메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue 292 GTR, 2012, Pages 1-331

A comprehensive guide to fuel management practices for dry mixed conifer forests in the Northwestern United States

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONIFEROUS FOREST; FIRE MANAGEMENT; FOREST INVENTORY; FOREST MANAGEMENT; FUEL; LONGEVITY; MIXED FOREST; THINNING; TRADE-OFF;

EID: 84868115631     PISSN: 02775786     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (21)

References (393)
  • 1
    • 0033044519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating the effects of varying levels and patterns of green-tree retention: Experimental design of the DEMO study
    • online
    • Abry, Keith B.; Amaranthus, Michael P.; Halpern, Charles B.; White, James D.; Woodard, Brenda L.; Peterson, Charles E.; Lagoudakis, Cynthia A.; Horton, Alan J. 1999. Evaluating the effects of varying levels and patterns of green-tree retention: experimental design of the DEMO study. Northwest Science. 73(Special Issue): 12-26. online: www.treesearch/pubs/22392.
    • (1999) Northwest Science. , vol.73 , Issue.SPEC. ISSUE , pp. 12-26
    • Abry, K.B.1    Amaranthus, M.P.2    Halpern, C.B.3    White, J.D.4    Woodard, B.L.5    Peterson, C.E.6    Lagoudakis, C.A.7    Horton, A.J.8
  • 2
    • 34547426405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Productivity and cost of cut-to-length and whole-tree harvesting in a mixed-conifer stand
    • Adebayo, Adebola; Han, Han-Sup; Johnson, Leonard. 2007. Productivity and cost of cut-to-length and whole-tree harvesting in a mixed-conifer stand. Forest Products Journal. 57(6): 59-69.
    • (2007) Forest Products Journal. , vol.57 , Issue.6 , pp. 59-69
    • Adebayo, A.1    Han, H.-S.2    Johnson, L.3
  • 4
    • 0026314155 scopus 로고
    • Fire history along an elevational gradient in the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon
    • Agee, James K. 1991. Fire history along an elevational gradient in the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon. Northwest Science. 65(4): 188-199.
    • (1991) Northwest Science. , vol.65 , Issue.4 , pp. 188-199
    • Agee, J.K.1
  • 6
    • 0003397827 scopus 로고
    • Fire and weather disturbances in terrestrial ecosystems of the eastern Cascades
    • PNW-GTR-320. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research, Station, online
    • Agee, James K. 1994. Fire and weather disturbances in terrestrial ecosystems of the eastern Cascades. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-320. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 52 p. online: www.treesearch/pubs/6225.
    • (1994) Gen. Tech. Rep. , pp. 52
    • Agee, J.K.1
  • 7
    • 0002147512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fire in the Blue Mountains: A history, ecology, and research agenda
    • In: Jaindl, Raymond G.; Quigley, Thomas M., eds, Washington, DC: American Forests, Blue Mountains Natural Resources Institute
    • Agee, J. K. 1996a. Fire in the Blue Mountains: a history, ecology, and research agenda. In: Jaindl, Raymond G.; Quigley, Thomas M., eds. Search for a solution: sustaining the land, people, and economy of the Blue Mountains. Washington, DC: American Forests, Blue Mountains Natural Resources Institute: 119-145.
    • (1996) Search for a solution: Sustaining the land, people, and economy of the Blue Mountains , pp. 119-145
    • Agee, J.K.1
  • 8
    • 0002663733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of forest structure on fire behavior
    • 1996 January 16-18; Redding, CA. [Place of publication unknown]: [Publisher name unkown]
    • Agee, J. K. 1996b. The influence of forest structure on fire behavior. In: Proceedings: 17th annual forest vegetation management conference; 1996 January 16-18; Redding, CA. [Place of publication unknown]: [Publisher name unkown]: 52-68.
    • (1996) Proceedings: 17th annual forest vegetation management conference , pp. 52-68
    • Agee, J.K.1
  • 9
    • 1442265130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Historical range of variability in eastern Cascades forests, Washington, USA
    • Agee, James K. 2003. Historical range of variability in eastern Cascades forests, Washington, USA. Landscape Ecology. 18(8): 725-740.
    • (2003) Landscape Ecology. , vol.18 , Issue.8 , pp. 725-740
    • Agee, J.K.1
  • 11
    • 84862285603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dry forests of the Northeastern Cascades Fire and Fire Surrogate Project site, Mission Creek, Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest
    • comps, Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, online
    • Agee, James K.; Lehmkuhl, John F., comps. 2009. Dry forests of the Northeastern Cascades Fire and Fire Surrogate Project site, Mission Creek, Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest. Res. Pap. PNW-RP-577. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 158 p. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/31913.
    • (2009) Res. Pap. PNW-RP-577 , pp. 158
    • Agee, J.K.1    Lehmkuhl, J.F.2
  • 12
    • 19544392685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Basic principles of forest fuel reduction treatments
    • online
    • Agee, James K.; Skinner, Carl N. 2005. Basic principles of forest fuel reduction treatments. Forest Ecology and Management. 211(1-2): 83-96. online: www.treesearch/pubs/36541.
    • (2005) Forest Ecology and Management. , vol.211 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 83-96
    • Agee, J.K.1    Skinner, C.N.2
  • 13
    • 0037102665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Foliar moisture content of Pacific Northwest vegetation and its relation to wildland fire behavior
    • online
    • Agee, James K.; Wright, Clinton S.; Williamson, Nathan; Huff, Mark H. 2002. Foliar moisture content of Pacific Northwest vegetation and its relation to wildland fire behavior. Forest Ecology and Management. 167(1-3): 57-66. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/20082.
    • (2002) Forest Ecology and Management. , vol.167 , Issue.1-3 , pp. 57-66
    • Agee, J.K.1    Wright, C.S.2    Williamson, N.3    Huff, M.H.4
  • 14
    • 0003463557 scopus 로고
    • Estimating wildfire behavior and effects
    • INT-30. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, online
    • Albini, Frank A. 1976. Estimating wildfire behavior and effects. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-30. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 92 p. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/29574.
    • (1976) Gen. Tech. Rep. , pp. 92
    • Albini, F.A.1
  • 15
    • 0142218604 scopus 로고
    • Major habitat types, community types and plant communities in the Rocky Mountains
    • Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service
    • Alexander, Robert R. 1985. Major habitat types, community types and plant communities in the Rocky Mountains. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-GTR-271. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 105 p.
    • (1985) Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-GTR-271. , pp. 105
    • Alexander, R.R.1
  • 16
    • 0003472560 scopus 로고
    • Aids to determining fuel models for estimating fire behavior
    • INT-122. Ogden, Utah: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, online
    • Anderson, Hal E. 1982. Aids to determining fuel models for estimating fire behavior. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-122. Ogden, Utah: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 22 p. online: www.treesearch/pubs/6447.
    • (1982) Gen. Tech. Rep. , pp. 22
    • Anderson, H.E.1
  • 17
    • 0343711496 scopus 로고
    • The historical role of fire on the Bitterroot National Forest
    • Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station
    • Arno, Stephen F. 1976. The historical role of fire on the Bitterroot National Forest. Res. Pap. INT-187. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 29 p.
    • (1976) Res. Pap. INT-187. , pp. 29
    • Arno, S.F.1
  • 18
    • 0000554164 scopus 로고
    • Forest fire history in the northern Rockies
    • Arno, Stephen F. 1980. Forest fire history in the northern Rockies. Journal of Forestry. 78(8): 460-465.
    • (1980) Journal of Forestry. , vol.78 , Issue.8 , pp. 460-465
    • Arno, S.F.1
  • 19
    • 84878764217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecosystem-based management at lower elevations
    • In: Smith, Helen Y., ed, 1999 May 18-20; Missoula, MT. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-17. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Center: 17-18. online
    • Arno, Stephen F. 2000. Ecosystem-based management at lower elevations. In: Smith, Helen Y., ed. The Bitterroot Ecosystem Management Research Project: What we have learned: Symposium proceedings; 1999 May 18-20; Missoula, MT. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-17. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Center: 17-18. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed. us/pubs/21648.
    • (2000) The Bitterroot Ecosystem Management Research Project: What we have learned: Symposium proceedings
    • Arno, S.F.1
  • 21
    • 0942286094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mixed-severity fire regimes in the Northern Rocky Mountains: Consequences of fire exclusion and options for the future
    • In: Cole, David N.; Mc-Cool, Stephen F.; Borrie, William T.; O'loughlin, Jennifer, comps, Wilderness ecosystems, threats, and management; 1999 May 23-27; Missoula, MT. Proc. RMRS-P-15-Vol-5. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 225-232. online
    • Arno, Stephen F.; Parsons, David J.; Keane, Robert E. 2000. Mixed-severity fire regimes in the Northern Rocky Mountains: consequences of fire exclusion and options for the future. In: Cole, David N.; Mc-Cool, Stephen F.; Borrie, William T.; O'loughlin, Jennifer, comps. Wilderness science in a time of change conference-volume 5: Wilderness ecosystems, threats, and management; 1999 May 23-27; Missoula, MT. Proc. RMRS-P-15-Vol-5. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 225-232. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/21867.
    • (2000) Wilderness science in a time of change conference-volume , vol.5
    • Arno, S.F.1    Parsons, D.J.2    Keane, R.E.3
  • 22
    • 0004183462 scopus 로고
    • Age-class structure of old growth ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir stands and its relationship to fire history
    • Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station
    • Arno, Stephen F.; Scott, Joe H.; Hartwell, Michael G. 1995. Age-class structure of old growth ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir stands and its relationship to fire history. Res. Pap. INT-RP-481. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 25 p.
    • (1995) Res. Pap. INT-RP-481 , pp. 25
    • Arno, S.F.1    Scott, J.H.2    Hartwell, M.G.3
  • 23
    • 0004203613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Old growth ponderosa pine and western larch stand structures: Influences of pre-1900 fires and fire exclusion
    • Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station
    • Arno, Stephen F.; Smith, Helen Y.; Krebs, Michael A. 1997. Old growth ponderosa pine and western larch stand structures: influences of pre-1900 fires and fire exclusion. Res. Pap. INT-RP-495. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 20 p.
    • (1997) Res. Pap. INT-RP-495. , pp. 20
    • Arno, S.F.1    Smith, H.Y.2    Krebs, M.A.3
  • 24
    • 0028572834 scopus 로고
    • The disturbance of forest ecosystems: The ecological basis for conservative management
    • Attiwill, Peter M. 1994. The disturbance of forest ecosystems: the ecological basis for conservative management. Forest Ecology and Management. 63(2-3): 247-300.
    • (1994) Forest Ecology and Management. , vol.63 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 247-300
    • Attiwill, P.M.1
  • 25
    • 0003802524 scopus 로고
    • comp, 2nd ed. Misc. Publ. No. 1391. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service
    • Bailey, Robert G, comp. 1995. Description of the ecoregions of the United States. 2nd ed. Misc. Publ. No. 1391. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 108 p.
    • (1995) Description of the ecoregions of the United States , pp. 108
    • Bailey, R.G.1
  • 27
    • 45849120261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potential biomass and logs from fire-hazard reduction treatments in southwest Oregon and northern California
    • online
    • Barbour, R. James; Fried, Jeremy S.; Daugherty, Peter J.; Christensen, Glenn; Fight, Roger. 2008. Potential biomass and logs from fire-hazard reduction treatments in southwest Oregon and northern California. Forest Policy and Economics. 10(6): 400-407. online: www.treesearch/pubs/36830.
    • (2008) Forest Policy and Economics. , vol.10 , Issue.6 , pp. 400-407
    • Barbour, R.J.1    Fried, J.S.2    Daugherty, P.J.3    Christensen, G.4    Fight, R.5
  • 28
    • 0012719205 scopus 로고
    • Height growth and site index curves for managed, even-aged stands of ponderosa pine in the Pacific Northwest
    • Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, online
    • Barrett, James W. 1978. Height growth and site index curves for managed, even-aged stands of ponderosa pine in the Pacific Northwest. Res. Pap. PNW-RP-232. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 14 p. online: www.treesearch/pubs/37176.
    • (1978) Res. Pap. PNW-RP-232 , pp. 14
    • Barrett, J.W.1
  • 31
    • 77956988263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surface fuel loadings within mulching treatments in Colorado coniferous forests
    • online
    • Battaglia, Mike A.; Rocca, Monique E.; Rhoades, Charles C.; Ryan, Miguel G. 2010. Surface fuel loadings within mulching treatments in Colorado coniferous forests. Forest Ecology and Management. 260(9): 1557-1566. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/37453.
    • (2010) Forest Ecology and Management. , vol.260 , Issue.9 , pp. 1557-1566
    • Battaglia, M.A.1    Rocca, M.E.2    Rhoades, C.C.3    Ryan, M.G.4
  • 32
    • 36248938799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ponderosa pine, mixed conifer, and spruce-fir forests
    • In: Hood, Sharon M.; Miller, Melanie, eds, Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 7-37, online
    • Battaglia, Michael A.; Shepperd, Wayne D. 2007. Ponderosa pine, mixed conifer, and spruce-fir forests. In: Hood, Sharon M.; Miller, Melanie, eds. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-202. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 7-37. online: www. treesearch/pubs/28862.
    • (2007) Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-202.
    • Battaglia, M.A.1    Shepperd, W.D.2
  • 33
    • 55549139752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can prescribed fire be used to maintain fuel treatment effectiveness over time in Black Hills ponderosa pine forests
    • online
    • Battaglia, Mike A.; Smith, Frederick W.; Shepperd, Wayne D. 2008. Can prescribed fire be used to maintain fuel treatment effectiveness over time in Black Hills ponderosa pine forests? Forest Ecology and Management. 256(12): 2029-2038. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/31528.
    • (2008) Forest Ecology and Management. , vol.256 , Issue.12 , pp. 2029-2038
    • Battaglia, M.A.1    Smith, F.W.2    Shepperd, W.D.3
  • 34
    • 24944459669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Enhanced Forest Inventory and Analysis Program-national sampling design and estimation procedures
    • eds, Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, online
    • Bechtold, William A.; Patterson, Paul L., eds. 2005. The Enhanced Forest Inventory and Analysis Program-national sampling design and estimation procedures. Gen. Tech. Rep SRS-GTR-80. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 85 p. online: www. treesearch/pubs/20371.
    • (2005) Gen. Tech. Rep SRS-GTR-80 , pp. 85
    • Bechtold, W.A.1    Patterson, P.L.2
  • 35
    • 0030619518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of livestock grazing on stand dynamics and soils in upland forests of the Interior West
    • Belsky, Joy A.; Blumenthal, Dana M. 1997. Effects of livestock grazing on stand dynamics and soils in upland forests of the Interior West. Conservation Biology. 11(2): 315-327.
    • (1997) Conservation Biology. , vol.11 , Issue.2 , pp. 315-327
    • Belsky, J.A.1    Blumenthal, D.M.2
  • 36
    • 0013658480 scopus 로고
    • Silviculture of ponderosa pine in the Black Hills: The status of our knowledge
    • Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station
    • Boldt, Charles E.; Van Deusen, James L. 1974. Silviculture of ponderosa pine in the Black Hills: the status of our knowledge. Res. Pap. RM-RP-124. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 45 p.
    • (1974) Res. Pap. RM-RP-124. , pp. 45
    • Boldt, C.E.1    van Deusen, J.L.2
  • 37
    • 84868108488 scopus 로고
    • Chapter 8-Silvicultural examinations, prescriptions, and evaluations
    • Missoula, MT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service:
    • Bollenbacher, Barry L. 1995. Chapter 8-Silvicultural examinations, prescriptions, and evaluations. In: FSH 2409.17 Silvicultural practices handbook. Forest Service handbook. Missoula, MT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 19 p.
    • (1995) FSH 2409.17 Silvicultural practices handbook. Forest Service handbook , pp. 19
    • Bollenbacher, B.L.1
  • 44
    • 11044225480 scopus 로고
    • Fuel management: A prerequisite not an alternative to fire control
    • Brackebusch, Arthur P. 1973. Fuel management: a prerequisite not an alternative to fire control. Journal of Forestry. 71(10): 637-639.
    • (1973) Journal of Forestry. , vol.71 , Issue.10 , pp. 637-639
    • Brackebusch, A.P.1
  • 45
    • 0003771649 scopus 로고
    • Fire ecology of forests and woodlands in Utah
    • Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, online
    • Bradley, Anne F.; Noste, Nonan V.; Fischer, William C. 1992. Fire ecology of forests and woodlands in Utah. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-287. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 128 p. online: www.treesearch/pubs/25259.
    • (1992) Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-287 , pp. 128
    • Bradley, A.F.1    Noste, N.V.2    Fischer, W.C.3
  • 46
    • 0037188949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potential fire behavior in pine flatwood forests following three different fuel reduction techniques
    • online
    • Brose, Patrick.; Wade, Dale. 2002. Potential fire behavior in pine flatwood forests following three different fuel reduction techniques. Forest Ecology and Management. 163(1-3): 71-84. online: www.treesearch/ pubs/4443.
    • (2002) Forest Ecology and Management. , vol.163 , Issue.1-3 , pp. 71-84
    • Brose, P.1    Wade, D.2
  • 47
    • 3543073552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A winter precipitation 'dipole' in the western United States associated with multidecadal ENSO variability
    • Brown, David P.; Comrie, Andrew C. 2004. A winter precipitation 'dipole' in the western United States associated with multidecadal ENSO variability. In: Geophysical Research Letters. vol. 31. 4 p.
    • (2004) Geophysical Research Letters , vol.31 , pp. 4
    • Brown, D.P.1    Comrie, A.C.2
  • 48
    • 0003518157 scopus 로고
    • Handbook for inventorying downed woody material
    • Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, online
    • Brown, James K. 1974. Handbook for inventorying downed woody material. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-16. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 24 p. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/28647.
    • (1974) Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-16. , pp. 24
    • Brown, J.K.1
  • 49
    • 84971035106 scopus 로고
    • Predicting duff and woody fuel consumed by prescribed fire in the Northern Rocky Mountains
    • Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, online
    • Brown, James K.; Marsden, Michael A; Ryan, Kevin C; Reinhardt, Elizabeth D. 1985. Predicting duff and woody fuel consumed by prescribed fire in the Northern Rocky Mountains. Res. Pap. INT-RP-337. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 23 p. online: www.treesearch/pubs/32531.
    • (1985) Res. Pap. INT-RP-337 , pp. 23
    • Brown, J.K.1    Marsden, M.A.2    Ryan, K.C.3    Reinhardt, E.D.4
  • 50
    • 34247396588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coarse woody debris: Managing benefits and fire hazard in the recovering forest
    • Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, online
    • Brown, James K.; Reinhardt, Elizabeth D.; Kramer, Kylie A. 2003. Coarse woody debris: managing benefits and fire hazard in the recovering forest. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-105. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 16 p. online: www.treesearch. fs.fed.us/pubs/5585.
    • (2003) Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-105 , pp. 16
    • Brown, J.K.1    Reinhardt, E.D.2    Kramer, K.A.3
  • 51
    • 0003830054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wildland fire in ecosystems: Effects of fire on flora
    • eds, Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, online
    • Brown, James K; Smith, Jane Kapler, eds. 2000. Wildland fire in ecosystems: effects of fire on flora. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-42-volume 2. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 257 p. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/4554.
    • (2000) Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-42-volume 2 , pp. 257
    • Brown, J.K.1    Smith, J.K.2
  • 52
    • 84971054446 scopus 로고
    • Comparing the Prescribed Natural Fire Program with presettlement fires in the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness
    • Brown, James K.; Arno, Stephen F.; Barrett, Stephen W.; Menakis, James P. 1994. Comparing the Prescribed Natural Fire Program with presettlement fires in the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 4(3): 157-168.
    • (1994) International Journal of Wildland Fire. , vol.4 , Issue.3 , pp. 157-168
    • Brown, J.K.1    Arno, S.F.2    Barrett, S.W.3    Menakis, J.P.4
  • 54
    • 63249130339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fire and forest history at Mount Rushmore
    • Brown, Peter M.; Wienk, Cody L.; Symstad, Amy J. 2008. Fire and forest history at Mount Rushmore. Ecological Applications. 18(8): 1984-1999.
    • (2008) Ecological Applications. , vol.18 , Issue.8 , pp. 1984-1999
    • Brown, P.M.1    Wienk, C.L.2    Symstad, A.J.3
  • 55
    • 0034177334 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Historical surface fire frequency in ponderosa pine stands in research natural areas, Central Rocky Mountains and Black Hills, USA
    • Brown, Peter M.; Ryan, Michael G.; Andrews, Thomas G. 2000. Historical surface fire frequency in ponderosa pine stands in research natural areas, Central Rocky Mountains and Black Hills, USA. Natural Areas Journal. 20(2): 133-139.
