A summary of fire frequency estimates for California vegetation before Euro-American settlement

Fire Ecology

Volumn 7, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 26-58

  van de Water, Kip M ^a   Safford, Hugh D ^b,c  

^a Forest Service Plumas National Forest   (United States)

^b Forest Service   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

California; Fire frequency; Fire history; Fire return interval; Frid; Presettlement fire regime

Indexed keywords

ESTIMATION METHOD; FIRE BEHAVIOR; FIRE HISTORY; FOREST FIRE; SHRUB; VEGETATION; WOODLAND;

CALIFORNIA; UNITED STATES;

CONIFEROPHYTA; CONIUM; JUNIPERUS; PICEA; PINUS EDULIS;

EID: 84856994593     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19339747     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4996/fireecology.0703026     Document Type: Review

References (330)

1. Acker, S., J. Kertis, and K. Kopper. 2004. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 0310360 North Pacific hypermaritime sitka spruce forest. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
2. Agee, J.K. 1991. Fire history along an elevational gradient in the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon. Northwest Science 65: 188-199.
3. Agee, J.K. 1993. Fire ecology of the Pacific Northwest. Island Press, Washington, D.C, USA.
4. Agee, J.K., and H.H. Biswell. 1978. The fire management plan for Pinnacles National Monument. Pages 1231-1238 in: R.M. Linn, editor. Proceedings of the first conference on scientific research in the national parks. USDI National Park Service Transactions and Proceedings Series 5, Washington, D.C., USA.
5. Agee, J.K., and P.W. Dunwiddie. 1984. Recent forest development on Yellow Island, San Juan County, Washington. Canadian Journal of Botany 62: 2074-2080. doi: /10.1139/b84-282
6. Agee, J.K., M. Finney, and R. deGouvenain. 1990a. Forest fire history of Desolation Peak, Washington. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20: 350-356. doi: 10.1139/x90-051
7. Agee, J.K., L. Potash, and M. Gracz. 1990b. Oregon Caves forest and fire history. USDI National Park Service Cooperative Park Studies Unit Report CPSU/UW 90-1, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
8. Alford, E., and N. Ambos. 2005. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 1310910 Sonoran mid-elevation desert scrub. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
9. Allen, C.D., R.S. Anderson, R.B. Jass, J.L. Toney, and C.H. Baisan. 2008. Paired charcoal and tree-ring records of high-frequency Holocene fire from two New Mexico bog sites. International Journal of Wildland Fire 17: 115-130. doi: 10.1071/WF07165
10. Anderson, M.K. 2005. Tending the wild. University of California Press, Berkeley, USA.
11. Anderson, M.K., and M.J. Moratto. 1996. Native American land-use practices and ecological impacts. Pages 187-206 in: Sierra Nevada ecosystem project fnal report to Congress, volume 2. Wildland Resources Center Report No. 37, University of California, Davis, USA.
12. Anderson, R.S., C.D. Allen, J.L. Toney, R.B. Jass, and A.N. Bair. 2008. Holocene vegetation and fire regimes in subalpine and mixed conifer forests, southern Rocky Mountains, USA. International Journal of Wildland Fire 17: 96-114. doi: 10.1071/WF07028
13. Arabas, K.B., K.S. Hadley, and E.R. Larson. 2006. Fire history of a naturally fragmented landscape in central Oregon. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36: 1108-1120. doi: 10.1139/ x06-004
14. Arno, S.F. 1985. Ecological effects and management implications of Indian fires. Pages 81-86 in: J.E. Lotan, B.M. Kilgore, W.C. Fisher, and R.W. Mutch, editors. Proceedings of the symposium and workshop on wilderness fire. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-GTR-182. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah, USA.
15. Arno, S.F. 2000. Fire in western forest ecosystems. Pages 97-120 in: J.K. Brown and J.K. Smith, editors. Wildland firein ecosystems: effects of fireon fora. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-42-vol. 2, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Ogden, Utah, USA.
16. Arno, S.F., and A.E. Wilson. 1983. Dating past fires in curlleaf mountain-mahogany communities. Journal of Range Management 39: 241-243. doi: 10.2307/3899058
17. Atzet, T. 1979. Description and classifcation of the forests of the Upper Illinois River drainage of southwestern Oregon. Dissertation, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA.
