine/paracrine function
    • Simon C., Frances A., Piquette G., Hendrickson M., Milki A., Polan M.L. Interleukin-1 system in the materno-trophoblast unit in human implantation: immunohistochemical evidence for autocrine/paracrine function. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1994, 78:847-854.
    • (1994) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. , vol.78 , pp. 847-854
    • Simon, C.1    Frances, A.2    Piquette, G.3    Hendrickson, M.4    Milki, A.5    Polan, M.L.6
  • 124
    • 10444258106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression of interleukin-11 receptor alpha and interleukin-11 protein in the endometrium of normal fertile women and women with recurrent miscarriage
    • Linjawi S., Li T.C., Tuckerman E.M., Blakemore A.I., Laird S.M. Expression of interleukin-11 receptor alpha and interleukin-11 protein in the endometrium of normal fertile women and women with recurrent miscarriage. J. Reprod. Immunol. 2004, 64:145-155.
    • (2004) J. Reprod. Immunol. , vol.64 , pp. 145-155
    • Linjawi, S.1    Li, T.C.2    Tuckerman, E.M.3    Blakemore, A.I.4    Laird, S.M.5
  • 127
    • 80052261190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased endometrial placenta growth factor (PLGF) gene expression in women with successful implantation
    • Santi A., Felser R.S., Mueller M.D., Wunder D.M., McKinnon B., Bersinger N.A. Increased endometrial placenta growth factor (PLGF) gene expression in women with successful implantation. Fertil. Steril. 2011, 96:663-668.
    • (2011) Fertil. Steril. , vol.96 , pp. 663-668
    • Santi, A.1    Felser, R.S.2    Mueller, M.D.3    Wunder, D.M.4    McKinnon, B.5    Bersinger, N.A.6
  • 130
    • 78649854676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2D-DiGE analysis of the human endometrial secretome reveals differences between receptive and nonreceptive states in fertile and infertile women
    • Hannan N.J., Stephens A.N., Rainczuk A., Hincks C., Rombauts L.J., Salamonsen L.A. 2D-DiGE analysis of the human endometrial secretome reveals differences between receptive and nonreceptive states in fertile and infertile women. J. Proteome Res. 2010, 9:6256-6264.
    • (2010) J. Proteome Res. , vol.9 , pp. 6256-6264
    • Hannan, N.J.1    Stephens, A.N.2    Rainczuk, A.3    Hincks, C.4    Rombauts, L.J.5    Salamonsen, L.A.6
  • 131
    • 0037498022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Local injury to the endometrium doubles the incidence of successful pregnancies in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization
    • Barash A., Dekel N., Fieldust S., Segal I., Schechtman E., Granot I. Local injury to the endometrium doubles the incidence of successful pregnancies in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization. Fertil. Steril. 2003, 79:1317-1322.
    • (2003) Fertil. Steril. , vol.79 , pp. 1317-1322
    • Barash, A.1    Dekel, N.2    Fieldust, S.3    Segal, I.4    Schechtman, E.5    Granot, I.6
  • 132
    • 43449112359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Local injury to the endometrium in controlled ovarian hyperstimulation cycles improves implantation rates
    • Zhou L., Li R., Wang R., Huang H.X., Zhong K. Local injury to the endometrium in controlled ovarian hyperstimulation cycles improves implantation rates. Fertil. Steril. 2008, 89:1166-1176.
    • (2008) Fertil. Steril. , vol.89 , pp. 1166-1176
    • Zhou, L.1    Li, R.2    Wang, R.3    Huang, H.X.4    Zhong, K.5
  • 133
    • 73449139802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endometrial local injury improves the pregnancy rate among recurrent implantation failure patients undergoing in vitro fertilisation/intra cytoplasmic sperm injection: a randomised clinical trial
    • Karimzadeh M.A., Ayazi R.M., Tabibnejad N. Endometrial local injury improves the pregnancy rate among recurrent implantation failure patients undergoing in vitro fertilisation/intra cytoplasmic sperm injection: a randomised clinical trial. Aust. N. Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 2009, 49:677-680.
    • (2009) Aust. N. Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. , vol.49 , pp. 677-680
    • Karimzadeh, M.A.1    Ayazi, R.M.2    Tabibnejad, N.3
  • 134
    • 67650338292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Local injury to the endometrium: its effect on implantation
    • Li R., Hao G. Local injury to the endometrium: its effect on implantation. Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol. 2009, 21:236-239.
    • (2009) Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol. , vol.21 , pp. 236-239
    • Li, R.1    Hao, G.2
  • 136
    • 0035988473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recurrent miscarriage: a defect in nature's quality control?
    • Quenby S., Vince G., Farquharson R., Aplin J. Recurrent miscarriage: a defect in nature's quality control?. Hum. Reprod. 2002, 17:1959-1963.
    • (2002) Hum. Reprod. , vol.17 , pp. 1959-1963
    • Quenby, S.1    Vince, G.2    Farquharson, R.3    Aplin, J.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.