    • (2000) Natural Areas Journal. , vol.20 , Issue.2 , pp. 133-139
    • Brown, P.M.1    Ryan, M.G.2    Andrews, T.G.3
  • 56
    • 0348207914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postglacial fire, vegetation, and climate history in the Clearwater Range, Northern Idaho, USA
    • Brunelle, Andrea; Whitlock, Cathy. 2003. Postglacial fire, vegetation, and climate history in the Clearwater Range, Northern Idaho, USA. Quaternary Research. 60(3): 307-318.
    • (2003) Quaternary Research. , vol.60 , Issue.3 , pp. 307-318
    • Brunelle, A.1    Whitlock, C.2
  • 57
    • 24944442475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Holocene fire and vegetation along environmental gradients in the Northern Rocky Mountains
    • Brunelle, Andrea; Whitlock, Cathy; Bartlein, Patrick; Kipfmueller, Kurt. 2005. Holocene fire and vegetation along environmental gradients in the Northern Rocky Mountains. Quaternary Science Reviews. 24(20-21): 2281-2300.
    • (2005) Quaternary Science Reviews. , vol.24 , Issue.20-21 , pp. 2281-2300
    • Brunelle, A.1    Whitlock, C.2    Bartlein, P.3    Kipfmueller, K.4
  • 58
    • 4243157859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trees and logs important to wildlife in the Interior Columbia River Basin
    • Portland, OR: U. S Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, online
    • Bull, Evelyn L.; Parks, Catherine G.; Torgersen, Torolf R. 1997. Trees and logs important to wildlife in the Interior Columbia River Basin. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-391. Portland, OR: U. S Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 55 p. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed. us/pubs/3051.
    • (1997) Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-391 , pp. 55
    • Bull, E.L.1    Parks, C.G.2    Torgersen, T.R.3
  • 59
    • 0041784727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing the restoration potential of altered rangeland ecosystems in the Interior Columbia Basin
    • Bunting, Stephen C.; Kingery, James L.; Schroeder, Michael A. 2003. Assessing the restoration potential of altered rangeland ecosystems in the Interior Columbia Basin. Ecological Restoration. 21(2): 77-86.
    • (2003) Ecological Restoration. , vol.21 , Issue.2 , pp. 77-86
    • Bunting, S.C.1    Kingery, J.L.2    Schroeder, M.A.3
  • 60
    • 0011201509 scopus 로고
    • tech. comp, Agric. Handb. 445. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, online
    • Burns, Russell M., tech. comp. 1983. Silvicultural systems for the major forest types of the United States. Agric. Handb. 445. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 191 p. online: www.treesearch/pubs/32974.
    • (1983) Silvicultural systems for the major forest types of the United States , pp. 191
    • Burns, R.M.1
  • 61
    • 0004177561 scopus 로고
    • Agric. Handb. 654. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, tech. coords, online
    • Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H., tech. coords. 1990a. Silvics of North America: Volume 1-Conifers. Agric. Handb. 654. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 675 p. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/1547.
    • (1990) Silvics of North America: Volume 1-Conifers , pp. 675
    • Burns, R.M.1    Honkala, B.H.2
  • 62
    • 0004177561 scopus 로고
    • tech. coords, Agric. Handb. 654. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, online
    • Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H., tech. coords. 1990b. Silvics of North America: Volume 2-Hardwoods. Agric. Handb. 654. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 876 p. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/1548.
    • (1990) Silvics of North America: Volume 2-Hardwoods , pp. 876
    • Burns, R.M.1    Honkala, B.H.2
  • 63
    • 84963749544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Animal behavior principles and practices
    • In: Launchbaugh, Karen, ed, Centennial, CO: American Sheep Industry Association, A. Peischel and D.D. Henry Jr
    • Burritt, Elizabeth; Frost, Rachel. 2006. Animal behavior principles and practices. In: Launchbaugh, Karen, ed. Targeted grazing: a natural approach to vegetation management and landscape enhancement. Centennial, CO: American Sheep Industry Association, A. Peischel and D.D. Henry Jr: 10-21.
    • (2006) Targeted grazing: A natural approach to vegetation management and landscape enhancement , pp. 10-21
    • Burritt, E.1    Frost, R.2
  • 65
    • 77956834886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soil physical properties regulate lethal heating during burning of woody residues
    • online
    • Busse, Matt D.; Shestak, Carol J.; Hubbert, Ken R.; Knapp, Eric E. 2010. Soil physical properties regulate lethal heating during burning of woody residues. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 74(3): 947-955. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/36558.
    • (2010) Soil Science Society of America Journal. , vol.74 , Issue.3 , pp. 947-955
    • Busse, M.D.1    Shestak, C.J.2    Hubbert, K.R.3    Knapp, E.E.4
  • 66
    • 0010242853 scopus 로고
    • Scaling laws for modeling mass fires
    • Byram, G.M. 1966. Scaling laws for modeling mass fires. Pyrodynamics. 4: 271-284.
    • (1966) Pyrodynamics. , vol.4 , pp. 271-284
    • Byram, G.M.1
  • 68
    • 41249090725 scopus 로고
    • Fuelbed changes with aging of slash from ponderosa pine thinnings
    • Carlton, Donald W.; Pickford, Stewart G. 1982. Fuelbed changes with aging of slash from ponderosa pine thinnings. Journal of Forestry. 80(2): 91-93, 107.
    • (1982) Journal of Forestry. , vol.80 , Issue.2
    • Carlton, D.W.1    Pickford, S.G.2
  • 69
    • 0032750612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Landscape management using historical fire regimes: Blue River, Oregon
    • online
    • Cissel, John H.; Swanson, Frederick J.; Weisberg, Peter J. 1999. Landscape management using historical fire regimes: Blue River, Oregon. Ecological Applications. 9(4): 1217-1231. online: www.treesearch/ pubs/2843.
    • (1999) Ecological Applications. , vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp. 1217-1231
    • Cissel, J.H.1    Swanson, F.J.2    Weisberg, P.J.3
  • 70
    • 33745652317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional relationships between climate and wildfire-burned area in the Interior West, USA
    • online
    • Collins, Brandon M.; Omi, Philip N.; Chapman, Phillip L. 2006. Regional relationships between climate and wildfire-burned area in the Interior West, USA. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 36(3): 699-709. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/29040.
    • (2006) Canadian Journal of Forest Research. , vol.36 , Issue.3 , pp. 699-709
    • Collins, B.M.1    Omi, P.N.2    Chapman, P.L.3
  • 71
    • 77953534812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stand-replacing patches within a 'mixed severity' fire regime: Quantitative characterization using recent fires in a long-established natural fire area
    • online
    • Collins, Brandon M.; Stephens, Scott L. 2010. Stand-replacing patches within a 'mixed severity' fire regime: quantitative characterization using recent fires in a long-established natural fire area. Landscape Ecology. 25(6): 927-939. online: www.treesearch/pubs/36892.
    • (2010) Landscape Ecology. , vol.25 , Issue.6 , pp. 927-939
    • Collins, B.M.1    Stephens, S.L.2
  • 72
    • 78650490581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Highly episodic fire and erosion regime over the past 2,000 y in the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon
    • Colombaroli, Daniele; Gavin, Daniel G. 2010. Highly episodic fire and erosion regime over the past 2,000 y in the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107(44): 18909-18914.
    • (2010) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. , vol.107 , Issue.44 , pp. 18909-18914
    • Colombaroli, D.1    Gavin, D.G.2
  • 73
    • 85040901203 scopus 로고
    • Forest habitat types of northern Idaho: A second approximation
    • Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, online
    • Cooper, Stephen V.; Neiman, Kenneth E.; Roberts, David W. 1991. Forest habitat types of northern Idaho: a second approximation. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-236. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 143 p. online: www.treesearch/pubs/24623.
    • (1991) Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-236 , pp. 143
    • Cooper, S.V.1    Neiman, K.E.2    Roberts, D.W.3
  • 74
    • 0000608262 scopus 로고
    • A comparative study of grazed and ungrazed canyons of the Wasatch Range, Utah
    • Cottam, Walter P.; Evans, Frederick R. 1945. A comparative study of grazed and ungrazed canyons of the Wasatch Range, Utah. Ecology. 26(2): 171-181.
    • (1945) Ecology. , vol.26 , Issue.2 , pp. 171-181
    • Cottam, W.P.1    Evans, F.R.2
  • 76
    • 77954113551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing crown fire potential in coniferous forests of western North America: A critique of current approaches and recent simulation studies
    • Cruz, Miguel G.; Alexander, Martin E. 2010. Assessing crown fire potential in coniferous forests of western North America: a critique of current approaches and recent simulation studies. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 19(4): 337-398.
    • (2010) International Journal of Wildland Fire. , vol.19 , Issue.4 , pp. 337-398
    • Cruz, M.G.1    Alexander, M.E.2
  • 77
    • 0023470282 scopus 로고
    • Fire and the forest history of the North Cascade Range
    • Cwynar, Les C. 1987. Fire and the forest history of the North Cascade Range. Ecology. 68(4): 791-802.
    • (1987) Ecology. , vol.68 , Issue.4 , pp. 791-802
    • Cwynar, L.C.1
  • 78
    • 0000508727 scopus 로고
    • Vegetation: Identification of typal communities
    • Daubenmire, R. 1966. Vegetation: identification of typal communities. Science. 151(3708): 291-298.
    • (1966) Science. , vol.151 , Issue.3708 , pp. 291-298
    • Daubenmire, R.1
  • 79
    • 0019148291 scopus 로고
    • Mountain topography and vegetation patterns
    • Daubenmire, Rexford. 1980. Mountain topography and vegetation patterns. Northwest Science. 54(2): 146-152.
    • (1980) Northwest Science. , vol.54 , Issue.2 , pp. 146-152
    • Daubenmire, R.1
  • 80
    • 0003375902 scopus 로고
    • Plant succession due to overgrazing in the Agropyron bunchgrass prairie of southeastern Washington
    • Daubenmire, Rexford F. 1940. Plant succession due to overgrazing in the Agropyron bunchgrass prairie of southeastern Washington. Ecology. 21(1): 55-64.
    • (1940) Ecology. , vol.21 , Issue.1 , pp. 55-64
    • Daubenmire, R.F.1
  • 81
    • 38149064001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Jointly optimizing selection of fuel treatments and siting of forest biomass-based energy production facilities for landscape-scale fire hazard reduction
    • online
    • Daugherty, Peter J.; Fried, Jeremy S. 2007. Jointly optimizing selection of fuel treatments and siting of forest biomass-based energy production facilities for landscape-scale fire hazard reduction. Information Systems and Operational Research. 45(1): 353-372. online: www.treesearch/pubs/29479.
    • (2007) Information Systems and Operational Research. , vol.45 , Issue.1 , pp. 353-372
    • Daugherty, P.J.1    Fried, J.S.2
  • 82
    • 0026292723 scopus 로고
    • The effects of fire on soil properties
    • In: Harvey, Alan E.; Neuenschwander, Leon F., comps, 1990 April 10-12; Boise, ID. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-280. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station
    • DeBano, Leonard F. 1991. The effects of fire on soil properties. In: Harvey, Alan E.; Neuenschwander, Leon F., comps. Proceedings-Management and productivity of western-montane forest soils; 1990 April 10-12; Boise, ID. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-280. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 151-156.
    • (1991) Proceedings-Management and productivity of western-montane forest soils , pp. 151-156
    • DeBano, L.F.1
  • 85
    • 72149083006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of targeted cattle grazing on fire behavior of cheatgrass-dominated rangeland in the northern Great Basin, USA
    • Diamond, Joel M.; Call, Christopher A.; Devoe, Nora. 2009. Effects of targeted cattle grazing on fire behavior of cheatgrass-dominated rangeland in the northern Great Basin, USA. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 18(8): 944-950.
    • (2009) International Journal of Wildland Fire. , vol.18 , Issue.8 , pp. 944-950
    • Diamond, J.M.1    Call, C.A.2    Devoe, N.3
  • 86
    • 84969438943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Both topography and climate affected forest and woodland burn severity in two regions of the western US, 1984 to 2006
    • online
    • Dillion, Gregory K.; Holden, Zachary A.; Morgan, Penelope; Crimmins, Michael A.; Heyerdahl, Emily K.; Luce, Charles H. 2011. Both topography and climate affected forest and woodland burn severity in two regions of the western US, 1984 to 2006. Ecosphere. 2(12): 1-33. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed. us/pubs/39784.
    • (2011) Ecosphere. , vol.2 , Issue.12 , pp. 1-33
    • Dillion, G.K.1    Holden, Z.A.2    Morgan, P.3    Crimmins, M.A.4    Heyerdahl, E.K.5    Luce, C.H.6
  • 87
    • 14644440762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Management Service Center
    • Dixon, Gary E. 2002. Essential FVS: a user's guide to the Forest Vegetation Simulator. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Management Service Center. 244 p.
    • (2002) Essential FVS: A user's guide to the Forest Vegetation Simulator , pp. 244
    • Dixon, G.E.1
  • 88
    • 84868122874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecosystem Research Group, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Beaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest, Rocky Mountain Research Station
    • Ecosystem Research Group. 2010. Beaverhead-Deerlodge rapid assessment. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Beaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 229 p.
    • (2010) Beaverhead-Deerlodge rapid assessment , pp. 229
  • 90
    • 0027830268 scopus 로고
    • Patterns in decomposition rates among photosynthetic organisms: The importance of detritus C:N:P content
    • Enríquez, S.; Duarte, C. M.; Sand-Jensen, K. 1993. Patterns in decomposition rates among photosynthetic organisms: the importance of detritus C:N:P content. Oecologia. 94(4): 457-471.
    • (1993) Oecologia. , vol.94 , Issue.4 , pp. 457-471
    • Enríquez, S.1    Duarte, C.M.2    Sand-Jensen, K.3
  • 91
    • 0342748194 scopus 로고
    • Emphasis areas as an alternative to buffer zones and reserved areas in the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem processes
    • Everett, Richard L.; Hessburg, Paul F.; Lillybridge, Terry R. 1994. Emphasis areas as an alternative to buffer zones and reserved areas in the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem processes. Journal of Sustainable Forestry. 2(3-4): 283-292.
    • (1994) Journal of Sustainable Forestry. , vol.2 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 283-292
    • Everett, R.L.1    Hessburg, P.F.2    Lillybridge, T.R.3
  • 92
    • 0034678568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fire history in the ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir forests on the east slope of the Washington Cascades
    • online
    • Everett, Richard L.; Schellhaas, Richard; Keenum, Dave; Spurbeck, Don; Ohlson, Pete. 2000. Fire history in the ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir forests on the east slope of the Washington Cascades. Forest Ecology and Management. 129(1-3): 207-225. online: www.treesearch/pubs/2847.
    • (2000) Forest Ecology and Management. , vol.129 , Issue.1-3 , pp. 207-225
    • Everett, R.L.1    Schellhaas, R.2    Keenum, D.3    Spurbeck, D.4    Ohlson, P.5
  • 94
    • 84878757798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FEIS, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Available, [2012, June]
    • FEIS. 2012. Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2012, June].
    • (2012) Fire Effects Information System
  • 95
    • 72649086229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Examining fuel treatment longevity through experimental and simulated surface fire behaviour: A maritime pine case study
    • Fernandes, Paulo M. 2009. Examining fuel treatment longevity through experimental and simulated surface fire behaviour: a maritime pine case study. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 39(12): 2529-2535.
    • (2009) Canadian Journal of Forest Research. , vol.39 , Issue.12 , pp. 2529-2535
    • Fernandes, P.M.1
  • 96
    • 0042706238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of prescribed burning effectiveness in fire hazard reduction
    • Fernandes, Paulo M.; Botelho, Hermínio S. 2003. A review of prescribed burning effectiveness in fire hazard reduction. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 12(2): 117-128.
    • (2003) International Journal of Wildland Fire. , vol.12 , Issue.2 , pp. 117-128
    • Fernandes, P.M.1    Botelho, H.S.2
  • 97
    • 33845946992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effectiveness of vegetation management practices for prevention and control of bark beetle infestations in coniferous forests of the western and southern United States
    • online
    • Fettig, Christopher J.; Klepzig, Kier D.; Billings, Ronald F.; Munson, A. Steven; Nebeker, T. Evan; Negrón, José F.; Nowak, John T. 2007. The effectiveness of vegetation management practices for prevention and control of bark beetle infestations in coniferous forests of the western and southern United States. Forest Ecology and Management. 238(1-3): 24-53. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/25555.
    • (2007) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.238 , Issue.1-3 , pp. 24-53
    • Fettig, C.J.1    Klepzig, K.D.2    Billings, R.F.3    Munson, A.S.4    Nebeker, T.E.5    Negrón, J.F.6    Nowak, J.T.7
  • 98
    • 84868139200 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FIA, [Online]. Available, [2012, July]
    • FIA. 2012. Forest Inventory and Analysis National Program, [Online]. Available: http://www.fia.fs.fed. us/regional-offices/ [2012, July].
    • (2012) Forest Inventory and Analysis National Program
  • 99
    • 19544362525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fire hazard and potential treatment effectiveness: A statewide assessment in Montana
    • online
    • Fiedler, Carl E.; Keegan, Charles E.; Morgan, Todd A.; Woodall, Christopher W. 2003. Fire hazard and potential treatment effectiveness: a statewide assessment in Montana. Journal of Forestry. 101(2): 7. online: www.treesearch/pubs/11827.
    • (2003) Journal of Forestry. , vol.101 , Issue.2 , pp. 7
    • Fiedler, C.E.1    Keegan, C.E.2    Morgan, T.A.3    Woodall, C.W.4
  • 100
    • 33646257793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Users guide for FRCS: Fuel reduction cost simulator software
    • Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, online
    • Fight, Roger D.; Hartsough, Bruce R.; Noordijk, Peter. 2006. Users guide for FRCS: fuel reduction cost simulator software. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-668. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 23 p. online: www.treesearch/pubs/21806.
    • (2006) Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-668 , pp. 23
    • Fight, R.D.1    Hartsough, B.R.2    Noordijk, P.3
  • 101
    • 0035041355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Design of regular landscape fuel treatment patterns for modifying fire growth and behavior
    • Finney, Mark A. 2001. Design of regular landscape fuel treatment patterns for modifying fire growth and behavior. Forest Science. 47(2): 219-228.
    • (2001) Forest Science. , vol.47 , Issue.2 , pp. 219-228
    • Finney, M.A.1
  • 102
    • 0043207328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Calculation of fire spread rates across random landscapes
    • Finney, Mark A. 2003. Calculation of fire spread rates across random landscapes. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 12(2): 167-174.
    • (2003) International Journal of Wildland Fire. , vol.12 , Issue.2 , pp. 167-174
    • Finney, M.A.1
  • 103
    • 34247495596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fire behavior, fuel treatments, and fire suppression on the Hayman Fire
    • [and others], In: Graham, Russell T., tech. ed, Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 33-180. online
    • Finney, Mark A.; Bartlette, Roberta; Bradshaw, Larry; [and others]. 2003. Fire behavior, fuel treatments, and fire suppression on the Hayman Fire. In: Graham, Russell T., tech. ed. Hayman Fire case study. Gen. Tech. Rep RMRS-GTR-114. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 33-180. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/28714.
    • (2003) Hayman Fire case study. Gen. Tech. Rep RMRS-GTR-114.
    • Finney, M.A.1    Bartlette, R.2    Bradshaw, L.3
  • 104
    • 77954239671 scopus 로고
    • Fire resistance of northern Rocky Mountain conifer
    • Flint, Howard R. 1925. Fire resistance of northern Rocky Mountain conifer. Idaho Forester. 7: 7-10, 41-43.
    • (1925) Idaho Forester. , vol.7
    • Flint, H.R.1
  • 106
    • 0000182429 scopus 로고
    • The influence of moisture and mineral soil on the combustion limits of smoldering forest duff
    • Frandsen, William H. 1987. The influence of moisture and mineral soil on the combustion limits of smoldering forest duff. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 17(12): 1540-1544.
    • (1987) Canadian Journal of Forest Research. , vol.17 , Issue.12 , pp. 1540-1544
    • Frandsen, W.H.1
  • 107
    • 0001182007 scopus 로고
    • Burning rate of smoldering peat
    • Frandsen, William H. 1991. Burning rate of smoldering peat. Northwest Science. 65(4): 166-172.
    • (1991) Northwest Science. , vol.65 , Issue.4 , pp. 166-172
    • Frandsen, W.H.1
  • 108
    • 0022839529 scopus 로고
    • Soil moisture reduces belowground heat flux and soil temperatures under a burning fuel pile
    • Frandsen, William H.; Ryan, Kevin C. 1986. Soil moisture reduces belowground heat flux and soil temperatures under a burning fuel pile. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 16(2): 244-248.