18. Atzet, T., and R.E. Martin. 1992. Natural disturbance regimes in the Klamath Province. Pages 40-48 in: R.R. Harris, D.E. Erman, and H.M. Kerner, editors. Proceedings of symposium on biodiversity of northwestern California. University of California, Berkeley, Wildland Resources Center Report 29.
19. Atzet, T., and L.A. McCrimmon. 1990. Preliminary plant associations of the southern Oregon Cascade Mountain Province. USDA Forest Service, Siskiyou National Forest, Medford, Oregon, USA.
20. Atzet, T., and D.L. Wheeler. 1982. Historical and ecological perspectives on fire activity in the Klamath Geological Province of the Rogue River and Siskiyou National Forests. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Portland, Oregon, USA.
21. Atzet, T., and D. White. 2005. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 01310320 Mediterranean California redfir forest. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
22. Baker, W.L., and D. Ehle. 2001. Uncertainty in surface-fire history: the case of ponderosa pine forests in the western United States. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31: 1205-1226. doi: 10.1139/cjfr-31-7-1205
23. Bancroft, L. 1979. Fire management plan: Sequoia and Kings Canyon national parks. USDI National Park Service, Sequoia and Kings Canyon national parks, Three Rivers, California, USA.
24. Barbour, M.G., and W.D. Billings. 2000. North American terrestrial vegetation. Second edition. Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom.
25. Barbour, M.G., T. Keeler-Wolf, and A.A. Schoenherr. 2007. Terrestrial vegetation of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, USA.
26. Barbour, M.G., and R.A. Minnich. 2000. California upland forests and woodlands. Pages 161-202 in: M.G. Barbour and W.D. Billings, editors. North American terrestrial vegetation, second edition. Cambridge University Press, England, United Kingdom.
27. Bauer, J.M. 2006. Fire history and stand structure of a central Nevada pinyon-juniper woodland. Thesis, University of Nevada, Reno, USA.
28. Bauer, J.M., and P.J. Weisberg. 2009. Fire history of a central Nevada pinyon-juniper woodland. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 39: 1589-1599. doi: 10.1139/X09-078
29. Beaty, R.M., and A.H. Taylor. 2001. Spatial and temporal variation of fire regimes in a mixed conifer forest landscape, southern Cascades, California, USA. Journal of Biogeography 28: 955-966. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2699.2001.00591.x
30. Beaty, R.M., and A.H. Taylor. 2007. Fire disturbance and forest structure in old-growth mixed conifer forests in the northern Sierra Nevada, California. Journal of Vegetation Science 18: 879-890. doi: 10.1111/j.1654-1103.2007.tb02604.x
31. Beaty, R.M., and A.H. Taylor. 2008. Fire history and the structure and dynamics of a mixed conifer forest landscape in the northern Sierra Nevada, Lake Tahoe Basin, California, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 255: 707-719. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2007.09.044
32. Beaty, R.M., and A.H. Taylor. 2009. A 14 000 year sedimentary charcoal record of fire from the northern Sierra Nevada, Lake Tahoe Basin, California, USA. The Holocene 19: 347-359. doi: 10.1177/0959683608101386
33. Bekker, M.F., and A.H. Taylor. 2001. Gradient analysis of fire regimes in montane forests of the southern Cascade Range. Plant Ecology 155: 15-28. doi: 10.1023/A:1013263212092
34. Beyers, J., and T. Parker. 2006. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 0410960 California maritime chaparral. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
35. Borchert, M. 2008. LANDFIRE rapid assessment reference condition model R1CHAP chaparral. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
36. Borchert, M., and J. Foster. 2006. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 0311770 California coastal closed-cone conifer forest and woodland. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
37. Borgias, D., T. Bradley, and S. Norman. 2005. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 310270 Mediterranean California dry-mesic mixed conifer forest and woodland. http://www.land-fire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
38. Bork, J.L. 1984. Fire history in three vegetation types on the east side of the Oregon Cascades. Dissertation, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA.
39. Botti, S. 1979. Natural, conditional, and prescribed firemanagement plan. USDI National Park Service, Yosemite National Park, California, USA.