    • (1986) Canadian Journal of Forest Research. , vol.16 , Issue.2 , pp. 244-248
    • Frandsen, W.H.1    Ryan, K.C.2
  • 109
    • 11144240415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FIA BioSum: Applying a multi-scale evaluation tool in southwest Oregon
    • online
    • Fried, Jeremy S.; Barbour, R. Jamie; Fight, R. 2003. FIA BioSum: applying a multi-scale evaluation tool in southwest Oregon. Journal of Forestry. 101(2): 1-8. online: www.treesearch/pubs/11828.
    • (2003) Journal of Forestry. , vol.101 , Issue.2 , pp. 1-8
    • Fried, J.S.1    Barbour, R.J.2    Fight, R.3
  • 110
    • 38149019446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FIA BioSum: A tool to evaluate financial costs, opportunities, and effectiveness of fuel treatments
    • online
    • Fried, Jeremy S.; Christensen, Glenn. 2004. FIA BioSum: a tool to evaluate financial costs, opportunities, and effectiveness of fuel treatments. Western Forester. 49(5): 12-13. online: www.treesearch/pubs/20341.
    • (2004) Western Forester. , vol.49 , Issue.5 , pp. 12-13
    • Fried, J.S.1    Christensen, G.2
  • 111
    • 31544479544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling opportunities and feasibility of siting wood-fired electrical generating facilities to facilitate landscape-scale fuel treatment with FIA BioSum
    • In: Bevers, Michael; Barrett, Tara M., comps, 2003 October 7-9; Stevenson, WA. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-656. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station: 195-205. online
    • Fried, Jeremy S.; Christensen, Glenn; Weyermann, Dale; Barbour, R. Jamie; Fight, Roger; Hiserote, Bruce; Pinjuv, Guy. 2005. Modeling opportunities and feasibility of siting wood-fired electrical generating facilities to facilitate landscape-scale fuel treatment with FIA BioSum. In: Bevers, Michael; Barrett, Tara M., comps. Systems analysis in forest resources: Proceedings of the 2003 symposium; 2003 October 7-9; Stevenson, WA. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-656. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station: 195-205. online: www.treesearch/pubs/24574.
    • (2005) Systems analysis in forest resources: Proceedings of the 2003 symposium
    • Fried, J.S.1    Christensen, G.2    Weyermann, D.3    Barbour, R.J.4    Fight, R.5    Hiserote, B.6    Pinjuv, G.7
  • 112
    • 84856448904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do thinning and/or burning treatments in western USA ponderosa or Jeffrey pine-dominated forests help restore natural fire behavior
    • Fulé, Peter Z.; Crouse, Joseph E.; Roccaforte, John Paul; Kalies, Elizabeth L. 2012. Do thinning and/or burning treatments in western USA ponderosa or Jeffrey pine-dominated forests help restore natural fire behavior? Forest Ecology and Management. 269: 68-81.
    • (2012) Forest Ecology and Management. , vol.269 , pp. 68-81
    • Fulé, P.Z.1    Crouse, J.E.2    Roccaforte, J.P.3    Kalies, E.L.4
  • 113
    • 84878760343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of the ecological effects of herbicide and prescribed fire in a mature longleaf pine forest: Response of juvenile and overstory pine
    • In: Conner, Kristina F., ed., 2003 February 24-28; Biloxi, MS. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-GTR-71. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station: 304-308. online
    • Gagnon, Jennifer L.; Jack, Steven B. 2004. A comparison of the ecological effects of herbicide and prescribed fire in a mature longleaf pine forest: response of juvenile and overstory pine. In: Conner, Kristina F., ed. Proceedings of the 12th biennial southern silvicultural research conference; 2003 February 24-28; Biloxi, MS. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-GTR-71. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station: 304-308. online: www.treesearch/pubs/6677.
    • (2004) Proceedings of the 12th biennial southern silvicultural research conference
    • Gagnon, J.L.1    Jack, S.B.2
  • 114
    • 79959565196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influences of moisture content, mineral content, and bulk density on smouldering combustion of ponderosa pine duff mounds
    • Garlough, Emily C.; Keyes, Christopher R. 2011. Influences of moisture content, mineral content, and bulk density on smouldering combustion of ponderosa pine duff mounds. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 20(4): 589-596.
    • (2011) International Journal of Wildland Fire. , vol.20 , Issue.4 , pp. 589-596
    • Garlough, E.C.1    Keyes, C.R.2
  • 115
    • 33746131006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fuels and fire behavior in chipped and unchipped plots: Implications for land management near the wildland/ urban interface
    • online
    • Glitzenstein, Jeff S.; Streng, Donna R.; Achtemeier, Gary L.; Naeher, Luke P.; Wade, Dale D. 2006. Fuels and fire behavior in chipped and unchipped plots: implications for land management near the wildland/ urban interface. Forest Ecology and Management. 236(1): 18-29. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/ pubs/29279.
    • (2006) Forest Ecology and Management. , vol.236 , Issue.1 , pp. 18-29
    • Glitzenstein, J.S.1    Streng, D.R.2    Achtemeier, G.L.3    Naeher, L.P.4    Wade, D.D.5
  • 116
    • 84866493685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Associate Professor, University of Montana, Department of Forestry Management, Missoula, MT
    • Goodburn, J.M. 2012. Personal communication. Associate Professor, University of Montana, Department of Forestry Management, Missoula, MT.
    • (2012) Personal communication
    • Goodburn, J.M.1
  • 118
    • 3242702540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hayman Fire case study
    • tech. ed, Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, online
    • Graham, Russell T., tech. ed. 2003. Hayman Fire case study. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-114. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 396 p. online: www.treesearch/pubs/5588.
    • (2003) Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-114 , pp. 396
    • Graham, R.T.1
  • 119
    • 2442682068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of thinning and similar stand treatments on fire behavior in western forests
    • Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, online
    • Graham, Russell T.; Harvey, Alan E.; Jain, Theresa B.; Tonn, Jonalea R. 1999. The effects of thinning and similar stand treatments on fire behavior in western forests. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-463. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 27 p. online: www.treesearch/pubs/2979.
    • (1999) Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-463 , pp. 27
    • Graham, R.T.1    Harvey, A.E.2    Jain, T.B.3    Tonn, J.R.4
  • 120
    • 15944406856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Application of free selection in mixed forests of the inland northwestern United States
    • Graham, Russell T.; Jain, Theresa B. 2005. Application of free selection in mixed forests of the inland northwestern United States. Forest Ecology and Management. 209(1-2): 131-145.
    • (2005) Forest Ecology and Management. , vol.209 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 131-145
    • Graham, R.T.1    Jain, T.B.2
  • 121
    • 68049094992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fuel treatments, fire suppression, and their interaction with wildfire and its effects: The Warm Lake experience during the Cascade Complex of wildfires in central Idaho, 2007
    • Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, online
    • Graham, Russell T.; Jain, Theresa B.; Loseke, Mark. 2009. Fuel treatments, fire suppression, and their interaction with wildfire and its effects: the Warm Lake experience during the Cascade Complex of wildfires in central Idaho, 2007. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-229. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 36 p. online: www.treesearch/pubs/33178.
    • (2009) Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-229 , pp. 36
    • Graham, R.T.1    Jain, T.B.2    Loseke, M.3
  • 122
    • 12944320366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Science basis for changing forest structure to modify wildfire behavior and severity
    • tech. eds, Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, online
    • Graham, Russell T.; McCaffrey, Sarah; Jain, Theresa B., tech. eds. 2004. Science basis for changing forest structure to modify wildfire behavior and severity. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-120. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 43 p. online: www.treesearch/pubs/6279.
    • (2004) Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-120 , pp. 43
    • Graham, R.T.1    McCaffrey, S.2    Jain, T.B.3
  • 123
    • 0003574630 scopus 로고
    • Managing coarse woody debris in forests of the Rocky Mountains
    • Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, online
    • Graham, Russell T.; Harvey, Alan E.; Jurgensen, Martin F.; Jain Theresa B.; Tonn, Jonalea R.; Page-Dumroese, Deborah S. 1994. Managing coarse woody debris in forests of the Rocky Mountains. Res. Pap. INT-RP-477. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 13 p. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/24829.
    • (1994) Res. Pap. INT-RP-477 , pp. 13
    • Graham, R.T.1    Harvey, A.E.2    Jurgensen, M.F.3    Jain Theresa, B.4    Tonn, J.R.5    Page-Dumroese, D.S.6
  • 124
    • 77955012262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Free selection: A silvicultural option
    • In: Powers, Robert F., ed, 2005 June 6-10; Tahoe City, CA. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-203. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 121-156. online
    • Graham, Russell T.; Jain, Theresa B.; Sandquist, Jonathan. 2007. Free selection: a silvicultural option. In: Powers, Robert F., ed. Restoring fire-adapted ecosystems: Proceedings of the 2005 national silviculture workshop; 2005 June 6-10; Tahoe City, CA. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-203. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 121-156. online: www. treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/25897.
    • (2007) Restoring fire-adapted ecosystems: Proceedings of the 2005 national silviculture workshop
    • Graham, R.T.1    Jain, T.B.2    Sandquist, J.3
  • 125
    • 84973847624 scopus 로고
    • Conditions facilitating inter-organizational collaboration
    • Gray, Barbara. 1985. Conditions facilitating inter-organizational collaboration. Human Relations 38(10): 911-936
    • (1985) Human Relations , vol.38 , Issue.10 , pp. 911-936
    • Gray, B.1
  • 126
    • 0142213523 scopus 로고
    • Forage conditions on the northern border of the Great Basin
    • 15. Washington, DC: Bureau of Plant Industry
    • Griffiths, David. 1902. Forage conditions on the northern border of the Great Basin. Bull. 15. Washington, DC: Bureau of Plant Industry. 60 p.
    • (1902) Bull. , pp. 60
    • Griffiths, D.1
  • 127
    • 0003776556 scopus 로고
    • Seventy years of vegetative change in a managed ponderosa pine forest in western Montana-implications for resource management
    • Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 42
    • Gruell, George E.; Schmidt, Wyman C.; Arno, Stephen F.; Reich, William J. 1982. Seventy years of vegetative change in a managed ponderosa pine forest in western Montana-implications for resource management. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-130. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 42
    • (1982) Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-130.
    • Gruell, G.E.1    Schmidt, W.C.2    Arno, S.F.3    Reich, W.J.4
  • 128
    • 27344449662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Missoula, MT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, State and Private Forestry, Northern Region; Ogden, UT: Intermountain Region. Report No. R1-03-08
    • Hagle, Susan K.; Gibson, Kenneth E.; Tunnock, Scott. 2003. A field guide to diseases and insect pests of northern and central Rocky Mountain conifers. Missoula, MT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, State and Private Forestry, Northern Region; Ogden, UT: Intermountain Region. Report No. R1-03-08. 197 p.
    • (2003) A field guide to diseases and insect pests of northern and central Rocky Mountain conifers , pp. 197
    • Hagle, S.K.1    Gibson, K.E.2    Tunnock, S.3
  • 129
    • 0003225593 scopus 로고
    • Natural regeneration in the western white pine type
    • 767. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture
    • Haig, Irvine T.; Davis, Kenneth P.; Weidman, Robert H. 1941. Natural regeneration in the western white pine type. Tech. Bull. 767. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 99 p.
    • (1941) Tech. Bull. , pp. 99
    • Haig, I.T.1    Davis, K.P.2    Weidman, R.H.3
  • 130
    • 0038091560 scopus 로고
    • Fire and vegetation in the Blue Mountains-implications for land managers
    • In: Komarek, E. V. Sr., Tallahassee, FL: Tall Timbers Research Station: 155-170
    • Hall, F. C. 1976. Fire and vegetation in the Blue Mountains-implications for land managers. In: Komarek, E. V. Sr., Proceedings of the 15th annual Tall Timbers fire ecology conference; Tallahassee, FL: Tall Timbers Research Station: 155-170.
    • (1976) Proceedings of the 15th annual Tall Timbers fire ecology conference
    • Hall, F.C.1
  • 131
    • 0036315209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Photo point monitoring handbook: Part A-field procedures
    • Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station: 1-48. online
    • Hall, Frederick C. 2001a. Photo point monitoring handbook: part A-field procedures. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-526. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station: 1-48. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/3255.
    • (2001) Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-526
    • Hall, F.C.1
  • 132
    • 20844439195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Photo point monitoring handbook: Part B-concepts and analysis
    • Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station: 49-134. online
    • Hall, Frederick C. 2001b. Photo point monitoring handbook: part B-concepts and analysis. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-526. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station: 49-134. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/3255.
    • (2001) Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-526
    • Hall, F.C.1
  • 134
    • 46049093576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soil nutrients and microbial activity after early and late season prescribed burns in a Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forest
    • online
    • Hamman, Sarah T.; Burke, Ingrid C.; Knapp, Eric E. 2008. Soil nutrients and microbial activity after early and late season prescribed burns in a Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forest. Forest Ecology and Management. 256(3): 367-374. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/34212.
    • (2008) Forest Ecology and Management. , vol.256 , Issue.3 , pp. 367-374
    • Hamman, S.T.1    Burke, I.C.2    Knapp, E.E.3
  • 135
    • 0033714289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Damage characteristics in young Douglas-fir stands from commercial thinning with four timber harvesting systems
    • Han, Han-Sup; Kellogg, Loren D. 2000. Damage characteristics in young Douglas-fir stands from commercial thinning with four timber harvesting systems. Western Journal of Applied Forestry. 15(1): 27-33.
    • (2000) Western Journal of Applied Forestry. , vol.15 , Issue.1 , pp. 27-33
    • Han, H.-S.1    Kellogg, L.D.2
  • 136
    • 2042506400 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Economics feasibility of an integrated harvesting system for small-diameter trees in southwest Idaho
    • Han, Han-Sup.; Lee, Harry W.; Johnson, Leonard R. 2004. Economics feasibility of an integrated harvesting system for small-diameter trees in southwest Idaho. Forest Products Journal. 54(2): 21-27.
    • (2004) Forest Products Journal. , vol.54 , Issue.2 , pp. 21-27
    • Han, H.-S.1    Lee, H.W.2    Johnson, L.R.3
  • 137
    • 66249099628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of slash, machine passes, and soil moisture on penetration resistance in a cut-to-length harvesting
    • Han, Han-Sup.; Page-Dumroese, D.; Han, Sang-Kyun.; Tirocke, Joanne. 2006. Effect of slash, machine passes, and soil moisture on penetration resistance in a cut-to-length harvesting. International Journal of Forest Engineering. 17(2): 11-24.
    • (2006) International Journal of Forest Engineering. , vol.17 , Issue.2 , pp. 11-24
    • Han, H.-S.1    Page-Dumroese, D.2    Han, S.-K.3    Tirocke, J.4
  • 138
    • 66249140922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soil compaction associated with cut-to-length and whole-tree harvesting of conifer forest
    • online
    • Han, Sang-Kyun.; Han, Han-Sup.; Page-Dumroese, Deborah S.; Johnson, Leonard. 2009. Soil compaction associated with cut-to-length and whole-tree harvesting of conifer forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 39(5): 976-989. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33187.
    • (2009) Canadian Journal of Forest Research. , vol.39 , Issue.5 , pp. 976-989
    • Han, S.-K.1    Han, H.-S.2    Page-Dumroese, D.S.3    Johnson, L.4
  • 139
    • 0035624438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fire and land management planning and implementation across multiple scales
    • Hann, Wendel J.; Bunnell, David L. 2001. Fire and land management planning and implementation across multiple scales. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 10(4): 389-403.
    • (2001) International Journal of Wildland Fire. , vol.10 , Issue.4 , pp. 389-403
    • Hann, W.J.1    Bunnell, D.L.2
  • 142
    • 0007633985 scopus 로고
    • Predicting reduction of natural fuels by prescribed burning under ponderosa pine in southeastern Arizona
    • U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experimental Station
    • Harrington, Micheal G. 1987. Predicting reduction of natural fuels by prescribed burning under ponderosa pine in southeastern Arizona. Res. Note RM-472. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experimental Station. 4 p.
    • (1987) Res. Note RM-472. , pp. 4
    • Harrington, M.G.1
  • 143
    • 84971020172 scopus 로고
    • Predicting Pinus ponderosa mortality from dormant season and growing-season fire injury
    • Harrington, M. G. 1993. Predicting Pinus ponderosa mortality from dormant season and growing-season fire injury. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 3(2): 65-72.
    • (1993) International Journal of Wildland Fire. , vol.3 , Issue.2 , pp. 65-72
    • Harrington, M.G.1
  • 144
    • 27644586390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent perspectives in using goats for vegetation management in the USA
    • Hart, S. P. 2001. Recent perspectives in using goats for vegetation management in the USA. Journal of Dairy Science. 84(supplement): E170-E176.
    • (2001) Journal of Dairy Science. , vol.84 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • Hart, S.P.1
  • 145
    • 84971056445 scopus 로고
    • When it's hot, it's hot. Or maybe it's not! (surface flaming may not portend extensive soil heating)
    • Hartford, Roberta A.; Frandsen, William H. 1992. When it's hot, it's hot. Or maybe it's not! (surface flaming may not portend extensive soil heating). International Journal of Wildland Fire. 2(3): 139-144.
    • (1992) International Journal of Wildland Fire. , vol.2 , Issue.3 , pp. 139-144
    • Hartford, R.A.1    Frandsen, W.H.2
  • 146
    • 15944413167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tree species composition change-soil organism interaction: Potential effects on nutrient cycling and conservation in interior forests
    • In: Meurisse, Robert.; Ypsilantis, William, G.; Seybold, Cathy, tech. eds, 1998 March 17-19; Corvallis, OR. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-461. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station: 137-145. online
    • Harvey, Alan E.; Graham, Russell T.; McDonald, Geral I. 1999. Tree species composition change-soil organism interaction: potential effects on nutrient cycling and conservation in interior forests. In: Meurisse, Robert.; Ypsilantis, William, G.; Seybold, Cathy, tech. eds. Proceedings: Pacific Northwest forest and rangeland soil organism symposium; 1998 March 17-19; Corvallis, OR. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-461. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station: 137-145. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/7603.
    • (1999) Proceedings: Pacific Northwest forest and rangeland soil organism symposium
    • Harvey, A.E.1    Graham, R.T.2    McDonald, G.I.3
  • 148
    • 0004109998 scopus 로고
    • Distribution of active ectomycorrhizal short roots in forest soils of the Inland Northwest: Effects of site and disturbance
    • Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station
    • Harvey, Alan E.; Jurgensen, Martin F.; Larsen, Micheal J.; Schlieter, Joyce A. 1986. Distribution of active ectomycorrhizal short roots in forest soils of the Inland Northwest: effects of site and disturbance. Res. Pap. INT-RP-374. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 8 p.
    • (1986) Res. Pap. INT-RP-374. , pp. 8
    • Harvey, A.E.1    Jurgensen, M.F.2    Larsen, M.J.3    Schlieter, J.A.4
  • 149
    • 41949098153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soil organic matter in a ponderosa pine forest with varying seasons and intervals of prescribed burn
    • Hatten, J. A.; Zabowski, D.; Ogden, A.; Thies, W. 2008. Soil organic matter in a ponderosa pine forest with varying seasons and intervals of prescribed burn. Forest Ecology and Management. 255(7): 2555-2565.
    • (2008) Forest Ecology and Management. , vol.255 , Issue.7 , pp. 2555-2565
    • Hatten, J.A.1    Zabowski, D.2    Ogden, A.3    Thies, W.4
  • 150
    • 84868120526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ed, Bethesda, MD: The Society of American Foresters
    • Helms, John A., ed. 1998. Dictionary of forestry. Bethesda, MD: The Society of American Foresters. 201 p.
    • (1998) Dictionary of forestry , pp. 201
    • Helms, J.A.1
  • 151
    • 0037762588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An environmental narrative of Inland Northwest United States forests, 1800-2000
    • Hessburg, Paul F.; Agee, James K. 2003. An environmental narrative of Inland Northwest United States forests, 1800-2000. Forest Ecology and Management. 178(1-2): 23-59.
    • (2003) Forest Ecology and Management. , vol.178 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 23-59
    • Hessburg, P.F.1    Agee, J.K.2
  • 152
    • 0003514953 scopus 로고
    • Historical and current roles of insects and pathogens in eastern Oregon and Washington forested landscapes
    • Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, online
    • Hessburg, Paul F.; Mitchell, Russel G.; Filip, Gregory M. 1994. Historical and current roles of insects and pathogens in eastern Oregon and Washington forested landscapes. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-327. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 72 p. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/6390.