40. Bradley, T., D. Sandifer, and R. Wills. 2005. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 0610300 Mediterranean lower montane black-oak conifer forest and woodland. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
41. Briles, C.E., C. Whitlock, P.J. Bartlein, and P. Higuera. 2008. Regional and local controls on postglacial vegetation and firein the Siskiyou Mountains, northern California, USA. Palaeogeogra-phy, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 265: 159-169. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.05.007
42. Briles, C.E., C. Whitlock, and P.J. Bartlein. 2005. Postglacial vegetation, fire, and climate history of the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon, USA. Quaternary Research 64: 44-56. doi: 10.1016/ j.yqres.2005.03.001
43. Brooks, M. 2005. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 1311080 Sonora-Mojave semi-desert chaparral. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
44. Brooks, M.L., T.C. Esque, and T. Duck. 2007. Chapter 6. Creosotebush, blackbrush, and interior chaparral shrublands. Pages 97-110 in: S.M. Hood and M. Miller, editors. Fire ecology and management of the major ecosystems of southern Utah. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-202, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
45. Brooks, M.L., and J.R. Matchett. 2006. Spatial and temporal patterns of wildfires in the Mojave Desert, 1980-2004. Journal of Arid Environments 67: 148-164. doi: 10.1016/j. jaridenv.2006.09.027
46. Brown, D.E., and R.A. Minnich. 1986. Fire and changes in creosote bush scrub of the western Sonoran Desert, California. American Midland Naturalist 116: 411-422. doi: 10.2307/2425750
47. Brown, J.K., S.F. Arno, S.W. Barrett, and J.P. Menakis. 1994. Comparing the prescribed natural fire program with presettlement fires in the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness. International Journal of Wildland Fire 4: 157-168. doi: 10.1071/WF9940157
48. Brown, J.K., and J.K. Smith. 2000. Wildland firein ecosystems, effects of fireon fora. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-42 Volume 2, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
49. Brown, K.J., and R.J. Hebda. 2002. Origin, development, and dynamics of coastal temperate conifer rainforests of southern Vancouver Island, Canada. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32: 353-372. doi: 10.1139/x01-197
50. Brown, P.M., and W.T. Baxter. 2003. Fire history in coast redwood forests of the Mendocino Coast, California. Northwest Science 77: 147-158.
51. Brown, P.M., M.W. Kaye, and D. Buckley. 1999. Fire history in Douglas-fir and coast redwood forests at Point Reyes National Seashore, California. Northwest Science 73: 205-216.
52. Brunelle, A., and R.S. Anderson. 2003. Sedimentary charcoal as an indicator of late-Holocene drought in the Sierra Nevada, California, and its relevance to the future. The Holocene 13: 21-28. doi: 10.1191/0959683603hl591rp
53. Brunelle, A., and C. Whitlock. 2003. Postglacial fire, vegetation, and climate history in the Clearwater Range, northern Idaho, USA. Quaternary Research 60: 307-318. doi: 10.1016/ j.yqres.2003.07.009
54. Brunelle, A., C. Whitlock, P. Bartlein, and K. Kipfmueller. 2005. Holocene fire and vegetation along environmental gradients in the northern Rocky Mountains. Quaternary Science Reviews 24: 2281-2300. doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.11.010
55. Buechling, A., and W.L. Baker. 2001. A fire history from tree rings in a high-elevation forest of Rocky Mountain National Park. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34: 1259-1273.
56. Burkhardt, J.W., and E.W. Tisdale. 1976. Causes of juniper invasion in southwestern Idaho. Ecology 57: 472-484. doi: 10.2307/1936432
57. Burns, R.M., and B.H. Honkala. 1990. Silvics of North America. USDA Forest Service Agriculture Handbook 654. Washington, D.C., USA.
58. Byrne, R. 1978. Fossil record discloses fire history. California Agriculture 10: 13-14.
59. Byrne, R.I., J. Michaelsen, and A. Soutar. 1977. Fossil charcoal as a measure of wildfire frequency in southern California: a preliminary analysis. Pages 361-367 in: H.A. Mooney and C.E. Conrad, editors. Proceedings of the symposium on environmental consequences of fire and fuel management in Mediterranean ecosystems. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report WO-GTR-3, Washington, D.C., USA.
60. Cable, D.R. 1975. Range management in the chaparral type and its ecological basis: the status of our knowledge. USDA Forest Service Research Paper RM-RP-155, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
61. Caprio, A.C. 2002. Fire history of lodgepole pine on Chagoopa Plateau, Sequoia and Kings Canyon national parks. Page 38 in: N.G. Sugihara, M. Morales, and T. Morales, editors. Abstracts: managing fireand fuels in the remaining wildlands and open spaces of the southwestern United States. Association for Fire Ecology Miscellaneous Publication 1.
62. Caprio, A. 2004a. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 0610581 Sierra Nevada subalpine lodgepole pine forest and woodland-wet. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
63. Caprio, A. 2004b. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 0610582 Sierra Nevada subalpine lodgepole pine forest and woodland-dry. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
64. Caprio, A.C. 2004c. Temporal and spatial dynamics of the pre-Euro-American fire at a watershed scale, Sequoia and Kings Canyon national parks. USDI Park Service, Sequoia and Kings Canyon national parks, Three Rivers, California, USA.
65. Caprio, A.C. 2008. Reconstructing fire history of lodgepole pine on Chagoopa Plateau, Sequoia National Park, California. Pages 255-262 in: M.G. Narog, editor. Proceedings of the 2002 fireconference: managing fireand fuels in the remaining wildlands and open spaces of the southwestern United States. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-GTR-189, Albany, California, USA.
66. Caprio, A.C., C. Conover, M.B. Keifer, and P. Lineback. 1997. Fire management and GIS: a framework for identifying and prioritizing fireplanning needs. Pages 102-113 in: Proceedings of the conference on firein California ecosystems: integrating ecology, prevention, and management. 17-20 November 1997, San Diego, California, USA.
67. Caprio, A.C., and D.M. Graber. 2000. Returning fire to the mountains: can we successfully restore the ecological role of pre-Euro-American fire regimes to the Sierra Nevada? Pages 233-241 in: D.N. Cole, S.F. McCool, W.T. Borrie, and J. O'Loughlin, editors. Wilderness science in a time of change conference-Volume 5: Wilderness ecosystems, threats, and management. Proceedings RMRS-P-15-VOL-5, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Ogden, Utah, USA.
68. Caprio, A.C., and P. Lineback. 2002. Pre-twentieth century fire history of Sequoia and Kings Canyon national parks: a review and evaluation of our knowledge. Pages 180-199 in: N.G. Sugihara, M. Morales, and T. Morales, editors. Proceedings of the symposium-fire in California ecosystems: integrating ecology, prevention, and management. Association for Fire Ecology Miscellaneous Publication 1.
69. Caprio, A.C., and T.W. Swetnam. 1995. Historic fire regimes along an elevational gradient on the west slope of the Sierra Nevada, California. Pages 173-199 in: J.K. Brown, R.W. Mutch, C.W. Spoon, and R.H. Wakimoto, editors. Proceedings of the symposium on firein wilderness and park management: past lessons and future opportunities. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-GTR-320, Ogden, Utah, USA.
70. Chappell, C.B., and J.K. Agee. 1996. Fire severity and tree seedling establishment in Abies mag-nifca forests, southern Cascades, Oregon. Ecological Applications 6: 628-640. doi: 10.2307/2269397
71. Collins, B.M., and S.L. Stephens. 2007. Fire scarring patterns in Sierra Nevada wilderness areas burned by multiple wildland fireuse fires. Fire Ecology 3: 53-67. doi: 10.4996/ fireecology.0302053
72. Conard, S.G., and D.R. Weise. 1998. Management of fire regime, fuels, and fire effects in southern California chaparral: lessons from the past and thoughts for the future. Pages 342-350 in: T.L. Pruden and L.A. Brennan, editors. Fire in ecosystem management: shifting the paradigm from suppression to prescription. Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference Proceedings 20.
73. Cope, A.B. 1992a. Abies amabilis. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/ feis/. Accessed 11 November 2011.
74. Cope, A.B. 1992b. Picea breweriana. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. http://www.fs.fed.us/da-tabase/feis/. Accessed 11 November 2011.
75. Cope, A.B. 1993. Pinus contorta var. contorta. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/. Accessed 4 June 2011.
76. Daniels, M.L., R.S. Anderson, and C. Whitlock. 2005. Vegetation and fire history since the late Pleistocene from the Trinity Mountains, northwestern California, USA. The Holocene 15: 1062-1071. doi: 10.1191/0959683605hl878ra
77. Davis, F. 2006. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 0511130 California coastal live oak woodland and savanna. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
78. Davis, F.W., and M.I. Borchert. 2006. Central coast bioregion. Pages 321-349 in: N.G. Sugi-hara, J.W. van Wagtendonk, K.E. Shaffer, J. Fites-Kaufman, and A.E. Thode, editors. Fire in California's ecosystems. University of California Press, Berkeley, USA.