    • (1994) Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-327 , pp. 72
    • Hessburg, P.F.1    Mitchell, R.G.2    Filip, G.M.3
  • 153
    • 35848959032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Re-examining fire severity relations in premanagement era mixed conifer forests: Inferences from landscape patterns of forest structure
    • Hessburg, Paul F.; Salter, R. Brion; James, Kevin M. 2007. Re-examining fire severity relations in premanagement era mixed conifer forests: inferences from landscape patterns of forest structure. Landscape Ecology. 22(1): 5-24.
    • (2007) Landscape Ecology. , vol.22 , Issue.1 , pp. 5-24
    • Hessburg, P.F.1    Salter, R.B.2    James, K.M.3
  • 154
    • 1642264251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drought and Pacific Decadal Oscillation linked to fire occurrence in the Inland Pacific Northwest
    • Hessl, Amy E.; McKenzie, Don; Schellhaas, Richard. 2004. Drought and Pacific Decadal Oscillation linked to fire occurrence in the Inland Pacific Northwest. Ecological Applications. 14(2): 425-442.
    • (2004) Ecological Applications. , vol.14 , Issue.2 , pp. 425-442
    • Hessl, A.E.1    McKenzie, D.2    Schellhaas, R.3
  • 157
    • 84856139740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multicentury fire and forest histories at 19 sites in Utah and eastern Nevada
    • Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, online
    • Heyerdahl, Emily K.; Brown, Peter M.; Kitchen, Stanley G.; Weber, Marc H. 2011. Multicentury fire and forest histories at 19 sites in Utah and eastern Nevada. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-261WWW. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 192 p. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/39737.
    • (2011) Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-261WWW , pp. 192
    • Heyerdahl, E.K.1    Brown, P.M.2    Kitchen, S.G.3    Weber, M.H.4
  • 158
    • 0035108929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial controls of historical fire regimes: A multiscale example from the Interior West, USA
    • Heyerdahl, Emily K.; Brubaker, Linda B.; Agee, James K. 2001. Spatial controls of historical fire regimes: a multiscale example from the Interior West, USA. Ecology. 82(3): 660-678.
    • (2001) Ecology. , vol.82 , Issue.3 , pp. 660-678
    • Heyerdahl, E.K.1    Brubaker, L.B.2    Agee, J.K.3
  • 159
    • 0036729563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Annual and decadal climate forcing of historical fire regimes in the Interior Pacific Northwest, USA
    • Heyerdahl, Emily K.; Brubaker, Linda B.; Agee, James K. 2002. Annual and decadal climate forcing of historical fire regimes in the Interior Pacific Northwest, USA. The Holocene. 12(5): 597-604.
    • (2002) The Holocene. , vol.12 , Issue.5 , pp. 597-604
    • Heyerdahl, E.K.1    Brubaker, L.B.2    Agee, J.K.3
  • 160
    • 83755188081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mixed-severity fire regimes in dry forests of southern interior British Columbia, Canada
    • online
    • Heyerdahl, Emily K.; Lertzman, Ken; Wong, Carmen M. 2012. Mixed-severity fire regimes in dry forests of southern interior British Columbia, Canada. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 42(1): 88-98. online: www.treesearch/pubs/40159.
    • (2012) Canadian Journal of Forest Research. , vol.42 , Issue.1 , pp. 88-98
    • Heyerdahl, E.K.1    Lertzman, K.2    Wong, C.M.3
  • 161
    • 51349122034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crossdated fire histories (1650-1900) from ponderosa pine-dominated forests of Idaho and western Montana
    • Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, online
    • Heyerdahl, Emily K.; Morgan, Penelope; Riser, James P. II. 2008. Crossdated fire histories (1650-1900) from ponderosa pine-dominated forests of Idaho and western Montana. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-214WWW. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 83 p. online: www.treesearch/pubs/30722.
    • (2008) Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-214WWW , pp. 83
    • Heyerdahl, E.K.1    Morgan, P.2    Riser II, J.P.3
  • 162
    • 84863402087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of bark beetle-caused tree mortality on wildfire
    • online
    • Hicke, Jeffrey A.; Johnson, Morris C.; Hayes, Jane L.; Preisler, Haiganoush K. 2012. Effects of bark beetle-caused tree mortality on wildfire. Forest Ecology and Management. 271: 81-90. online: www. treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/40736.
    • (2012) Forest Ecology and Management. , vol.271 , pp. 81-90
    • Hicke, J.A.1    Johnson, M.C.2    Hayes, J.L.3    Preisler, H.K.4
  • 163
    • 34547866751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dwarf mistletoe effects on fuel loadings in ponderosa pine forests in northern Arizona
    • online
    • Hoffman, C; Mathiasen, R; Sieg, CH. 2007. Dwarf mistletoe effects on fuel loadings in ponderosa pine forests in northern Arizona. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 37(3): 662-670. online: www. treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/27701.
    • (2007) Canadian Journal of Forest Research. , vol.37 , Issue.3 , pp. 662-670
    • Hoffman, C.1    Mathiasen, R.2    Sieg, C.H.3
  • 164
    • 0003897986 scopus 로고
    • Forest vegetation of the Black Hills National Forest of South Dakota and Wyoming: A habitat type classification
    • Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station
    • Hoffman, G. R.; Alexander, R. R. 1987. Forest vegetation of the Black Hills National Forest of South Dakota and Wyoming: a habitat type classification. Res. Pap. RM-RP-276. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 48 p.
    • (1987) Res. Pap. RM-RP-276. , pp. 48
    • Hoffman, G.R.1    Alexander, R.R.2
  • 165
    • 34548788485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing post-fire Douglas-fir mortality and Douglas-fir beetle attacks in the northern Rocky Mountains
    • Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, online
    • Hood, Sharon; Bentz, Barbara; Gibson, Ken; Ryan, Kevin; DeNitto, Gregg. 2007a. Assessing post-fire Douglas-fir mortality and Douglas-fir beetle attacks in the northern Rocky Mountains. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-199. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 31 p. online: www.treesearch/pubs/28511.
    • (2007) Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-199. , pp. 31
    • Hood, S.1    Bentz, B.2    Gibson, K.3    Ryan, K.4    DeNitto, G.5
  • 166
    • 77952994458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitigating old tree mortality in long-unburned, fire-dependent forests: A synthesis
    • Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, online
    • Hood, Sharon M. 2010. Mitigating old tree mortality in long-unburned, fire-dependent forests: a synthesis. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-238. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 71 p. online: www.treesearch/pubs/35004.
    • (2010) Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-238. , pp. 71
    • Hood, S.M.1
  • 167
    • 37249013509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of a post-fire tree mortality model for western USA conifers
    • online
    • Hood, Sharon M.; Mchugh, Charles W.; Ryan, Kevin C.; Reinhardt, Elizabeth; Smith, Sheri L. 2007b. Evaluation of a post-fire tree mortality model for western USA conifers. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 16(6): 679-689. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/29490.
    • (2007) International Journal of Wildland Fire. , vol.16 , Issue.6 , pp. 679-689
    • Hood, S.M.1    McHugh, C.W.2    Ryan, K.C.3    Reinhardt, E.4    Smith, S.L.5
  • 168
    • 0003463289 scopus 로고
    • Influence of fire on factors that affect site productivity
    • In: Harvey, Alan E.; Neuenschwander, Leon F., comps, 1990 April 10-12; Boise, ID. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-280. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 32-50. online
    • Hungerford, Roger D.; Harrington, Michael G.; Frandsen, William H.; Ryan, Kevin C.; Niehoff, Gerald J. 1991. Influence of fire on factors that affect site productivity. In: Harvey, Alan E.; Neuenschwander, Leon F., comps. Proceedings-Management and productivity of western-montane forest soils; 1990 April 10-12; Boise, ID. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-280. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 32-50. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33908.
    • (1991) Proceedings-Management and productivity of western-montane forest soils
    • Hungerford, R.D.1    Harrington, M.G.2    Frandsen, W.H.3    Ryan, K.C.4    Niehoff, G.J.5
  • 169
    • 0034670144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ice storms and forest impacts
    • Irland, Lloyd C. 2000. Ice storms and forest impacts. Science of the Total Environment. 262(3): 231-242.
    • (2000) Science of the Total Environment. , vol.262 , Issue.3 , pp. 231-242
    • Irland, L.C.1
  • 170
    • 0004177030 scopus 로고
    • Effects of long-term grazing by big game and livestock in the Blue Mountains forest ecosystems
    • PNW-GTR-325. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, online
    • Irwin, Larry L.; Cook, John G.; Riggs, Robert A.; Skovlin, Jon M. 1994. Effects of long-term grazing by big game and livestock in the Blue Mountains forest ecosystems. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-325. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 49 p. online: www.treesearch/pubs/6330.
    • (1994) Gen. Tech. Rep. , pp. 49
    • Irwin, L.L.1    Cook, J.G.2    Riggs, R.A.3    Skovlin, J.M.4
  • 171
    • 84865416227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forest descriptions and photographs of forested areas along the breaks of the Missouri River in eastern Montana, USA
    • RMRS-GTR-186. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, online
    • Jain, Theresa; Juillerat, Molly; Sandquist, Jonathan; Sauer, Brad; Mitchell, Robert; McAvoy, Scott; Hanley, Justin; David, John. 2007. Forest descriptions and photographs of forested areas along the breaks of the Missouri River in eastern Montana, USA. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-186. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 51 p. online: www. treesearch/pubs/25997.
    • (2007) Gen. Tech. Rep. , pp. 51
    • Jain, T.1    Juillerat, M.2    Sandquist, J.3    Sauer, B.4    Mitchell, R.5    McAvoy, S.6    Hanley, J.7    David, J.8
  • 172
    • 27944496804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Restoring dry and moist forests of the inland northwestern U. S
    • In: Stanturf, John A.; Madsen, Palle, eds, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
    • Jain, Theresa B.; Graham, Russell T. 2005. Restoring dry and moist forests of the inland northwestern U.S. In: Stanturf, John A.; Madsen, Palle, eds. Restoration of boreal and temperate forests. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press: 463-480.
    • (2005) Restoration of boreal and temperate forests , pp. 463-480
    • Jain, T.B.1    Graham, R.T.2
  • 173
    • 67349220007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relation between tree burn severity and forest structure in the Rocky Mountains
    • In: Powers, Robert, tech. ed, 2005 June 6-10; Lake Tahoe, CA. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-203. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 213-250. online
    • Jain, Theresa B.; Graham, Russell T. 2007. The relation between tree burn severity and forest structure in the Rocky Mountains. In: Powers, Robert, tech. ed. Restoring fire-adapted forested ecosystems: proceedings of the 2005 national silviculture workshop; 2005 June 6-10; Lake Tahoe, CA. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-203. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 213-250. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/25904.
    • (2007) Restoring fire-adapted forested ecosystems: Proceedings of the 2005 national silviculture workshop
    • Jain, T.B.1    Graham, R.T.2
  • 174
    • 14844328181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Western white pine growth relative to forest openings
    • Jain, Theresa B.; Graham, Russell T.; Morgan, Penelope. 2004. Western white pine growth relative to forest openings. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 34(11): 2187-2198.
    • (2004) Canadian Journal of Forest Research. , vol.34 , Issue.11 , pp. 2187-2198
    • Jain, T.B.1    Graham, R.T.2    Morgan, P.3
  • 175
    • 40949155597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Restoration of Northern Rocky Mountain moist forests: Integrating fuel treatments from the site to the landscape
    • In: Deal, R. L., tech. ed, 2007 May 7-10; Ketchikan, AK. Gen. Tech. Rep PNW-GTR-733. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station: 147-172. online
    • Jain, Theresa B.; Graham, Russell T.; Sandquist, Jonathan; Butler, Matthew; Brockus, Karen; Frigard, Daniel; Cobb, David; Han, Han-Sup; Halbrook, Jeff; Denner, Robert; Evans, Jeffrey S. 2008. Restoration of Northern Rocky Mountain moist forests: integrating fuel treatments from the site to the landscape. In: Deal, R. L., tech. ed. Integrated restoration of forested ecosystems to achieve multi-resource benefits: Proceedings of the 2007 national silviculture workshop; 2007 May 7-10; Ketchikan, AK. Gen. Tech. Rep PNW-GTR-733. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station: 147-172. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/32782.
    • (2008) Integrated restoration of forested ecosystems to achieve multi-resource benefits: Proceedings of the 2007 national silviculture workshop
    • Jain, T.B.1    Graham, R.T.2    Sandquist, J.3    Butler, M.4    Brockus, K.5    Frigard, D.6    Cobb, D.7    Han, H.-S.8    Halbrook, J.9    Denner, R.10    Evans, J.S.11
  • 176
    • 0003287228 scopus 로고
    • Range management on the National Forests
    • 790. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, online
    • Jardine, James T.; Anderson, Mark. 1919. Range management on the National Forests. Bull. 790. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 97 p. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/12725.
    • (1919) Bull. , pp. 97
    • Jardine, J.T.1    Anderson, M.2
  • 177
    • 36749098370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bark beetles, fuels, fires and implications for forest management in the Intermountain West
    • Jenkins, Michael J.; Hebertson, Elizabeth; Page, Wesley; Jorgensen, C. Arik. 2008. Bark beetles, fuels, fires and implications for forest management in the Intermountain West. Forest Ecology and Management. 254(1): 16-34.
    • (2008) Forest Ecology and Management. , vol.254 , Issue.1 , pp. 16-34
    • Jenkins, M.J.1    Hebertson, E.2    Page, W.3    Jorgensen, C.A.4
  • 178
    • 84860508246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fuels and fire behavior dynamics in bark beetle-attacked forests in western North America and implications for fire management
    • Jenkins, Michael J.; Page, Wesley; Hebertson, Elizabeth; Alexander, Martin E. 2012. Fuels and fire behavior dynamics in bark beetle-attacked forests in western North America and implications for fire management. Forest Ecology and Management. 275: 23-34.
    • (2012) Forest Ecology and Management. , vol.275 , pp. 23-34
    • Jenkins, M.J.1    Page, W.2    Hebertson, E.3    Alexander, M.E.4
  • 180
    • 0003690705 scopus 로고
    • Biotic and abiotic processes of eastside ecosystems: The effects of management on plant and community ecology, and on stand and landscape vegetation dynamics
    • PNW-GTR-322. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 66 p. online
    • Johnson, Charles G. Jr.; Clausnitzer, Roderick R.; Mehringer, Peter J.; Oliver, Chadwick D. 1994. Biotic and abiotic processes of eastside ecosystems: The effects of management on plant and community ecology, and on stand and landscape vegetation dynamics. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-322. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 66 p. online: www. treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/6252.
    • (1994) Gen. Tech. Rep
    • Johnson Jr, C.G.1    Clausnitzer, R.R.2    Mehringer, P.J.3    Oliver, C.D.4
  • 182
    • 75749111804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of machine traffic on physical properties of ash-cap soils
    • In: Page-Dumroese, Deborah; Miller, Richard E.; Mital, Jim; McDaniel, Paul; Miller, Dan, tech. eds, 2005 November 9-10; Coeur d'Alene, ID. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-P-44. Fort Collins: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 69-82. online
    • Johnson, Leonard R.; Page-Dumroese, Debbie; Han, Han-Sup. 2007a. Effects of machine traffic on physical properties of ash-cap soils. In: Page-Dumroese, Deborah; Miller, Richard E.; Mital, Jim; McDaniel, Paul; Miller, Dan, tech. eds. Volcanic-ash-derived forest soils of the Inland Northwest: properties and implications for management and restoration; 2005 November 9-10; Coeur d'Alene, ID. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-P-44. Fort Collins: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 69-82. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/26213.
    • (2007) Volcanic-ash-derived forest soils of the Inland Northwest: Properties and implications for management and restoration
    • Johnson, L.R.1    Page-Dumroese, D.2    Han, H.-S.3
  • 183
    • 83655214718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulating fuel treatment effects in dry forests of the western United States: Testing the principles of a fire-safe forest
    • online
    • Johnson, Morris C.; Kennedy, Maureen C.; Peterson, David L. 2011. Simulating fuel treatment effects in dry forests of the western United States: testing the principles of a fire-safe forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 41(6): 1018-1030. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/38390.
    • (2011) Canadian Journal of Forest Research. , vol.41 , Issue.6 , pp. 1018-1030
    • Johnson, M.C.1    Kennedy, M.C.2    Peterson, D.L.3
  • 184
    • 36148990408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guide to fuel treatments in dry forests of the western United States: Assessing forest structure and fire hazard
    • PNW-GTR-686. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, online
    • Johnson, Morris C.; Peterson, David L.; Raymond, Crystal L. 2007b. Guide to fuel treatments in dry forests of the western United States: assessing forest structure and fire hazard. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-686. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 322 p. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/27293.
    • (2007) Gen. Tech. Rep. , pp. 322
    • Johnson, M.C.1    Peterson, D.L.2    Raymond, C.L.3
  • 185
    • 34548077324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity of a surface fire spread model and associated fire behaviour fuel models to changes in live fuel moisture
    • Jolly, W. Matt. 2007. Sensitivity of a surface fire spread model and associated fire behaviour fuel models to changes in live fuel moisture. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 16(4): 503-509.
    • (2007) International Journal of Wildland Fire. , vol.16 , Issue.4 , pp. 503-509
    • Jolly, W.M.1
  • 186
    • 84856477172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationships between moisture, chemistry, and ignition of Pinus contorta needles during the early stages of mountain pine beetle attack
    • online
    • Jolly, W. Matt; Parsons, Russell A.; Hadlow, Ann M.; Cohn, Greg M.; McAllister, Sara S.; Popp, John B.; Hubbard, Robert M.; Negron, José F. 2012. Relationships between moisture, chemistry, and ignition of Pinus contorta needles during the early stages of mountain pine beetle attack. Forest Ecology and Management. 269: 52-59. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/40129.
    • (2012) Forest Ecology and Management. , vol.269 , pp. 52-59
    • Jolly, W.M.1    Parsons, R.A.2    Hadlow, A.M.3    Cohn, G.M.4    McAllister, S.S.5    Popp, J.B.6    Hubbard, R.M.7    Negron, J.F.8
  • 187
    • 70349910969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variability in loading of mechanically masticated fuel beds in northern California and southwestern Oregon
    • In: Andrews, Patricia L.; Butler, Bret W., comps, 2006 March 28-30; Portland, OR. Proc. RMRS-P-41. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 341-350. online
    • Kane, Jeffrey M.; Knapp, Eric. E.; Varner, J. Morgan. 2006. Variability in loading of mechanically masticated fuel beds in northern California and southwestern Oregon. In: Andrews, Patricia L.; Butler, Bret W., comps. Fuels management-how to measure success: conference proceedings; 2006 March 28-30; Portland, OR. Proc. RMRS-P-41. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 341-350. online: www.treesearch/pubs/25960.
    • (2006) Fuels management-how to measure success: Conference proceedings
    • Kane, J.M.1    Knapp, E.E.2    Varner, J.M.3
  • 188
    • 70349492107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel fuelbed characteristics associated with mechanical mastication treatments in northern California and south-western Oregon, USA
    • online
    • Kane, Jeffrey M.; Varner, J. Morgan; Knapp, Eric E. 2009. Novel fuelbed characteristics associated with mechanical mastication treatments in northern California and south-western Oregon, USA. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 18(6): 686-697. online: www.treesearch/pubs/35643.
    • (2009) International Journal of Wildland Fire. , vol.18 , Issue.6 , pp. 686-697
    • Kane, J.M.1    Varner, J.M.2    Knapp, E.E.3
  • 189
    • 0024933935 scopus 로고
    • Fire behavior, fuel consumption, and forest-floor changes following prescribed understory fires in Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forests
    • Kauffman, J. Boone; Martin, R. E. 1989. Fire behavior, fuel consumption, and forest-floor changes following prescribed understory fires in Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 19(4): 455-462.
    • (1989) Canadian Journal of Forest Research. , vol.19 , Issue.4 , pp. 455-462
    • Kauffman, J.B.1    Martin, R.E.2
  • 190
    • 41249094590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surface fuel litterfall and decomposition in the Northern Rocky Mountains, U.S. A
    • RMRS-RP-70. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, online
    • Keane, Robert E. 2008. Surface fuel litterfall and decomposition in the Northern Rocky Mountains, U.S.A. Res. Pap. RMRS-RP-70. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 22 p. online: www.treesearch/pubs/29449.
    • (2008) Res. Pap. , pp. 22
    • Keane, R.E.1
  • 191
    • 34247548384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cascading effects of fire exclusion in the Rocky Mountain ecosystems: A literature review
    • RMRS-GTR-91. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, online
    • Keane, Robert E.; Ryan, Kevin C.; Veblen, Tom T.; Allen, Craig D.; Logan, Jesse; Hawkes, Brad. 2002. Cascading effects of fire exclusion in the Rocky Mountain ecosystems: a literature review. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-91. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 24 p. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/5132.
    • (2002) Gen. Tech. Rep. , pp. 24
    • Keane, R.E.1    Ryan, K.C.2    Veblen, T.T.3    Allen, C.D.4    Logan, J.5    Hawkes, B.6
  • 192
    • 67650146804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological foundations for fire management in North American forest and shrubland ecosystems
    • PNW-GTR-779. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, online
    • Keeley, J. E.; Aplet, G. H.; Christensen, N. L.; Conrad, S. G.; Johnson, E. A.; Omi, P. N.; Peterson, D. L.; Swetman, T. W. 2009. Ecological foundations for fire management in North American forest and shrubland ecosystems. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-779. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 92 p. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/32483.
    • (2009) Gen. Tech. Rep. , pp. 92
    • Keeley, J.E.1    Aplet, G.H.2    Christensen, N.L.3    Conrad, S.G.4    Johnson, E.A.5    Omi, P.N.6    Peterson, D.L.7    Swetman, T.W.8
  • 193
    • 43049177079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term surface fuel accumulation in burned and unburned mixed-conifer forests of the central and southern Sierra Nevada, CA (USA)
    • Keifer, MaryBeth; van Wagtendonk, Jan W.; Buhler, Monica. 2006. Long-term surface fuel accumulation in burned and unburned mixed-conifer forests of the central and southern Sierra Nevada, CA (USA). Fire Ecology. 2(1): 53-72.
    • (2006) Fire Ecology. , vol.2 , Issue.1 , pp. 53-72
    • Keifer, M.1    van Wagtendonk, J.W.2    Buhler, M.3
  • 194
    • 84878751295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Managing the unexpected in prescribed fire and fire use operations: A workshop on the High Reliability Organization; 2004 May 10-13; Santa Fe, NM
    • tech. ed, RMRS-GTR-137. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, online
    • Keller, Paul, tech. ed. 2004. Managing the unexpected in prescribed fire and fire use operations: a workshop on the High Reliability Organization; 2004 May 10-13; Santa Fe, NM. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-137. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 73 p. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/7404.
    • (2004) Gen. Tech. Rep. , pp. 73
    • Keller, P.1
  • 196
    • 33645499315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Season and severity of prescribed burn in ponderosa pine forests: Implications for understory native and exotic plants
    • online
    • Kerns, Becky K.; Thies, Walter G.; Niwa, Christine G. 2006. Season and severity of prescribed burn in ponderosa pine forests: implications for understory native and exotic plants. Ecoscience. 13(1): 44-55. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/27215.
    • (2006) Ecoscience. , vol.13 , Issue.1 , pp. 44-55
    • Kerns, B.K.1    Thies, W.G.2    Niwa, C.G.3
  • 197
    • 33845678460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of foliar moisture content in the silvicultural management of forest fuels
    • Keyes, Christopher R. 2006. Role of foliar moisture content in the silvicultural management of forest fuels. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 21(4): 228-231.
    • (2006) Western Journal of Applied Forestry , vol.21 , Issue.4 , pp. 228-231
    • Keyes, C.R.1
  • 198
    • 0019714679 scopus 로고
    • Fire in ecosystem distribution and structure: Western forests and scrublands
    • In: Mooney, H. A.; Bonnicksen, T. M.; Christensen N. L., tech. coords, 1978 December 11-15; Honolulu, HI. Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-GTR-26. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 58-89
    • Kilgore, B. M. 1981. Fire in ecosystem distribution and structure: western forests and scrublands. In: Mooney, H. A.; Bonnicksen, T. M.; Christensen N. L., tech. coords. Proceedings of the conference: fire regimes and ecosystem properties; 1978 December 11-15; Honolulu, HI. Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-GTR-26. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 58-89.
    • (1981) Proceedings of the conference: Fire regimes and ecosystem properties
    • Kilgore, B.M.1
  • 199
    • 85040877599 scopus 로고
    • Guide to understory burning in ponderosa pine-larch-fir forests in the Intermountain West
    • INT-233. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, online
    • Kilgore, Bruce M.; Curtis, George A. 1987. Guide to understory burning in ponderosa pine-larch-fir forests in the Intermountain West. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-233. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 39 p. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/32954.
    • (1987) Gen. Tech. Rep. , pp. 39
    • Kilgore, B.M.1    Curtis, G.A.2
  • 200
    • 0043244891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • White pine blister rust in North America: Past and prognosis
    • Kinloch, Bohun B. Jr. 2003. White pine blister rust in North America: past and prognosis. Phytopathology. 93(8): 1044-1047.
    • (2003) Phytopathology. , vol.93 , Issue.8 , pp. 1044-1047
    • Kinloch Jr, B.B.1
  • 201
    • 54149083385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dry forests in the southern interior of British Columbia: Historic disturbances and implications for restoration and management
    • Klenner, Walt; Walton, Russ; Arsenault, André; Kremsater, Laurie. 2008. Dry forests in the southern interior of British Columbia: historic disturbances and implications for restoration and management. Forest Ecology and Management. 256(10): 1711-1722.
    • (2008) Forest Ecology and Management. , vol.256 , Issue.10 , pp. 1711-1722
    • Klenner, W.1    Walton, R.2    Arsenault, A.3    Kremsater, L.4
  • 202
    • 67650001626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stand characteristics and downed woody debris accumulations associated with a mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) outbreak in Colorado
    • online
    • Klutsch, Jennifer G.; Negrón, José F.; Costello, Sheryl L.; Rhoades, Charles C.; West, Daniel R.; Popp, John; Caissie, Rick. 2009. Stand characteristics and downed woody debris accumulations associated with a mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) outbreak in Colorado. Forest Ecology and Management. 258(5): 641-649. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/34115.
    • (2009) Forest Ecology and Management. , vol.258 , Issue.5 , pp. 641-649
    • Klutsch, J.G.1    Negrón, J.F.2    Costello, S.L.3    Rhoades, C.C.4    West, D.R.5    Popp, J.6    Caissie, R.7
  • 203
    • 77953135137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological effects of prescribed fire season: A literature review and synthesis for managers
    • PSW-GTR-224. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, online
    • Knapp, Eric E.; Estes, Becky L.; Skinner, Carl N. 2009. Ecological effects of prescribed fire season: a literature review and synthesis for managers. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-224. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station. 80 p. online: www.treesearch. fs.fed.us/pubs/33628.
    • (2009) Gen. Tech. Rep. , pp. 80
    • Knapp, E.E.1    Estes, B.L.2    Skinner, C.N.3
  • 204
    • 14744289903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fuel reduction and coarse woody debris dynamics with early season and late season prescribed fire in a Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forest
    • Knapp, Eric E.; Keeley, Jon E.; Ballenger, Elizabeth A.; Brennan, Teresa J. 2005. Fuel reduction and coarse woody debris dynamics with early season and late season prescribed fire in a Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forest. Forest Ecology and Management. 208(1-3): 383-397.
    • (2005) Forest Ecology and Management. , vol.208 , Issue.1-3 , pp. 383-397
    • Knapp, E.E.1    Keeley, J.E.2    Ballenger, E.A.3    Brennan, T.J.4
  • 205
    • 79953277550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behaviour and effects of prescribed fire in masticated fuelbeds
    • online
    • Knapp, Eric E.; Varner, J. Morgan; Busse, Matt D.; Skinner, Carl N. 2011. Behaviour and effects of prescribed fire in masticated fuelbeds. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 20(8): 932-945. online: www. treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/39797.
    • (2011) International Journal of Wildland Fire. , vol.20 , Issue.8 , pp. 932-945
    • Knapp, E.E.1    Varner, J.M.2    Busse, M.D.3    Skinner, C.N.4
  • 206
    • 34250316676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of burning season on initial understory vegetation response to prescribed fire in a mixed conifer forest
    • online
    • Knapp, Eric E.; Schwilk, Dylan W.; Kane, Jeffrey M.; Keeley, Jon E. 2007. Role of burning season on initial understory vegetation response to prescribed fire in a mixed conifer forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 37(1): 11-22. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/34451.
    • (2007) Canadian Journal of Forest Research. , vol.37 , Issue.1 , pp. 11-22
    • Knapp, E.E.1    Schwilk, D.W.2    Kane, J.M.3    Keeley, J.E.4
  • 207
    • 79953276658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of particle fracturing and moisture content on fire behaviour in masticated fuelbeds burned in a laboratory
    • online
    • Kreye, Jesse K.; Varner, J. Morgan; Knapp, Eric E. 2011. Effects of particle fracturing and moisture content on fire behaviour in masticated fuelbeds burned in a laboratory. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 20(2): 308-317. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/38346.
    • (2011) International Journal of Wildland Fire. , vol.20 , Issue.2 , pp. 308-317
    • Kreye, J.K.1    Varner, J.M.2    Knapp, E.E.3
  • 208
    • 33744971784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Site index systems for major young-growth forest and woodland species in northern California
    • Sacramento, CA: California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection
    • Krumland, Bruce; Eng, Helge. 2005. Site index systems for major young-growth forest and woodland species in northern California. California Forestry Report No. 4. Sacramento, CA: California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection. 219 p.
    • (2005) California Forestry Report No. 4. , pp. 219
    • Krumland, B.1    Eng, H.2
  • 209
    • 33646992290 scopus 로고
    • Cost and productivity of new technology for harvesting and in-woods processing small-diameter trees
    • PNW-RP-430. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, online
    • Lambert, Micheal B; Howard, James O. 1990. Cost and productivity of new technology for harvesting and in-woods processing small-diameter trees. Res. Pap. PNW-RP-430. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 37 p. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed. us/pubs/25638.
    • (1990) Res. Pap. , pp. 37
    • Lambert, M.B.1    Howard, J.O.2
  • 210
    • 84878761631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • LANDFIRE, [Online]. Available, [2012, June]
    • LANDFIRE. 2008. Vegetation products description: biophysical settings, [Online]. Available: http://www. landfire.gov/NationalProductDescriptions20.php [2012, June].
    • (2008) Vegetation products description: Biophysical settings
  • 211
    • 0001783243 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of two thinning systems: Part 1. Stand and site impacts
    • Lanford, Bobby L.; Stokes, Bryce J. 1995. Comparison of two thinning systems: Part 1. Stand and site impacts. Forest Products Journal. 45(5): 74-79.
    • (1995) Forest Products Journal. , vol.45 , Issue.5 , pp. 74-79
    • Lanford, B.L.1    Stokes, B.J.2
  • 212
    • 0004325317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of two thinning systems: Part 2. Productivity and costs
    • online
    • Lanford, Bobby L.; Stokes, Bryce J. 1996. Comparison of two thinning systems: Part 2. Productivity and costs. Forest Products Journal. 46(11-12): 47-53. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/51.
    • (1996) Forest Products Journal. , vol.46 , Issue.11-12 , pp. 47-53
    • Lanford, B.L.1    Stokes, B.J.2
  • 214
    • 84930007862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Productivity and cost evaluation for non-guyline yarders in northern Idaho
    • In, 2004 April 27-30; Hot Springs, AR. Corvallis, OR: The Council On Forest Engineering: [location in work unknown]
    • Largo, Simon; Han, Han-Sup; Johnson, Leonard. 2004. Productivity and cost evaluation for non-guyline yarders in northern Idaho. In: The 2004 Council on Forest Engineering conference proceedings: machines and people, the interface; 2004 April 27-30; Hot Springs, AR. Corvallis, OR: The Council On Forest Engineering: [location in work unknown].
    • (2004) The 2004 Council on Forest Engineering conference proceedings: Machines and people, the interface
    • Largo, S.1    Han, H.-S.2    Johnson, L.3
  • 215
    • 84155191178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tree spatial patterns in fire-frequent forests of western North America, including mechanisms of pattern formation and implications for designing fuel reduction and restoration treatments
    • Larson, Andrew J.; Churchill, Derek. 2012. Tree spatial patterns in fire-frequent forests of western North America, including mechanisms of pattern formation and implications for designing fuel reduction and restoration treatments. Forest Ecology and Management. 267(1): 74-92.
    • (2012) Forest Ecology and Management. , vol.267 , Issue.1 , pp. 74-92
    • Larson, A.J.1    Churchill, D.2
  • 216
    • 70350122584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Targeted grazing-a new paradigm for livestock management
    • In: Launchbaugh, K. L.; Walker, J. W.; Daines, R. L., eds, Centennial, CO: American Sheep Industry Association, A. Peischel and D. D. Henry Jr
    • Launchbaugh, K. L.; Walker, J. W. 2006. Targeted grazing-a new paradigm for livestock management. In: Launchbaugh, K. L.; Walker, J. W.; Daines, R. L., eds. Targeted grazing: a natural approach to vegetation management and landscape enhancement. Centennial, CO: American Sheep Industry Association, A. Peischel and D. D. Henry Jr.: 2-8.
    • (2006) Targeted grazing: A natural approach to vegetation management and landscape enhancement , pp. 2-8
    • Launchbaugh, K.L.1    Walker, J.W.2
  • 218
    • 0003565797 scopus 로고
    • Historical and current forest landscapes of eastern Oregon and Washington. Part I: Vegetation pattern and insect and disease hazards
    • PNW-GTR-328. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Pacific Northwest Research Station, online
    • Lehmkuhl, John F.; Hessburg, Paul F.; Everett, Richard L.; Huff, Mark H.; Ottmar, Roger D. 1994. Historical and current forest landscapes of eastern Oregon and Washington. Part I: vegetation pattern and insect and disease hazards. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-328. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 28 p. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/6407.
    • (1994) Gen. Tech. Rep. , pp. 28
    • Lehmkuhl, J.F.1    Hessburg, P.F.2    Everett, R.L.3    Huff, M.H.4    Ottmar, R.D.5
  • 221
    • 84868157351 scopus 로고
    • Twenty-first annual report-part II. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey
    • Leiberg, John B. 1899. Cascade Range and Ashland forest reserve and adjacent regions. Twenty-first annual report-part II. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. 498 p.
    • (1899) Cascade Range and Ashland forest reserve and adjacent regions , pp. 498
    • Leiberg, J.B.1
  • 223
    • 11144247702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FIREMON: Fire effects monitoring and inventory system
    • RMRSGTR-164-CD. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 1 CD. online
    • Lutes, Duncan C.; Keane, Robert E.; Caratti, John F.; Key, Carl H.; Benson, Nathan C.; Sutherland, Steve; Gangi, Larry J. 2006. FIREMON: fire effects monitoring and inventory system. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRSGTR-164-CD. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 1 CD. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/24042.
    • (2006) Gen. Tech. Rep.
    • Lutes, D.C.1    Keane, R.E.2    Caratti, J.F.3    Key, C.H.4    Benson, N.C.5    Sutherland, S.6    Gangi, L.J.7
  • 224
    • 84857834977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surface fuel treatments in young, regenerating stands affect wildfire severity in a mixed conifer forest, eastside Cascade Range, Washington, USA
    • Lyons-Tinsley, Christina; Peterson, David L. 2012. Surface fuel treatments in young, regenerating stands affect wildfire severity in a mixed conifer forest, eastside Cascade Range, Washington, USA. Forest Ecology and Management. 270: 117-125.
    • (2012) Forest Ecology and Management. , vol.270 , pp. 117-125
    • Lyons-Tinsley, C.1    Peterson, D.L.2
  • 226
    • 84855311391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Man, Gary, comp, FS-952. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Health Protection
    • Man, Gary, comp. 2010. Major forest insect and disease conditions in the United States: 2009 update. FS-952. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Health Protection. 28 p.
    • (2010) Major forest insect and disease conditions in the United States: 2009 update , pp. 28
  • 228
    • 84859214470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synthesis of knowledge of hazardous fuels management in loblolly pine forests
    • SRS-110. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, online
    • Marshall, Douglas J.; Wimberly, Michael; Bettinger, Pete; Stanturf, John. 2008. Synthesis of knowledge of hazardous fuels management in loblolly pine forests. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-110. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 43 p. online: www.treesearch/ pubs/32484.
    • (2008) Gen. Tech. Rep. , pp. 43
    • Marshall, D.J.1    Wimberly, M.2    Bettinger, P.3    Stanturf, J.4
  • 229
    • 34447279634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Performance of fuel treatments subjected to wildfires
    • In: Omi, Philip N.; Joyce, Linda A., tech. eds, 2002 April 16-18; Fort Collins, CO. Proc. RMRS-P-29. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 7-13
    • Martinson, Erik J.; Omi, Phillip N. 2003. Performance of fuel treatments subjected to wildfires. In: Omi, Philip N.; Joyce, Linda A., tech. eds. Fire, fuel treatments, and ecological restoration: conference proceedings; 2002 April 16-18; Fort Collins, CO. Proc. RMRS-P-29. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 7-13.
    • (2003) Fire, fuel treatments, and ecological restoration: Conference proceedings
    • Martinson, E.J.1    Omi, P.N.2
  • 232
    • 85040846105 scopus 로고
    • Coniferous forest habitat types of northern Utah
    • INT-170. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station
    • Mauk, Ronald L.; Henderson, Jan A. 1984. Coniferous forest habitat types of northern Utah. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-170. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 89 p.
    • (1984) Gen. Tech. Rep. , pp. 89
    • Mauk, R.L.1    Henderson, J.A.2
  • 233
    • 33845268756 scopus 로고
    • Inhibiting effect of ponderosa pine seed trees on seedling growth
    • McDonald, Philip M. 1976. Inhibiting effect of ponderosa pine seed trees on seedling growth. Journal of Forestry. 74(4): 220-224.
    • (1976) Journal of Forestry. , vol.74 , Issue.4 , pp. 220-224
    • McDonald, P.M.1
  • 234
    • 0037262577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ponderosa pine mortality following fire in northern Arizona
    • McHugh, Charles W.; Kolb, Thomas E. 2003. Ponderosa pine mortality following fire in northern Arizona. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 12(1): 7-22.
    • (2003) International Journal of Wildland Fire. , vol.12 , Issue.1 , pp. 7-22
    • McHugh, C.W.1    Kolb, T.E.2
  • 235
    • 0038495888 scopus 로고
    • Comparative food habits of deer and three classes of livestock
    • McMahan, Craig A. 1964. Comparative food habits of deer and three classes of livestock. The Journal of Wildlife Management. 28(4): 798-808.
    • (1964) The Journal of Wildlife Management. , vol.28 , Issue.4 , pp. 798-808
    • McMahan, C.A.1
  • 237
    • 0002083027 scopus 로고
    • Vegetation and fire history of a ponderosa pine-white fir forest in Crater Lake National Park
    • McNeil, Robert C.; Zobel, Donald B. 1980. Vegetation and fire history of a ponderosa pine-white fir forest in Crater Lake National Park. Northwest Science. 54(1): 30-46.
    • (1980) Northwest Science. , vol.54 , Issue.1 , pp. 30-46
    • McNeil, R.C.1    Zobel, D.B.2
  • 238
    • 0002976315 scopus 로고
    • Biology and control of the western Pine beetle [Dendroctonus brevicomis]: A summary of the first fifty years of research
    • 800. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service
    • Miller, J. M.; Keen, F. P. 1960. Biology and control of the western Pine beetle [Dendroctonus brevicomis]: a summary of the first fifty years of research. Misc. Publ. 800. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 381 p.
    • (1960) Misc. Publ. , pp. 381
    • Miller, J.M.1    Keen, F.P.2
  • 240
    • 0001919662 scopus 로고
    • Site index and height growth curves for ponderosa pine, western larch, lodgepole pine, and Douglas-fir in western Montana
    • Milner, Kelsey S. 1992. Site index and height growth curves for ponderosa pine, western larch, lodgepole pine, and Douglas-fir in western Montana. Western Journal of Applied Forestry. 7(1): 9-14.
    • (1992) Western Journal of Applied Forestry. , vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp. 9-14
    • Milner, K.S.1
  • 241
    • 0003735252 scopus 로고
    • Comparative autecological characteristics of northwestern tree species-a literature review
    • PNW-GTR-87. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, online
    • Minore, Don 1979. Comparative autecological characteristics of northwestern tree species-a literature review. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-87. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 72 p. online: www.treesearch/pubs/25175.
    • (1979) Gen. Tech. Rep. , pp. 72
    • Minore, D.1
  • 242
    • 0000024959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Duff consumption
    • In: Miyanishi, K.; Johnson, E. A., eds, San Diego, CA: Academic Press
    • Miyanishi, K. 2001. Duff consumption. In: Miyanishi, K.; Johnson, E. A., eds. Forest fires: behavior and ecological effects. San Diego, CA: Academic Press: 437-475.