79. De Gouvenain, R.C., and A.M. Ansary. 2006. Association between fire return interval and population dynamics in four California populations of Tecate cypress (Cupressus forbesii). The Southwest Naturalist 51: 447-454. doi: 10.1894/0038-4909(2006)51[447:ABFRIA]2.0.CO;2
80. Dieterich, J. 1980. The composite fireinterval-a tool for more accurate interpretation of firehistory. Pages 8-14 in: M. Stokes and J. Dieterich, editors. Proceedings of the fire history workshop. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-GTR-81, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
81. Dingman, S., and T. Esque. 2005. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model inter-mountain basins mixed salt desert scrub. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
82. Donnegan, J.A., T.T. Veblen, and J.S. Sibold. 2001. Climatic and human influences on fire history in Pike National Forest, central Colorado. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31: 1526-1539. doi: 10.1139/cjfr-31-9-1526
83. Drumm, M.K. 1996. Fire history in a mixed conifer series of the Kings River Adaptive Management Area, Sierra National Forest. Thesis, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California, USA.
84. Erhard, D. 2008. LANDFIRE rapid assessment reference condition model R3MSHB mountain mahogany shrubland. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
85. Esque, T., and G. McPherson. 2005. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 1311090 Sonoran paloverde-mixed cacti desert scrub. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
86. Evans, J., R. Crawford, and J. Kagan. 2005. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 0710600 east Cascades oak-ponderosa pine forest and woodland. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
87. Evens, J., and A. Klein. 2006a. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 0511140 California lower montane blue oak-foothill pine woodland and savanna. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
88. Evens, J., and A. Klein. 2006b. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 0511180 southern California oak woodland and savanna. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
89. Everett, R.G. 2008. Dendrochronology-based fire history of mixed-conifer forests in the San Ja-cinto Mountains, California. Forest Ecology and Management 256: 1805-1814. doi: 10.1016/ j.foreco.2008.04.036
90. Evett, R.R., E.F. Franco-Vizcaino, and S.L. Stephens. 2007. Comparing modern and past fire regimes to assess changes in prehistoric lightning and anthropogenic ignitions in a Jeffirey pine-mixed conifer forest in the Sierra San Pedro Martir, Mexico. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37: 318-330. doi: 10.1139/X06-280
91. Falk, D.A. 2004. Scaling rules for fire regimes. Dissertation, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA.
92. Falk, D.A., E.K. Heyerdahl, P.M. Brown, C.A. Farris, P.Z. Fulé, D. McKenzie, T.W. Swetnam, A.H. Taylor, and M.L. Van Horne. 2011. Multi-scale controls of historical forest-fire regimes: new insights from fire-scar networks. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 9: 446-454. doi: 10.1890/100052
93. Fiegener, R.P. 2002. The influence of sampling intensity on the fire history of the Teakettle Experimental Forest, Sierra Nevada, California. Thesis, University of California, Davis, USA.
94. Finney, M.A., and R.E. Martin. 1989. Fire history in a Sequoia sempervirens forest at Salt Point State Park, California. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19: 1451-1457. doi: 10.1139/ x89-221
95. Finney, M.A., and R.E. Martin. 1992. Short fire intervals recorded by redwoods at Annadel State Park, California. Madroño 39: 251-262.
96. Florence, M. 1987. Plant succession on prescribed burn sites in chamise chaparral. Rangelands 9: 119-122.
97. Foster, J. 2006a. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 0310990 California xeric serpentine chaparral. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
98. Foster, J. 2006b. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 0711720 Sierran-intermontane desert western white pine-white for woodland. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
99. Foster, J.S. 1998. Fire regime parameters and their relationships with topography in the east side of the southern Oregon Cascade Range. Thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA.
100. Fritz, E. 1931. The role of firein the redwood region. Journal of Forestry 29: 939-950.
101. Fry, D.L., and S.L. Stephens. 2006. Influence of humans and climate on the fire history of a pon-derosa pine-mixed conifer forest in the southeastern Klamath Mountains, California. Forest Ecology and Management 223: 428-438. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.12.021
102. Fulé, P.Z., J.E. Crouse, T.A. Heinlein, M.M. Moore, W.W. Covington, and G. Verkamp. 2003. Mixed-severity fire regime in a high elevation forest of Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA. Landscape Ecology 18: 465-486. doi: 10.1023/A:1026012118011
103. Gassaway, L. 2005. Spatial and temporal patterns of anthropogenic fire in Yosemite Valley. Thesis, San Francisco State University, California, USA.