    • (2001) Forest fires: Behavior and ecological effects , pp. 437-475
    • Miyanishi, K.1
  • 243
    • 0036433874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Process and patterns of duff consumption in the mixedwood boreal forest
    • Miyanishi, K.; Johnson, E. A. 2002. Process and patterns of duff consumption in the mixedwood boreal forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 32(7): 1285-1295.
    • (2002) Canadian Journal of Forest Research. , vol.32 , Issue.7 , pp. 1285-1295
    • Miyanishi, K.1    Johnson, E.A.2
  • 244
    • 37249061335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A fuel treatment reduces fire severity and increases suppression in a mixed conifer forest
    • online
    • Moghaddas, Jason J.; Craggs, Larry. 2007. A fuel treatment reduces fire severity and increases suppression in a mixed conifer forest. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 16(6): 673-678. online: www. treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/31565.
    • (2007) International Journal of Wildland Fire. , vol.16 , Issue.6 , pp. 673-678
    • Moghaddas, J.J.1    Craggs, L.2
  • 245
    • 0033842254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postglacial vegetation and fire history, eastern Klamath Mountains, California, USA
    • online
    • Mohr, Jerry A.; Whitlock, Cathy; Skinner, Carl N. 2000. Postglacial vegetation and fire history, eastern Klamath Mountains, California, USA. The Holocene. 10(5): 587-601. online: www.treesearch/pubs/36566.
    • (2000) The Holocene. , vol.10 , Issue.5 , pp. 587-601
    • Mohr, J.A.1    Whitlock, C.2    Skinner, C.N.3
  • 246
    • 44549085315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term post-wildfire dynamics of coarse woody debris after salvage logging and implications for soil heating in dry forests of the eastern Cascades, Washington
    • Monsanto, Philip G.; Agee, James K. 2008. Long-term post-wildfire dynamics of coarse woody debris after salvage logging and implications for soil heating in dry forests of the eastern Cascades, Washington. Forest Ecology and Management. 255(12): 3952-3961.
    • (2008) Forest Ecology and Management. , vol.255 , Issue.12 , pp. 3952-3961
    • Monsanto, P.G.1    Agee, J.K.2
  • 247
    • 42449136241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multi-season climate synchronized forest fires throughout the 20th century, Northern Rockies, USA
    • online
    • Morgan, Penelope; Heyerdahl, Emily K.; Gibson, Carly E. 2008. Multi-season climate synchronized forest fires throughout the 20th century, Northern Rockies, USA. Ecology. 89(3): 717-728. online: www. treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/30689.
    • (2008) Ecology. , vol.89 , Issue.3 , pp. 717-728
    • Morgan, P.1    Heyerdahl, E.K.2    Gibson, C.E.3
  • 249
    • 0003968939 scopus 로고
    • Fire history and pattern in a Cascade Range landscape
    • PNW-GTR-254. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, online
    • Morrison, Peter H.; Swanson, Frederick J. 1990. Fire history and pattern in a Cascade Range landscape. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-254. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 77 p. online: www.treesearch/pubs/5627.
    • (1990) Gen. Tech. Rep. , pp. 77
    • Morrison, P.H.1    Swanson, F.J.2
  • 250
    • 0001867968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decadal variations in forest fire activity in the Pacific Northwest
    • 1999 January 10-15; Dallas, TX. Boston, MA: American Meteorological Society
    • Mote, Philip W.; Keeton, William S.; Franklin, Jerry F. 1999. Decadal variations in forest fire activity in the Pacific Northwest. In: 11th conference on applied climatology; 1999 January 10-15; Dallas, TX. Boston, MA: American Meteorological Society: 155-156.
    • (1999) 11th conference on applied climatology , pp. 155-156
    • Mote, P.W.1    Keeton, W.S.2    Franklin, J.F.3
  • 252
    • 84878759206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NOAA, [Online]. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Available, [2012, June]
    • NOAA. 2006. A severe weather primer: questions and answers about damaging winds, [Online]. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Available: http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/primer/wind/ [2012, June].
    • (2006) A severe weather primer: Questions and answers about damaging winds
  • 253
    • 84878758802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NOAA, [Online]. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Available, [2012, June]
    • NOAA. 2012a. La Niña United States temperature and precipitation probability maps and regional statistics, [Online]. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Available: http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa. gov/products/analysis_monitoring/lanina/usdivtp/writeup.shtml#usmaps [2012, June].
    • (2012) La Niña United States temperature and precipitation probability maps and regional statistics
  • 254
    • 84878748082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NOAA, Online]. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Available, [2012, June]
    • NOAA. 2012b. Seasonal mean temperatures and precipitation for the United States during strong El Niños, [Online]. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Available: http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa. gov/products/predictions/threats2/enso/elnino/index.shtml [2012, June].
    • (2012) Seasonal mean temperatures and precipitation for the United States during strong El Niños
  • 255
    • 84865728837 scopus 로고
    • Preliminary guidelines for prescribed burning understanding timber in western larch/Douglas-fir forests
    • Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, online
    • Norum, Rodney A. 1977. Preliminary guidelines for prescribed burning understanding timber in western larch/Douglas-fir forests. Res. Note INT-229. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 15 p. online: www.treesearch/pubs/32536.
    • (1977) Res. Note INT-229 , pp. 15
    • Norum, R.A.1
  • 256
    • 50249084764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NWCG, [Online]. National Wildfire Coordinating Group. Available, [2012, June]
    • NWCG. 2011. Glossary of wildland fire terminology, [Online]. National Wildfire Coordinating Group. Available: http://www.nwcg.gov/pms/pubs/glossary/s.htm [2012, June].
    • (2011) Glossary of wildland fire terminology
  • 258
    • 4043180610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of fire severity and forest conditions in the western Klamath Mountains, California
    • Odion, Dennis C.; Frost, Evan J.; Strittholt, James R.; Jiang, Hong; Dellasala, Dominick A.; Moritz, Max A. 2004. Patterns of fire severity and forest conditions in the western Klamath Mountains, California. Conservation Biology. 18(4): 927-936.
    • (2004) Conservation Biology. , vol.18 , Issue.4 , pp. 927-936
    • Odion, D.C.1    Frost, E.J.2    Strittholt, J.R.3    Jiang, H.4    Dellasala, D.A.5    Moritz, M.A.6
  • 259
    • 84868159216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest Restoration Strategy
    • 2010 Final version. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region
    • Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest Restoration Strategy. 2010. The Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest restoration strategy: adaptive ecosystem management to restore landscape resiliency. 2010 Final version. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 99 p.
    • (2010) The Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest restoration strategy: Adaptive ecosystem management to restore landscape resiliency , pp. 99
  • 260
    • 0003438851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Update ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons
    • Oliver, Chadwick D.; Larson, Bruce C. 1996. Forest Stand Dynamics. Update ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons. 544 p.
    • (1996) Forest Stand Dynamics , pp. 544
    • Oliver, C.D.1    Larson, B.C.2
  • 261
    • 84868140884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The west-wide ponderosa pine levels-of-growing-stock study at age 40
    • In: Ritchie, Martin W.; Maguire, Douglas A. Youngblood, Andrew, tech. coords, 2004 October 18-21; Klamath Falls, OR. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-198. Albany, CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, online
    • Oliver, William W. 2005. The west-wide ponderosa pine levels-of-growing-stock study at age 40. In: Ritchie, Martin W.; Maguire, Douglas A.; Youngblood, Andrew, tech. coords. Proceedings of the symposium on ponderosa pine: issues, trends, and management; 2004 October 18-21; Klamath Falls, OR. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-198. Albany, CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture: 71-80. online: www.treesearch/pubs/27258.
    • (2005) Proceedings of the symposium on ponderosa pine: Issues, trends, and management , pp. 71-80
    • Oliver, W.W.1
  • 262
    • 0000265588 scopus 로고
    • Pinus ponderosa (Dougl. ex. Laws.): Ponderosa pine
    • In: Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H., tech. coords, 654. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, online
    • Oliver, William W.; Ryker, Russell A. 1990. Pinus ponderosa (Dougl. ex. Laws.): ponderosa pine. In: Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H., tech. coords. Silvics of North America: Volume 1-Conifers. Agric. Handb. 654. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 413-424. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/1547.
    • (1990) Silvics of North America: Volume 1-Conifers. Agric. Handb. , pp. 413-424
    • Oliver, W.W.1    Ryker, R.A.2
  • 264
    • 33746824255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interactions among fire, insects and pathogens in coniferous forests of the interior western United States and Canada
    • Parker, Thomas J.; Clancy, Karen M.; Mathiasen, Robert L. 2006. Interactions among fire, insects and pathogens in coniferous forests of the interior western United States and Canada. Agricultural and Forest Entomology. 8(3): 167-189.
    • (2006) Agricultural and Forest Entomology. , vol.8 , Issue.3 , pp. 167-189
    • Parker, T.J.1    Clancy, K.M.2    Mathiasen, R.L.3
  • 265
    • 0031407654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Field guide for the identification of snags and logs in the Interior Columbia River Basin
    • PNW-GTR-390. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, online
    • Parks, Catherine G.; Bull, Evelyn L.; Torgersen, Torolf R. 1997. Field guide for the identification of snags and logs in the Interior Columbia River Basin. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-390. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 40 p. online: www. treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/5303.
    • (1997) Gen. Tech. Rep. , pp. 40
    • Parks, C.G.1    Bull, E.L.2    Torgersen, T.R.3
  • 267
    • 33744806688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonal fire effects on mixed-conifer forest structure and ponderosa pine resin properties
    • Perrakis, Daniel D. B.; Agee, James K. 2006. Seasonal fire effects on mixed-conifer forest structure and ponderosa pine resin properties. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 36(1): 238-254.
    • (2006) Canadian Journal of Forest Research. , vol.36 , Issue.1 , pp. 238-254
    • Perrakis, D.D.B.1    Agee, J.K.2
  • 269
    • 40949094597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A consumer guide: Tools to manage vegetation and fuels
    • PNW-GTR-690. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, online
    • Peterson, David L.; Evers, Louisa; Gravenmier, Rebecca A.; Eberhardt, Ellen. 2007. A consumer guide: tools to manage vegetation and fuels. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-690. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 151 p. online: www.treesearch. fs.fed.us/pubs/25953.
    • (2007) Gen. Tech. Rep. , pp. 151
    • Peterson, D.L.1    Evers, L.2    Gravenmier, R.A.3    Eberhardt, E.4
  • 270
    • 20444449616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forest structure and fire hazard in dry forests of the western United States
    • PNW-GTR-628. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, online
    • Peterson, David L.; Johnson, Morris C.; Agee, James K.; Jain, Theresa B.; McKenzie, Donald; Reinhardt, Elizabeth D. 2005. Forest structure and fire hazard in dry forests of the western United States. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-628. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 30 p. online: www.treesearch/pubs/8572.
    • (2005) Gen. Tech. Rep. , pp. 30
    • Peterson, D.L.1    Johnson, M.C.2    Agee, J.K.3    Jain, T.B.4    McKenzie, D.5    Reinhardt, E.D.6
  • 271
    • 0003507440 scopus 로고
    • Forest habitat types of Montana
    • eds, Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station
    • Pfister, Robert D.; Kovalchik, Bernard L.; Arno, Stephen F.; Presby, Robert C., eds. 1977. Forest habitat types of Montana. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-34. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 174 p.
    • (1977) Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-34 , pp. 174
    • Pfister, R.D.1    Kovalchik, B.L.2    Arno, S.F.3    Presby, R.C.4
  • 273
    • 1842299106 scopus 로고
    • Changes in weedy plant cover on cleared sagebrush land and their probable causes
    • Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture
    • Piemeisel, R. L. 1938. Changes in weedy plant cover on cleared sagebrush land and their probable causes. Tech. Bull. 654. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 44 p.
    • (1938) Tech. Bull. 654. , pp. 44
    • Piemeisel, R.L.1
  • 274
    • 34247402146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wildlife and invertebrate response to fuel reduction treatments in dry coniferous forests of the western United States: A synthesis
    • RMRS-GTR-173. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, online
    • Pilliod, David S.; Bull, Evelyn L.; Hayes, Jane L.; Wales, Barbara C. 2006. Wildlife and invertebrate response to fuel reduction treatments in dry coniferous forests of the western United States: a synthesis. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-173. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 34 p. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/24469.
    • (2006) Gen. Tech. Rep. , pp. 34
    • Pilliod, D.S.1    Bull, E.L.2    Hayes, J.L.3    Wales, B.C.4
  • 275
    • 0036013693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of thinning and prescribed burning on crown fire severity in ponderosa pine forests
    • Pollet, Jolie; Omi, Philip N. 2002. Effect of thinning and prescribed burning on crown fire severity in ponderosa pine forests. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 11(1): 1-10.
    • (2002) International Journal of Wildland Fire. , vol.11 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-10
    • Pollet, J.1    Omi, P.N.2
  • 276
    • 84868136447 scopus 로고
    • Technical Notes: Stratified sampling for determining duff moisture content in mountainous terrain
    • Potts, Donald F.; Ryan, Kevin C.; Zuuring, Hans R. 1986. Technical Notes: Stratified sampling for determining duff moisture content in mountainous terrain. Western Journal of Applied Forestry. 1(1): 29-30.
    • (1986) Western Journal of Applied Forestry. , vol.1 , Issue.1 , pp. 29-30
    • Potts, D.F.1    Ryan, K.C.2    Zuuring, H.R.3
  • 277
    • 84868148708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fire regimes of the Blue Mountains
    • Pendleton, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Umatilla National Forest
    • Powell, David C. 2011. Fire regimes of the Blue Mountains. White Paper F14-SO-WP-Silv-06. Pendleton, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Umatilla National Forest. 28 p.
    • (2011) White Paper F14-SO-WP-Silv-06 , pp. 28
    • Powell, D.C.1
  • 278
    • 0037714389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Woody plants, carbon allocation and fine roots
    • online
    • Pregitzer, Kurt S. 2003. Woody plants, carbon allocation and fine roots. New Phytologist. 158(3): 421-424. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/34820.
    • (2003) New Phytologist. , vol.158 , Issue.3 , pp. 421-424
    • Pregitzer, K.S.1
  • 279
    • 84868139619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Publ, NFES 2474. Boise, ID: National Wildfire Coordinating Group
    • Prescribed fire complexity rating system guide. 2004. Publ. NFES 2474. Boise, ID: National Wildfire Coordinating Group. 43 p.
    • (2004) Prescribed fire complexity rating system guide , pp. 43
  • 280
    • 84868159225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prescribed Fire Guide
    • Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Land Management, National Park Service, United States Fish and Wildlife Service
    • Prescribed Fire Guide. 2008. Interagency prescribed fire planning and implementation procedures guide. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Land Management, National Park Service, United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 50 p.
    • (2008) Interagency prescribed fire planning and implementation procedures guide , pp. 50
  • 281
    • 77958040109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fuel treatments reduce the severity of wildfire effects in dry mixed conifer forest, Washington, USA
    • online
    • Prichard, Susan J.; Peterson, David L.; Jacobson, Kyle. 2010. Fuel treatments reduce the severity of wildfire effects in dry mixed conifer forest, Washington, USA. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 40(8): 1615-1626. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/39050.
    • (2010) Canadian Journal of Forest Research. , vol.40 , Issue.8 , pp. 1615-1626
    • Prichard, S.J.1    Peterson, D.L.2    Jacobson, K.3
  • 285
    • 0003414948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An assessment of ecosystem components in the Interior Columbia basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins
    • tech. eds, PNWGTR-405. Portland OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station
    • Quigley, Thomas M.; Arbelbide, Sylvia J., tech. eds. 1997a. An assessment of ecosystem components in the Interior Columbia basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins, vol 2. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNWGTR-405. Portland OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 718 p.
    • (1997) Gen. Tech. Rep. , vol.2 , pp. 718
    • Quigley, T.M.1    Arbelbide, S.J.2
  • 286
    • 0004030157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Highlighted scientific findings of the Interior Columbia Basin ecosystem management project
    • PNW-GTR-404. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station; U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, online
    • Quigley, Thomas M.; Bigler Cole, Heidi. 1997. Highlighted scientific findings of the Interior Columbia Basin ecosystem management project. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-404. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station; U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 34 p. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/3020.
    • (1997) Gen. Tech. Rep. , pp. 34
    • Quigley, T.M.1    Bigler Cole, H.2
  • 287
    • 84878766377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of EIS alternatives by the science integration team, volume I
    • PNW-GTR-406. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, online
    • Quigley, Thomas M.; Lee, Kristine M.; Arbelbide, Sylvia J. 1997b. Evaluation of EIS alternatives by the science integration team, volume I. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-406. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1063 p. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/25481.
    • (1997) Gen. Tech. Rep. , pp. 1063
    • Quigley, T.M.1    Lee, K.M.2    Arbelbide, S.J.3
  • 289
    • 45849137124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cross-scale drivers of natural disturbances prone to anthropogenic amplification: The dynamics of bark beetle eruptions
    • online
    • Raffa, Kenneth F.; Aukema, Brian H.; Bentz, Barbara J.; Carroll, Allan L.; Hicke, Jeffrey A.; Turner, Monica G.; Romme, William H. 2008. Cross-scale drivers of natural disturbances prone to anthropogenic amplification: the dynamics of bark beetle eruptions. Bioscience. 58(6): 501-517. online: www. treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/32816.
    • (2008) Bioscience. , vol.58 , Issue.6 , pp. 501-517
    • Raffa, K.F.1    Aukema, B.H.2    Bentz, B.J.3    Carroll, A.L.4    Hicke, J.A.5    Turner, M.G.6    Romme, W.H.7
  • 292
    • 67650123408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cheatgrass and red brome: History and biology of two invaders
    • In: Kitchen, Stanley G.; Pendleton, Rosemary L.; Monaco, Thomas A.; Vernon, Jason, eds, 2006 June 6-8; Cedar City, UT. Proc. RMRS-P-52. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 27-32. online
    • Reid, Chad R.; Goodrich, Sherel; Bowns, James E. 2008. Cheatgrass and red brome: history and biology of two invaders. In: Kitchen, Stanley G.; Pendleton, Rosemary L.; Monaco, Thomas A.; Vernon, Jason, eds. Proceedings-shrublands under fire: disturbance and recovery in a changing world; 2006 June 6-8; Cedar City, UT. Proc. RMRS-P-52. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 27-32. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/31300.
    • (2008) Proceedings-shrublands under fire: Disturbance and recovery in a changing world
    • Reid, C.R.1    Goodrich, S.2    Bowns, J.E.3
  • 293
    • 70349962940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mastication and prescribed fire impacts on fuels in a 25-year old ponderosa pine plantation, southern Sierra Nevada
    • online
    • Reiner, Alicia L.; Vaillant, Nicole M.; Fites-Kaufman, JoAnn; Dailey, Scott N. 2009. Mastication and prescribed fire impacts on fuels in a 25-year old ponderosa pine plantation, southern Sierra Nevada. Forest Ecology and Management. 258(11): 2365-2372. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/39739.
    • (2009) Forest Ecology and Management. , vol.258 , Issue.11 , pp. 2365-2372
    • Reiner, A.L.1    Vaillant, N.M.2    Fites-Kaufman, J.3    Dailey, S.N.4
  • 294
    • 3543118129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The fire and fuels extension to the Forest Vegetation Simulator
    • tech. eds, RMRS-GTR-116. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research, online
    • Reinhardt, Elizabeth; Crookston, Nicholas L., tech. eds. 2003. The fire and fuels extension to the Forest Vegetation Simulator. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-116. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 209 p. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/5593.
    • (2003) Gen. Tech. Rep. , pp. 209
    • Reinhardt, E.1    Crookston, N.L.2
  • 295
    • 15644368070 scopus 로고
    • Short-term effects of prescribed fire in grand fir-white pine-western hemlock slash fuels
    • In: Baumgartner, David M.; Lotan, James E.; Tonn, Jonalea R., eds, Pullman, WA: Washington State University
    • Reinhardt, Elizabeth D.; Graham, Russell T.; Jain, Theresa B.; Simmerman, Dennis G. 1994. Short-term effects of prescribed fire in grand fir-white pine-western hemlock slash fuels. In: Baumgartner, David M.; Lotan, James E.; Tonn, Jonalea R., eds. Interior cedar-hemlock-white pine forest: ecology and management. Pullman, WA: Washington State University: 221-225.