104. Gavin, D.G., F.S. Hu, K. Lertzman, and P. Corbett. 2006. Weak climatic controls of stand-scale fire history during the late Holocene. Ecology 87: 1722-1732. doi: 10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[1722: WCCOSF]2.0.CO;2
105. Gedalof, Z. 2011. Climate and spatial patterns of wildfire in North America. Pages 89-115 in: D. McKenzie, C. Miller, and D. A. Falk, editors. The landscape ecology of fire. Ecological studies volume 213. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-0301-8_4
106. Gill, L., and A.H. Taylor. 2009. Top-down and bottom-up controls on fire regimes along an elevational gradient on the east slope of the Sierra Nevada, California, USA. Fire Ecology 5: 57-75. doi: 10.4996/fireecology.0503057
107. Greenlee, J.M. 1983. Vegetation, fire history, and fire potential of Big Basin Redwoods State Park, California. Dissertation, University of California, Santa Cruz, USA.
108. Greenlee, J.M., and J.H. Langenheim. 1990. Historic fire regimes and their relation to vegetation patterns in the Monterey Bay area of California. American Midland Naturalist 124: 239-253. doi: 10.2307/2426173
109. Grissino-Mayer, H.D., C.H. Baisan, and T.W. Swetnam. 1995. Fire history in the Piñaleno Mountains of southeastern Arizona: effects of human-related disturbances. Pages 399-407 in: L.H. DeBano, P.H. Ffolliott, A. Ortega-Rubio, G.J. Gottfried, R.H. Hamre, and C.B. Edmin-ster, technical coordinators. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-GTR-264, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA.
110. Gruell, G.E. 1997. Historical role of fire in pinyon-juniper woodlands, Walker River watershed project, Bridgeport Ranger District. USDA Forest Service, Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest, Sparks, Nevada, USA.
111. Gruell, G.E. 1999. Historical and modern roles of fire in pinyon-juniper. Pages 24-28 in: S.B. Monsen and R. Stevens, editors. Proceedings of the conference-ecology and management of pinyon-juniper communities within the interior west. USDA Forest Service Conference Proceedings RMRS-P-9: 24-28, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
112. Gruell, G.E., L.E. Eddleman, and R. Jandl. 1994. Fire history of the pinyon-juniper woodlands of Great Basin National Park. USDI National Park Service Technical Report NPS/PNROSU/ NRTR-94/01, Seattle, Washington, USA.
113. Hallett, D.J., and R.S. Anderson. 2010. Paleofire reconstruction for high-elevation forests in the Sierra Nevada, California, with implications for wildfire synchrony and climate variability in the late Holocene. Quaternary Research 73: 180-190. doi: 10.1016/j.yqres.2009.11.008
114. Hallett, D.J., and L.V. Hills. 2006. Holocene vegetation dynamics, fire history, lake level and climate change in the Kootenay Valley, southeastern British Columbia, Canada. Journal of Paleolimnology 35: 351-371. doi: 10.1007/s10933-005-1335-6
115. Hanes, T.L. 1971. Succession after fire in the chaparral of southern California. Ecological Monographs 41: 27-52. doi: 10.2307/1942434
116. Hemstrom, M., E. Uebler, and B. McArthur. 2008a. LANDFIRE rapid assessment reference condition model R#MCONdy mixed conifer-eastside dry. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
117. Hemstrom, M., E. Uebler, and B. McArthur. 2008b. LANDFIRE rapid assessment reference condition model R#SPFI spruce-fir. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
118. Heyerdahl, E.K., D. Berry, and J.K. Agee. 1995. Fire history database of the western United States: final report. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Seattle, Washington, USA.
119. Howard, J.L. 1999. Artemisia tridentata subsp. wyomingensis. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/. Accessed 12 November 2011.
120. Howard, J.L. 2002. Artemisia cana. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/ feis/. Accessed 12 November 2011.
121. Huff, M.H., N.E. Seavy, J.D. Alexander, and C.J. Ralph. 2005. Fire and birds in maritime Pacific Northwest. Pages 46-62 in: V.A. Saab and H.D.W. Powell, editors. Fire and avian ecology in North America. Studies in Avian Biology 30.