    • (1994) Interior cedar-hemlock-white pine forest: Ecology and management , pp. 221-225
    • Reinhardt, E.D.1    Graham, R.T.2    Jain, T.B.3    Simmerman, D.G.4
  • 296
    • 55549143613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Objectives and considerations for wildland fuel treatment in forested ecosystems of the interior western United States
    • online
    • Reinhardt, Elizabeth D.; Keane, Robert E.; Calkin, David E.; Cohen, Jack D. 2008. Objectives and considerations for wildland fuel treatment in forested ecosystems of the interior western United States. Forest Ecology and Management. 256(12): 1997-2006. online: www.treesearch/pubs/31574.
    • (2008) Forest Ecology and Management. , vol.256 , Issue.12 , pp. 1997-2006
    • Reinhardt, E.D.1    Keane, R.E.2    Calkin, D.E.3    Cohen, J.D.4
  • 297
    • 14644426622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decision support for integrated landscape evaluation and restoration planning
    • online
    • Reynolds, Keith M.; Hessburg, Paul F. 2005. Decision support for integrated landscape evaluation and restoration planning. Forest Ecology and Management 207(1-2): 263-278. online: www.treesearch. fs.fed.us/pubs/24894.
    • (2005) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.207 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 263-278
    • Reynolds, K.M.1    Hessburg, P.F.2
  • 298
    • 0003988009 scopus 로고
    • Management recommendations for the northern goshawk in the southwestern United States
    • RM-GTR-217. Fort Collins, CO: U. S Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, online
    • Reynolds, Richard T.; Graham, Russell T.; Reiser, M. Hildegard. 1992. Management recommendations for the northern goshawk in the southwestern United States. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-GTR-217. Fort Collins, CO: U. S Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 90 p. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/6420.
    • (1992) Gen. Tech. Rep. , pp. 90
    • Reynolds, R.T.1    Graham, R.T.2    Reiser, M.H.3
  • 300
    • 38849149800 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantifying physical characteristics of wildland fuels using the Fuel Characteristic Classification System
    • online
    • Riccardi, Cynthia L.; Prichard, Susan J.; Sandburg, David V.; Ottmar, Roger D. 2007b. Quantifying physical characteristics of wildland fuels using the Fuel Characteristic Classification System. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37: 2413-2420. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/29290
    • (2007) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.37 , pp. 2413-2420
    • Riccardi, C.L.1    Prichard, S.J.2    Sandburg, D.V.3    Ottmar, R.D.4
  • 301
    • 34247337697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Root diseases in coniferous forests of the inland west: Potential implications of fuels treatments
    • RMRS-GTR-141. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, online
    • Rippy, Raini C.; Stewart, Jane E.; Zambino, Paul J.; Klopfenstein, Ned B.; Tirocke, Joanne M.; Kim, Mee-Sook; Thies, Walter G. 2005. Root diseases in coniferous forests of the inland west: potential implications of fuels treatments. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-141. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 32 p. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/20469.
    • (2005) Gen. Tech. Rep. , pp. 32
    • Rippy, R.C.1    Stewart, J.E.2    Zambino, P.J.3    Klopfenstein, N.B.4    Tirocke, J.M.5    Kim, M.-S.6    Thies, W.G.7
  • 302
    • 0003699127 scopus 로고
    • User's guide for SYSTUM-1 (Version 2.0): A simulator of growth trends in young stands under management in California and Oregon
    • PSW-GTR-147. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, online
    • Ritchie, Martin W.; Powers, Robert F. 1993. User's guide for SYSTUM-1 (Version 2.0): a simulator of growth trends in young stands under management in California and Oregon. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-147. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station. 45 p. online: www.treesearch/pubs/24162.
    • (1993) Gen. Tech. Rep. , pp. 45
    • Ritchie, M.W.1    Powers, R.F.2
  • 303
    • 34447267980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Probability of tree survival after wildfire in an interior pine forest of northern California: Effects of thinning and prescribed fire
    • Ritchie, Martin W.; Skinner, Carl N.; Hamilton, Todd A. 2007. Probability of tree survival after wildfire in an interior pine forest of northern California: effects of thinning and prescribed fire. Forest Ecology and Management. 247(1-3): 200-208.
    • (2007) Forest Ecology and Management. , vol.247 , Issue.1-3 , pp. 200-208
    • Ritchie, M.W.1    Skinner, C.N.2    Hamilton, T.A.3
  • 304
    • 0003969987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating the effectiveness of postfire rehabilitation treatments
    • RMRS-GTR-63. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, online
    • Robichaud, Peter R.; Byers, Jan L.; Neary, Daniel G. 2000. Evaluating the effectiveness of postfire rehabilitation treatments. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-63. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 85 p. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/4571.
    • (2000) Gen. Tech. Rep. , pp. 85
    • Robichaud, P.R.1    Byers, J.L.2    Neary, D.G.3
  • 305
    • 84878769106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Field guide to diseases and insects of the Rocky Mountain region
    • Rocky Mountain Region, Forest Health Protection, RMRS-GTR-241. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, online
    • Rocky Mountain Region, Forest Health Protection. 2010. Field guide to diseases and insects of the Rocky Mountain region. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-241. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 336 p. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/37290.
    • (2010) Gen. Tech. Rep. , pp. 336
  • 306
    • 0004029007 scopus 로고
    • How to predict the spread and intensity of forest and range fires
    • INT-143. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, online
    • Rothermel, Richard C. 1983. How to predict the spread and intensity of forest and range fires. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-143. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 161 p. online: www.treesearch/pubs/24635.
    • (1983) Gen. Tech. Rep. , pp. 161
    • Rothermel, R.C.1
  • 307
    • 0013100629 scopus 로고
    • Interactions between fire-injured trees and insects in the greater Yellowstone area
    • In: Despain, Don G., ed., 1991 September 16-17; Yellowstone National Park, WY. Tech. Rep. NPS/NRYELL/NRTR-93/XX. Denver, CO: U.S. Department of Interior, National Park Service
    • Ryan, Kevin, C.; Amman, Gene, D. 1994. Interactions between fire-injured trees and insects in the greater Yellowstone area. In: Despain, Don G., ed. Plants and their environments: Proceedings of the first biennial scientific conference on the greater Yellowstone ecosystem; 1991 September 16-17; Yellowstone National Park, WY. Tech. Rep. NPS/NRYELL/NRTR-93/XX. Denver, CO: U.S. Department of Interior, National Park Service: 259-271.
    • (1994) Plants and their environments: Proceedings of the first biennial scientific conference on the greater Yellowstone ecosystem , pp. 259-271
    • Ryan, K.C.1    Amman, G.D.2
  • 308
    • 0013142106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bark Beetle activity and delayed tree mortality in the greater Yellowstone area following the 1988 fires
    • In: Greenlee, Jason M., ed., 1993 September 19-21; Yellowstone National Park, WY. Fairfield, WA: International Association of Wildland Fire
    • Ryan, Kevin, C.; Amman, Gene, D. 1996. Bark Beetle activity and delayed tree mortality in the greater Yellowstone area following the 1988 fires. In: Greenlee, Jason M., ed. The ecological implications of fire in greater Yellowstone: Proceedings of the second biennial conference on the greater Yellowstone ecosystem; 1993 September 19-21; Yellowstone National Park, WY. Fairfield, WA: International Association of Wildland Fire: 151-158.
    • (1996) The ecological implications of fire in greater Yellowstone: Proceedings of the second biennial conference on the greater Yellowstone ecosystem , pp. 151-158
    • Ryan, K.C.1    Amman, G.D.2
  • 309
    • 84971062334 scopus 로고
    • Basal injury from smoldering fires in mature Pinus ponderosa laws
    • Ryan, K. C.; Frandsen, W. H. 1991. Basal injury from smoldering fires in mature Pinus ponderosa laws. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 1(2): 107-118.
    • (1991) International Journal of Wildland Fire. , vol.1 , Issue.2 , pp. 107-118
    • Ryan, K.C.1    Frandsen, W.H.2
  • 310
    • 0003035399 scopus 로고
    • Evaluating prescribed fires
    • In: Lotan, James E.; Kilgore, Bruce M.; Fischer, William C.; Mutch, Robert W., tech. coords, 1983 November 15-18; Missoula, MT. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-182. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station
    • Ryan, Kevin C.; Noste, Nonan V. 1985. Evaluating prescribed fires. In: Lotan, James E.; Kilgore, Bruce M.; Fischer, William C.; Mutch, Robert W., tech. coords. Proceedings-Symposium and workshop on wilderness fire; 1983 November 15-18; Missoula, MT. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-182. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 230-238.
    • (1985) Proceedings-Symposium and workshop on wilderness fire , pp. 230-238
    • Ryan, K.C.1    Noste, N.V.2
  • 311
    • 0024250679 scopus 로고
    • Predicting postfire mortality of seven western conifers
    • online
    • Ryan, Kevin C.; Reinhardt, Elizabeth D. 1988. Predicting postfire mortality of seven western conifers. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 18(10): 1291-1297. online: www.treesearch/pubs/32531.
    • (1988) Canadian Journal of Forest Research. , vol.18 , Issue.10 , pp. 1291-1297
    • Ryan, K.C.1    Reinhardt, E.D.2
  • 312
    • 67649957530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Birds and burns of the Interior West: Descriptions, habitats, and management in western forests
    • PNW-GTR-712. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, online
    • Saab, Victoria; Block, William; Russell, Robin; Lehmkuhl, John; Bate, Lisa; White, Rachel. 2007. Birds and burns of the Interior West: descriptions, habitats, and management in western forests. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-712. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 23 p. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/27925.
    • (2007) Gen. Tech. Rep. , pp. 23
    • Saab, V.1    Block, W.2    Russell, R.3    Lehmkuhl, J.4    Bate, L.5    White, R.6
  • 313
    • 67650108511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of fuel treatments on fire severity in an area of wildland-urban interface, Angora Fire, Lake Tahoe Basin, California
    • Safford, Hugh D.; Schmidt, David A.; Carlson, Chris H. 2009. Effects of fuel treatments on fire severity in an area of wildland-urban interface, Angora Fire, Lake Tahoe Basin, California. Forest Ecology and Management. 258(5): 773-787.
    • (2009) Forest Ecology and Management. , vol.258 , Issue.5 , pp. 773-787
    • Safford, H.D.1    Schmidt, D.A.2    Carlson, C.H.3
  • 315
    • 0005919497 scopus 로고
    • Duff reduction by prescribed underburning in Douglas-fir
    • PNW-RP-272. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, online
    • Sandberg, David. 1980. Duff reduction by prescribed underburning in Douglas-fir. Res. Pap. PNW-RP-272. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 18 p. online: www.treesearch/pubs/21254.
    • (1980) Res. Pap. , pp. 18
    • Sandberg, D.1
  • 317
    • 0026291025 scopus 로고
    • Biological consequences of ecosystem fragmentation: A review
    • Saunders, Denis A.; Hobbs, Richard J.; Margules, Chris R. 1991. Biological consequences of ecosystem fragmentation: a review. Conservation biology. 5(1): 18-32.
    • (1991) Conservation biology. , vol.5 , Issue.1 , pp. 18-32
    • Saunders, D.A.1    Hobbs, R.J.2    Margules, C.R.3
  • 318
    • 36248932751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of partial cutting on mountain pine beetle-caused tree mortality in Black Hills ponderosa pine stands
    • Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Experiment Station
    • Schmid, J. M.; Mata, S. A.; Kessler, R. R.; Popp, J. B. 2007. The influence of partial cutting on mountain pine beetle-caused tree mortality in Black Hills ponderosa pine stands. Res. Pap. RMRS-RP-68. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Experiment Station. 19 p.
    • (2007) Res. Pap. RMRS-RP-68. , pp. 19
    • Schmid, J.M.1    Mata, S.A.2    Kessler, R.R.3    Popp, J.B.4
  • 319
    • 0003541416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of coarse-scale spatial data for wildland fire and fuel management
    • RMRSGTR-87. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, online
    • Schmidt, Kirsten M.; Menakis, James P.; Hardy, Colin C.; Hann, Wendel J.; Bunnell, David L. 2002. Development of coarse-scale spatial data for wildland fire and fuel management. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRSGTR-87. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 33 p. online: www.treesearch/pubs/4590.
    • (2002) Gen. Tech. Rep. , pp. 33
    • Schmidt, K.M.1    Menakis, J.P.2    Hardy, C.C.3    Hann, W.J.4    Bunnell, D.L.5
  • 320
    • 3242669153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The interaction of fire, fuels, and climate across Rocky Mountain forests
    • Schoennagel, Tania; Veblen, Thomas T.; Romme, William H. 2004. The interaction of fire, fuels, and climate across Rocky Mountain forests. BioScience. 54(7): 661-676.
    • (2004) BioScience. , vol.54 , Issue.7 , pp. 661-676
    • Schoennagel, T.1    Veblen, T.T.2    Romme, W.H.3
  • 321
    • 65349193856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The National Fire and Fire Surrogate study: Effects of fuel reduction methods on forest vegetation structure and fuels
    • [and others], online
    • Schwilk, Dylan W.; Keeley, Jon E.; Knapp, Eric E.; [and others]. 2009. The National Fire and Fire Surrogate study: effects of fuel reduction methods on forest vegetation structure and fuels. Ecological Applications 19(2): 285-304. online: www.treesearch/pubs/34210.
    • (2009) Ecological Applications , vol.19 , Issue.2 , pp. 285-304
    • Schwilk, D.W.1    Keeley, J.E.2    Knapp, E.E.3
  • 322
    • 33746300507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tree mortality from fire and bark beetles following early and late season prescribed fires in a Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forest
    • Schwilk, Dylan W.; Knapp, Eric E.; Ferrenberg, Scott M.; Keeley, Jon E.; Caprio, Anthony C. 2006. Tree mortality from fire and bark beetles following early and late season prescribed fires in a Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forest. Forest Ecology and Management. 232(1-3): 36-45.
    • (2006) Forest Ecology and Management. , vol.232 , Issue.1-3 , pp. 36-45
    • Schwilk, D.W.1    Knapp, E.E.2    Ferrenberg, S.M.3    Keeley, J.E.4    Caprio, A.C.5
  • 323
    • 8644259934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing crown fire potential by linking models of surface and crown fire behavior
    • RMRS-RP-29. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, online
    • Scott, Joe H.; Reinhardt, Elizabeth D. 2001. Assessing crown fire potential by linking models of surface and crown fire behavior. Res. Pap. RMRS-RP-29. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 59 p. online: www.treesearch/pubs/4623.
    • (2001) Res. Pap. , pp. 59
    • Scott, J.H.1    Reinhardt, E.D.2
  • 324
    • 77954092914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of alternative treatments on canopy fuel characteristics in five conifer stands
    • In: Powers, Robert F., tech. ed, 2005 June 6-10; Tahoe City, CA. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSWGTR-203. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, online
    • Scott, Joe H.; Reinhardt, Elizabeth D. 2007. Effects of alternative treatments on canopy fuel characteristics in five conifer stands. In: Powers, Robert F., tech. ed. Restoring fire-adapted ecosystems: Proceedings of the 2005 national silviculture workshop; 2005 June 6-10; Tahoe City, CA. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSWGTR-203. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 193-209. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/25903.
    • (2007) Restoring fire-adapted ecosystems: Proceedings of the 2005 national silviculture workshop , pp. 193-209
    • Scott, J.H.1    Reinhardt, E.D.2
  • 325
    • 11144284918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development, fire history and current and past growth, of old growth and young-growth forest stands in the Cascade
    • Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University, Dissertation
    • Sensenig, Thomas S. 2002. Development, fire history and current and past growth, of old growth and young-growth forest stands in the Cascade, Siskiyou and mid-coast Mountains of southwestern Oregon. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 180 p. Dissertation.
    • (2002) Siskiyou and mid-coast Mountains of southwestern Oregon , pp. 180
    • Sensenig, T.S.1
  • 327
    • 1942468060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecology, silviculture, and management of Black Hills ponderosa pine
    • RMRS-GTR-97. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, online
    • Shepperd, Wayne D.; Battaglia, Michael A. 2002. Ecology, silviculture, and management of Black Hills ponderosa pine. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-97. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 112 p. online: www.treesearch/pubs/4816.
    • (2002) Gen. Tech. Rep. , pp. 112
    • Shepperd, W.D.1    Battaglia, M.A.2
  • 328
    • 33845577738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Best predictors for postfire mortality of ponderosa pine trees in the Intermountain West
    • online
    • Sieg, Carolyn Hull; McMillin, Joel D.; Fowler, James F; Allen, Kurt K.; Negron, Jose F.; Wadleigh, Linda L.; Anhold, John A.; Gibson, Ken E. 2006. Best predictors for postfire mortality of ponderosa pine trees in the Intermountain West. Forest Science. 52(6): 718-728. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/26799.
    • (2006) Forest Science. , vol.52 , Issue.6 , pp. 718-728
    • Sieg, C.H.1    McMillin, J.D.2    Fowler, J.F.3    Allen, K.K.4    Negron, J.F.5    Wadleigh, L.L.6    Anhold, J.A.7    Gibson, K.E.8
  • 331
    • 0039182131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eighty-eight years of change in a managed ponderosa pine forest
    • eds, RMRS-GTR-23. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, online
    • Smith, Helen Y.; Arno, Stephen F., eds. 1999. Eighty-eight years of change in a managed ponderosa pine forest. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-23. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 55 p. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/28424.
    • (1999) Gen. Tech. Rep. , pp. 55
    • Smith, H.Y.1    Arno, S.F.2
  • 332
    • 0003830054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wildland fire in ecosystems: Effects of fire on fauna
    • ed, RMRSGTR-42-volume 1. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, online
    • Smith, Jane Kapler, ed. 2000. Wildland fire in ecosystems: effects of fire on fauna. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRSGTR-42-volume 1. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 83 p. online: www.treesearch/pubs/4553.
    • (2000) Gen. Tech. Rep. , pp. 83
    • Smith, J.K.1
  • 333
    • 84878760463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fire and non-native invasive plants-introduction
    • In: Zouhar, Kristin; Smith, Jane Kapler; Sutherland, Steve; Brooks, Matthew L., eds, Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRSGTR-42-vol. 6. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, online
    • Smith, Jane Kapler; Zouhar, Kristin; Sutherland, Steve; Brooks, Matthew L. 2008. Fire and non-native invasive plants-introduction. In: Zouhar, Kristin; Smith, Jane Kapler; Sutherland, Steve; Brooks, Matthew L., eds. Wildland fire in ecosystems: fire and nonnative invasive plants. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRSGTR-42-vol. 6. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 1-6. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/32668.
    • (2008) Wildland fire in ecosystems: Fire and nonnative invasive plants , pp. 1-6
    • Smith, J.K.1    Zouhar, K.2    Sutherland, S.3    Brooks, M.L.4
  • 334
    • 0346689062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fire management implications of fuel loads and vegetation structure in jarrah forest restoration on bauxite mines in western Australia
    • Smith, Martin A.; Grant, Carl D; Loneragan, William A.; Koch, John M. 2004. Fire management implications of fuel loads and vegetation structure in jarrah forest restoration on bauxite mines in western Australia. Forest Ecology and Management. 187(2-3): 247-266.
    • (2004) Forest Ecology and Management. , vol.187 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 247-266
    • Smith, M.A.1    Grant, C.D.2    Loneragan, W.A.3    Koch, J.M.4
  • 335
    • 0000012668 scopus 로고
    • Gap characteristics and vegetation response in coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest
    • Spies, Thomas A.; Franklin, Jerry F. 1989. Gap characteristics and vegetation response in coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest. Ecology. 70(3): 543-545.
    • (1989) Ecology. , vol.70 , Issue.3 , pp. 543-545
    • Spies, T.A.1    Franklin, J.F.2
  • 336
    • 77955196887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of western dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium campylopodum Engelm.) on surface fuels and snag abundance in mature ponderosa pine and mixed conifer stands in central Oregon
    • Stanton, Sharon; Hadley, Keith S. 2010. Influence of western dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium campylopodum Engelm.) on surface fuels and snag abundance in mature ponderosa pine and mixed conifer stands in central Oregon. Natural Areas Journal. 30(3): 261-270.
    • (2010) Natural Areas Journal. , vol.30 , Issue.3 , pp. 261-270
    • Stanton, S.1    Hadley, K.S.2
  • 337
    • 0000482903 scopus 로고
    • Fire resistance in the forest
    • Starker, T. J. 1934. Fire resistance in the forest. Journal of Forestry. 32(4): 462-467.
    • (1934) Journal of Forestry. , vol.32 , Issue.4 , pp. 462-467
    • Starker, T.J.1
  • 338
    • 85040802225 scopus 로고
    • Forest habitat types of eastern Idaho-western Wyoming
    • INT-144. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, online
    • Steele, Robert; Cooper, Stephen V.; Ondov, David M.; Roberts, David W.; Pfister, Robert D. 1983. Forest habitat types of eastern Idaho-western Wyoming. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-144. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 122 p. online: www.treesearch/pubs/32907.
    • (1983) Gen. Tech. Rep. , pp. 122
    • Steele, R.1    Cooper, S.V.2    Ondov, D.M.3    Roberts, D.W.4    Pfister, R.D.5
  • 339
    • 84868129202 scopus 로고
    • The U. S, Forest Service. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press
    • Steen, Harold K. 1976. The U.S. Forest Service. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. 356 p.
    • (1976) , pp. 356
    • Steen, H.K.1
  • 340
    • 0032527081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the effects of silvicultural and fuels treatments on potential fire behavior in Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forests
    • Stephens, Scott Lewis. 1998. Evaluation of the effects of silvicultural and fuels treatments on potential fire behavior in Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forests. Forest Ecology and Management. 105(1-3): 21-35.
    • (1998) Forest Ecology and Management. , vol.105 , Issue.1-3 , pp. 21-35
    • Stephens, S.L.1
  • 342
    • 65349173886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fire treatment effects on vegetation structure, fuels, and potential fire severity in western U.S. forests
    • [and others], online
    • Stephens, Scott L.; Moghaddas, Jason J.; Edminster, Carl; [and others]. 2009. Fire treatment effects on vegetation structure, fuels, and potential fire severity in western U.S. forests. Ecological Applications 19(2): 305-320. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/35865.
    • (2009) Ecological Applications , vol.19 , Issue.2 , pp. 305-320
    • Stephens, S.L.1    Moghaddas, J.J.2    Edminster, C.3
  • 344
    • 77956986117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integrating fuel treatment into ecosystem management: A proposed project planning process
    • online
    • Stockmann, Keith D.; Hyde, Kevin D.; Jones, J. Greg; Loeffler, Dan R.; Silverstein, Robin P. 2010. Integrating fuel treatment into ecosystem management: a proposed project planning process. International Journal of Wildland Fire 19(6): 725-736. online: www.treesearch/pubs/36295.
    • (2010) International Journal of Wildland Fire , vol.19 , Issue.6 , pp. 725-736
    • Stockmann, K.D.1    Hyde, K.D.2    Jones, J.G.3    Loeffler, D.R.4    Silverstein, R.P.5
  • 345
    • 34247352876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidance on spatial wildland fire analysis; models, tools, and techniques
    • RMRS-GTR-183. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Rocky Mountain Research Station, online
    • Stratton, Richard D. 2006. Guidance on spatial wildland fire analysis; models, tools, and techniques. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-183. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 15 p. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/25139.
    • (2006) Gen. Tech. Rep. , pp. 15
    • Stratton, R.D.1
  • 346
    • 0033738795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fire history of white fir forests in the coastal mountains of northwestern California
    • Stuart, Jonn D.; Salazar, Lucy A. 2000. Fire history of white fir forests in the coastal mountains of northwestern California. Northwest Science. 74(4): 280-285.
    • (2000) Northwest Science. , vol.74 , Issue.4 , pp. 280-285
    • Stuart, J.D.1    Salazar, L.A.2
  • 347
    • 8644258413 scopus 로고
    • Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Pacific Northwest Region, Division of Timber Management
    • Studier, Donald D.; Binkley, Virgil W. 1974. Cable logging systems. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Pacific Northwest Region, Division of Timber Management. 205 p.
    • (1974) Cable logging systems , pp. 205
    • Studier, D.D.1    Binkley, V.W.2
  • 348
    • 84868667750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Collaborative planning to reduce risk
    • In: Martin, Wade E.; Raish, Carol; Kent, Brian, eds, Washington, DC: Resources for the Future, online
    • Sturtevant, Victoria; Jakes, Pamela. 2008. Collaborative planning to reduce risk. In: Martin, Wade E.; Raish, Carol; Kent, Brian, eds. Wildfire risk: human perceptions and management implications. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future: 44-63. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/13483.
    • (2008) Wildfire risk: Human perceptions and management implications , pp. 44-63
    • Sturtevant, V.1    Jakes, P.2
  • 349
    • 33644598899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social science to improve fuels management: A synthesis of research on collaboration
    • NC-257. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Research Station, online
    • Sturtevant, Victoria; Moote, Margaret Ann; Jakes, Pamela; Cheng, Antony S. 2005. Social science to improve fuels management: a synthesis of research on collaboration. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-257. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Research Station. 84 p. online: www. treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/13123.
    • (2005) Gen. Tech. Rep. , pp. 84
    • Sturtevant, V.1    Moote, M.A.2    Jakes, P.3    Cheng, A.S.4
  • 350
    • 0025691799 scopus 로고
    • Fire-southern oscillation relations in the southwestern United States
    • Swetnam, Thomas W.; Betancourt, Julio L. 1990. Fire-southern oscillation relations in the southwestern United States. Science. 249(4972): 1017-1020.
    • (1990) Science. , vol.249 , Issue.4972 , pp. 1017-1020
    • Swetnam, T.W.1    Betancourt, J.L.2
  • 351
    • 0032427248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mesoscale disturbance and ecological response to decadal climatic variability in the American Southwest
    • Swetnam, Thomas W.; Betancourt, Julio L. 1998. Mesoscale disturbance and ecological response to decadal climatic variability in the American Southwest. Journal of Climate. 11(12): 3128-3147.
    • (1998) Journal of Climate. , vol.11 , Issue.12 , pp. 3128-3147
    • Swetnam, T.W.1    Betancourt, J.L.2
  • 352
    • 0026007285 scopus 로고
    • Prescribed-fire effects on fine-root and tree mortality in oldgrowth ponderosa pine
    • Swezy, D. Michael; Agee, James K. 1991. Prescribed-fire effects on fine-root and tree mortality in oldgrowth ponderosa pine. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 21(5): 626-634.
    • (1991) Canadian Journal of Forest Research. , vol.21 , Issue.5 , pp. 626-634
    • Swezy, D.M.1    Agee, J.K.2
  • 353
    • 0027837354 scopus 로고
    • Fire history and structure of red fir (Abies magnifica) forests, Swain Mountain Experimental Forest, Cascade Range, northeastern California
    • Taylor, Alan H. 1993. Fire history and structure of red fir (Abies magnifica) forests, Swain Mountain Experimental Forest, Cascade Range, northeastern California. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 23(8): 1672-1678.
    • (1993) Canadian Journal of Forest Research. , vol.23 , Issue.8 , pp. 1672-1678
    • Taylor, A.H.1
  • 354
    • 0033901375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fire regimes and forest changes in mid and upper montane forests of the southern Cascades, Lassen Volcanic National Park, California, U.S. A
    • Taylor, Alan H. 2000. Fire regimes and forest changes in mid and upper montane forests of the southern Cascades, Lassen Volcanic National Park, California, U.S.A. Journal of Biogeography. 27(1): 87-104.
    • (2000) Journal of Biogeography. , vol.27 , Issue.1 , pp. 87-104
    • Taylor, A.H.1
  • 355
  • 356
    • 27544452509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Season of prescribed burn in ponderosa pine forests in eastern Oregon: Impact on pine mortality
    • online
    • Thies, Walter G.; Westlind, Douglas J.; Loewen, Mark. 2005. Season of prescribed burn in ponderosa pine forests in eastern Oregon: impact on pine mortality. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 14(3): 223-231. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/25536.
    • (2005) International Journal of Wildland Fire. , vol.14 , Issue.3 , pp. 223-231
    • Thies, W.G.1    Westlind, D.J.2    Loewen, M.3
  • 357
    • 84856900111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A field guide to predict delayed mortality of fire-damaged ponderosa pine: Application and validation of the Malheur model
    • PNW-GTR-769. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research, online
    • Thies, Walter G.; Westlind, Douglas J.; Loewen, Mark; Brenner, Greg. 2008. A field guide to predict delayed mortality of fire-damaged ponderosa pine: application and validation of the Malheur model. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-769. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 16 p. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/31092.
    • (2008) Gen. Tech. Rep. , pp. 16
    • Thies, W.G.1    Westlind, D.J.2    Loewen, M.3    Brenner, G.4
  • 359
    • 0003298903 scopus 로고
    • Edges
    • In: Thomas, Jack Ward, tech. ed, Agric. Handb. 553. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, online
    • Thomas, Jack Ward; Maser, Chris; Rodiek, John E. 1979b. Edges. In: Thomas, Jack Ward, tech. ed. Wildlife habitats of managed forests the Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington. Agric. Handb. 553. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 48-59. online: www.treesearch. fs.fed.us/pubs/6630.
    • (1979) Wildlife habitats of managed forests the Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington , pp. 48-59
    • Thomas, J.W.1    Maser, C.2    Rodiek, J.E.3
  • 360
    • 0022841109 scopus 로고
    • Prescribed fire effects on mixed conifer forest structure at Crater Lake, Oregon
    • Thomas, Terri L.; Agee, James K. 1986. Prescribed fire effects on mixed conifer forest structure at Crater Lake, Oregon. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 16(5): 1082-1087.
    • (1986) Canadian Journal of Forest Research. , vol.16 , Issue.5 , pp. 1082-1087
    • Thomas, T.L.1    Agee, J.K.2
  • 361
    • 34547549523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reburn severity in managed and unmanaged vegetation in a large wildfire
    • online
    • Thompson, Jonathan R.; Spies, Thomas A.; Ganio, Lisa M. 2007. Reburn severity in managed and unmanaged vegetation in a large wildfire. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104(25): 10743-10748. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/29686.
    • (2007) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. , vol.104 , Issue.25 , pp. 10743-10748
    • Thompson, J.R.1    Spies, T.A.2    Ganio, L.M.3
  • 362
    • 68949164728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vegetation and weather explain variation in crown damage within a large mixed-severity wildfire
    • Thompson, Jonathan R.; Spies, Thomas A. 2009. Vegetation and weather explain variation in crown damage within a large mixed-severity wildfire. Forest Ecology and Management. 258(7): 1684-1694.
    • (2009) Forest Ecology and Management. , vol.258 , Issue.7 , pp. 1684-1694
    • Thompson, J.R.1    Spies, T.A.2
  • 363
    • 77952991604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • USDA; USDI, Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Land Management, National Park Service, United States Fish and Wildlife Service
    • USDA; USDI. 2009. Guidance for implementation of Federal Wildland Fire Management Policy. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Land Management, National Park Service, United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 20 p.
    • (2009) Guidance for implementation of Federal Wildland Fire Management Policy , pp. 20
  • 364
    • 0030326625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Status of the Interior Columbia Basin, summary of scientific findings
    • U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, PNW-GTR-385. Portland, OR: Pacific Northwest Research Station, online
    • U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1996. Status of the Interior Columbia Basin, summary of scientific findings. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-385. Portland, OR: Pacific Northwest Research Station. 144 p. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/25385.
    • (1996) Gen. Tech. Rep. , pp. 144
  • 365
    • 70349917002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of fuel treatments on fuels and potential fire behavior in California, USA, National Forests
    • [In preparation]. Effectiveness and longevity of fuel treatments in coniferous forests across California. Vaillant, Nicole M.; Fites-Kaufman, Joanne; Reiner, Alicia L.; Noonan-Wright, Erin; Daily, Scott N, online
    • Vaillant, N. M.; Daily, S. N.; Noonan-Wright, E. [In preparation]. Effectiveness and longevity of fuel treatments in coniferous forests across California. Vaillant, Nicole M.; Fites-Kaufman, Joanne; Reiner, Alicia L.; Noonan-Wright, Erin; Daily, Scott N. 2009. Effect of fuel treatments on fuels and potential fire behavior in California, USA, National Forests. Fire Ecology. 5(2): 14-29. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/32027.
    • (2009) Fire Ecology. , vol.5 , Issue.2 , pp. 14-29
    • Vaillant, N.M.1    Daily, S.N.2    Noonan-Wright, E.3
  • 366
    • 84971079165 scopus 로고
    • Heat-transfer in the soil during very low-intensity experimental fires: The role of duff and soil-moisture content
    • Valette, Joan-Charles; Gomendy, Véronique; Maréchal, Joel; Houssard, Claudie; Gillon, Dominique. 1994. Heat-transfer in the soil during very low-intensity experimental fires: the role of duff and soil-moisture content. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 4(4): 225-237.
    • (1994) International Journal of Wildland Fire. , vol.4 , Issue.4 , pp. 225-237
    • Valette, J.-C.1    Gomendy, V.2    Maréchal, J.3    Houssard, C.4    Gillon, D.5
  • 367
    • 84856994593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A summary of fire frequency estimates for California vegetation before Euro-American settlement
    • Van de Water, Kip M.; Safford, Hugh D. 2011. A summary of fire frequency estimates for California vegetation before Euro-American settlement. Fire Ecology. 7(3): 26-58.
    • (2011) Fire Ecology. , vol.7 , Issue.3 , pp. 26-58
    • de van, W.1    Kip, M.2    Safford, H.D.3
  • 368
    • 0038345952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bark heat resistance of small trees in Californian mixed conifer forests: Testing some model assumptions
    • van Mantgem, Phillip; Schwartz, Mark. 2003. Bark heat resistance of small trees in Californian mixed conifer forests: testing some model assumptions. Forest Ecology and Management. 178(3): 341-352.
    • (2003) Forest Ecology and Management. , vol.178 , Issue.3 , pp. 341-352
    • van Mantgem, P.1    Schwartz, M.2
  • 370
    • 0003069273 scopus 로고
    • Conditions for the start and spread of crown fire
    • van Wagner, C. E. 1977. Conditions for the start and spread of crown fire. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 7(1): 23-24.
    • (1977) Canadian Journal of Forest Research. , vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp. 23-24
    • van Wagner, C.E.1
  • 372
    • 0041960774 scopus 로고
    • Fuel accumulation rates after prescribed fires in Yosemite National Park
    • 1987 April 21-24; San Diego, CA. Boston, MA: American Meteorological Society
    • van Wagtendonk, Jan W.; Sydoriak, Chariesse A. 1987. Fuel accumulation rates after prescribed fires in Yosemite National Park. In: Proceedings ninth conference on fire and forest meteorology; 1987 April 21-24; San Diego, CA. Boston, MA: American Meteorological Society: 101-105.
    • (1987) Proceedings ninth conference on fire and forest meteorology , pp. 101-105
    • van Wagtendonk, J.W.1    Sydoriak, C.A.2
  • 373
    • 77954097900 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fuel treatments and fire models: Errors and corrections
    • Varner, J. Morgan; Keyes, Christopher R. 2009. Fuel treatments and fire models: errors and corrections. Fire Management Today. 69(3): 47-50.
    • (2009) Fire Management Today. , vol.69 , Issue.3 , pp. 47-50
    • Varner, J.M.1    Keyes, C.R.2
  • 374
    • 0025586459 scopus 로고
    • Fire as a forest management tool: Prescribed burning in the southern United States
    • Wade, Dale D.; Lundsford, James. 1990. Fire as a forest management tool: prescribed burning in the southern United States. Unasylva. 162(41): 28-38.
    • (1990) Unasylva. , vol.162 , Issue.41 , pp. 28-38
    • Wade, D.D.1    Lundsford, J.2
  • 375
    • 0344109952 scopus 로고
    • A guide for prescribed fire in southern forests
    • Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Region
    • Wade, Dale D.; Lunsford, James D.; Dixon, Merlin J.; Mobley, Hugh E. 1989. A guide for prescribed fire in southern forests. Tech. Publ. R8-TP 11. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Region. 56 p.
    • (1989) Tech. Publ. R8-TP 11. , pp. 56
    • Wade, D.D.1    Lunsford, J.D.2    Dixon, M.J.3    Mobley, H.E.4
  • 376
    • 0013259380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Landscape-level strategies for forest fuel management. In: Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final report to Congress
    • Davis, CA: University of California, Centers for Water and Wildland Resources, online
    • Weatherspoon, C. Phillip; Skinner, Carl N. 1996. Landscape-level strategies for forest fuel management. In: Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final report to Congress. Vol II: assessments and scientific basis for management options. Davis, CA: University of California, Centers for Water and Wildland Resources: 1471-1492. online: www.treesearch/pubs/36569.
    • (1996) Vol II: Assessments and scientific basis for management options , pp. 1471-1492
    • Weatherspoon, C.P.1    Skinner, C.N.2
  • 380
  • 381
    • 0027011575 scopus 로고
    • Vegetational and climatic history of the Pacific Northwest during the last 20,000 years: Implications for understanding present-day biodiversity
    • Whitlock, Cathy. 1992. Vegetational and climatic history of the Pacific Northwest during the last 20,000 years: implications for understanding present-day biodiversity. The Northwest Environmental Journal. 8: 5-28.
    • (1992) The Northwest Environmental Journal. , vol.8 , pp. 5-28
    • Whitlock, C.1
  • 382
    • 0003738476 scopus 로고
    • Forest health in the Blue Mountains: The influence of insects and diseases
    • PNW-GTR-295. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research, online
    • Wickman, Boyd E. 1992. Forest health in the Blue Mountains: the influence of insects and diseases. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-295. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 15 p. online: www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/9032.
    • (1992) Gen. Tech. Rep. , pp. 15
    • Wickman, B.E.1
  • 383
    • 0006878249 scopus 로고
    • Forested plant associations of the Colville National Forest
    • PNW-GTR-360. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research, online, tation
    • Williams, Clinton K.; Kelley, Brian F.; Smith, Bradley G.; Lillybridge, Terry R. 1995. Forested plant associations of the Colville National Forest. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-360. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 405 p. online: www. treesearch/pubs/26243.
    • (1995) Gen. Tech. Rep. , pp. 405
    • Williams, C.K.1    Kelley, B.F.2    Smith, B.G.3    Lillybridge, T.R.4
  • 386
    • 69449102245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing fuel treatment effectiveness using satellite imagery and spatial statistics
    • Wimberly, Michael C.; Cochrane, Mark A.; Baer, Adam D.; Pabst, Kari. 2009. Assessing fuel treatment effectiveness using satellite imagery and spatial statistics. Ecological Applications. 19(6): 1377-1384.
    • (2009) Ecological Applications. , vol.19 , Issue.6 , pp. 1377-1384
    • Wimberly, M.C.1    Cochrane, M.A.2    Baer, A.D.3    Pabst, K.4
  • 388
    • 0035303805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Height:Diameter ratios and stability relationships for four northern Rocky Mountain tree species
    • Wonn, Hagan T.; O'Hara, Kevin L. 2001. Height:diameter ratios and stability relationships for four northern Rocky Mountain tree species. Western Journal of Applied Forestry. 16(2): 87-94.
    • (2001) Western Journal of Applied Forestry. , vol.16 , Issue.2 , pp. 87-94
    • Wonn, H.T.1    O'Hara, K.L.2
  • 389
  • 390
    • 84856935520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of logistic regression models used to predict post-fire tree mortality of western North American conifers
    • Woolley, Travis; Shaw, David C.; Ganio, Lisa M.; Fitzgerald, Stephen. 2012. A review of logistic regression models used to predict post-fire tree mortality of western North American conifers. International Journal Of Wildland Fire. 21(1): 1-35.
    • (2012) International Journal Of Wildland Fire. , vol.21 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-35
    • Woolley, T.1    Shaw, D.C.2    Ganio, L.M.3    Fitzgerald, S.4
  • 391
    • 0037691470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of Armillaria species in the Rocky Mountain region
    • Lakewood, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region
    • Wu, Yun; Johnson, David Winslow; Angwin, Peter A. 1996. Identification of Armillaria species in the Rocky Mountain region. Tech. Rep. R2-58. Lakewood, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region. 26 p.
    • (1996) Tech. Rep. R2-58. , pp. 26
    • Wu, Y.1    Johnson, D.W.2    Angwin, P.A.3
  • 392
    • 76749145913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thinning and burning in dry coniferous forests of the western United States: Effectiveness in altering diameter distributions
    • online
    • Youngblood, Andrew. 2010. Thinning and burning in dry coniferous forests of the western United States: effectiveness in altering diameter distributions. Forest Science. 56(1): 46-59. online: www.treesearch. fs.fed.us/pubs/36325.
    • (2010) Forest Science. , vol.56 , Issue.1 , pp. 46-59
    • Youngblood, A.1
  • 393
    • 84878752268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Timber volume and aboveground live tree biomass equations for landscape analysis in the Pacific Northwest
    • PNW-GTR-819. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, online
    • Zhou, Xiaoping; Hemstrom, Miles A. 2010. Timber volume and aboveground live tree biomass equations for landscape analysis in the Pacific Northwest. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-819. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 38 p. online: www. treesearch/pubs/35638.
    • (2010) Gen. Tech. Rep. , pp. 38
    • Zhou, X.1    Hemstrom, M.A.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.