122. Hunter, J.C. 1997. Fourteen years of change in two old-growth Pseudotsuga-Lithocarpus forests in northern California. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 124: 273-279. doi: 10.2307/2997261
123. Hunter, J.C., and V.T. Parker. 1993. The disturbance regime of an old-growth forest in coastal California. Journal of Vegetation Science 4: 19-24. doi: 10.2307/3235729
124. Impara, P.C. 1997. Spatial and temporal patterns of fire in the forests of the central Oregon Coast Range. Dissertation, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA.
125. Jackson, D.L. 1977. Dating and recurrence frequency of prehistoric mudfows near Big Sur, Monterey County, California. Journal of Research US Geological Survey 5: 17-32.
126. Jacobs, D.F., D.W. Cole, and J.R. McBride. 1985. Fire history and perpetuation of natural coast redwood ecosystems. Journal of Forestry 83: 494-497.
127. Jamieson, L.P. 2008. Fire history of a pinyon-juniper/ponderosa pine ecosystem in the inter-mountain west. Thesis, University of Nevada, Reno, USA.
128. Johnson, K.A. 2000. Artemisia tridentata subsp. vaseyana. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/. Accessed 12 November 2011.
129. Keeler-Wolf, T. 1991. Ecological survey of the proposed Big Pine Mountain Research Natural Area, Los Padres National Forest, Santa Barbara County, California. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Albany, California, USA.
130. Keeler-Wolf, T., J. Beyers, and R. Taylor. 2005. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 0410970 California mesic chaparral. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
131. Keeler-Wolf, T., and J. Foster. 2006. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 0411280 northern California coastal scrub. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
132. Keeley, J.E. 1981. Reproductive cycles and fireregimes. Pages 231-277 in: H.A. Mooney, T.M. Bonnicksen, and N.L. Christensen, editors. Fire regimes and ecosystem properties. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report WO-GTR-26, Washington, D.C., USA.
133. Keeley, J.E. 1982. Distribution of lightning- and man-caused wildfires in California. Pages 431-437 in: C.C. Conrad and W.C. Oechel, editors. Proceedings of the symposium on dynamics and management of Mediterranean-type ecosystems. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-GTR-58, Albany, California, USA.
134. Keeley, J.E, and C.J. Fotheringham. 2001. Historic fire regime in southern California shrub-lands. Conservation Biology 15: 1536-1548. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.00097.x
135. Keeley, J.E., M. Baer-Keeley, and C.J. Fotheringham. 2005. Alien plant dynamics following fire in Mediterranean-climate California shrublands. Ecological Applications 15: 2109-2125. doi: 10.1890/04-1222
136. Keifer, M. 1991. Forest age structure, species composition, and fire disturbance in the Sierra Nevada subalpine zone. Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA.
137. Kertis, J., S. Acker, and K. Kopper. 2005. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 0210370 north Pacific maritime dry-mesic Douglas-fir-western hemlock forest. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
138. Kilgore, B.M. 1973. The ecological role of fire in Sierran conifer forests. Quaternary Research 3: 496-513. doi: 10.1016/0033-5894(73)90010-0
139. Kilgore, B.M., and D. Taylor. 1979. Fire history of a sequoia-mixed conifer forest. Ecology 60: 129-142. doi: 10.2307/1936475
140. Kipfmueller, K.F., and W.L. Baker. 2000. A fire history of a subalpine forest in south-eastern Wyoming, USA. Journal of Biogeography 27: 71-85. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00364.x
141. Kitchen, S.G. 2010. Historic fire regimes of eastern Great Basin (USA) mountains reconstructed from tree rings. Dissertation, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA.
142. Kitchen, S.G., and E.D. McArthur. 2007. Chapter 5. Big and black sagebrush landscapes. Pages 73-95 in: S.M. Hood, M. Miller, editors. Fire ecology and management of the major ecosystems of southern Utah. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-202, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
143. Klein, A., and J. Evens. 2006. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 0511120 California Central Valley mixed oak savanna. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
144. Knick, S.T., A.L. Holmes, and R.F. Miller. 2005. The role of fire in structuring sagebrush habitats and bird communities. Studies in Avian Biology 30: 1-13.
145. Kolden, C., and G. Medlyn. 2005. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 0610790 Great Basin mixed sagebrush shrubland. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
146. Kotok, E.I. 1930. Fire, a problem in American forestry. The Scientific Monthly 31: 450-452.
147. LANDFIRE. 2010. LANDFIRE 1.1.0 Vegetation Dynamics Models. Homepage of the LAND-FIRE Project, US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service; US Department of Interior. http://www.landfire.gov/index.php. Accessed 10 June 2011
148. Lenihan, J.M., R. Drapek, D. Bachelet, and R.P. Neilson. Climate change effects on vegetation distribution, carbon, and fire in California. Ecological Applications 13: 1667-1681. doi: 10.1890/025295
149. Lombardo, K.J., T.W. Swetnam, C.H. Baisan, and M.I. Borchert. 2009. Using bigcone Douglas-fir fire scars and tree rings to reconstruct interior chaparral fire history. Fire Ecology 5: 35-56. doi: 10.4996/fireecology.0503035
150. Long, C.J., M.J. Power, and P.J. Bartlein. 2010. The effects of fire and tephra deposition on forest vegetation in the central Cascades, Oregon. Quaternary Research 75: 151-158. Doi: 10.1016/j.yqres.2010.08.010
151. Long, C.J., and C. Whitlock. 2002. Fire and vegetation history from the coastal rain forest of the western Oregon coast range. Quaternary Research 58: 215-225. doi: 10.1006/ qres.2002.2378
152. Long, C.J., C. Whitlock, and P.J. Bartlein. 2007. Holocene vegetation and fire history of the coast range, western Oregon, USA.The Holocene 17: 917-926. doi: 10.1177/0959683607082408
153. Long, C.J., C. Whitlock, P.J. Bartlein, and S.H. Millspaugh. 1998. A 9000-year fire history from the Oregon Coast Range, based on a high-resolution charcoal study. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 28: 774-787. doi: 10.1139/x98-051
154. Loope, L.L., and G.E. Gruell. 1973. The ecological role of fire in the Jackson Hole area, northwestern Wyoming. Quaternary Research 3: 425-443. doi: 10.1016/0033-5894(73)90007-0
155. Major, D., G. Medlyn, and C. Kolden. 2005. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 0610800 inter-mountain basins big sagebrush shrubland. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
156. Mallek, C.R. 2009. Fire history, stand origins, and the persistence of McNab cypress, northern California, USA. Fire Ecology 5: 100-119. doi: 10.4996/fireecology.0503100
157. Martin, R.E., and A.H. Johnson. 1979. Fire management of Lava Beds National Monument. Pages 1209-1217 in: R.E. Linn, editor. Proceedings of the first conference on scientific research in the national parks. USDI National Park Service Transactions Proceedings Series Number 5. Washington, D.C., USA.
158. McBride, J.R., and R.D. Laven. 1976. Scars as an indicator of fire frequency in the San Bernardino Mountains, California. Journal of Forestry 74: 439-442.
159. McClaran, M.P. 1988. Comparison of fire history estimates between open-scarred and intact Quercus douglasii. American Midland Naturalist 120: 432-435. doi: 10.2307/2426015
160. McCoy, M.M. 2006. High resolution fire and vegetation history of Garry oak ecosystems in British Columbia. Thesis, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, Canada.
161. Medlyn, G., and C. Kolden. 2005. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 0611260 inter-mountain basins montane sagebrush steppe. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
162. Mensing, S.A. 1992. The impact of European settlement on blue oak (Quercus douglasii) regeneration and recruitment in the Tehachapi Mountains, California. Madroño 39: 36-46.
163. Mensing, S., S. Livingston, and P. Barker. 2006. Long-term fire history in Great Basin sagebrush reconstructed from macroscopic charcoal in spring sediments, Newark Valley, Nevada. Western North American Naturalist 66: 64-77. doi: 10.3398/1527-0904(2006)66[64: LFHIGB]2.0.CO;2
164. Mensing, S.A., J. Michaelsen, and R. Byrne. 1999. A 560-year record of Santa Ana fires reconstructed from charcoal deposited in the Santa Barbara Basin, California. Quaternary Research 51: 295-305. doi: 10.1006/qres.1999.2035
165. Millar, C.I., N.L. Stephenson, and S.L. Stephens. 2007. Climate change and forests of the future: managing in the face of uncertainty. Ecological Applications 17: 2145-2151. doi: 10.1890/06-1715.1
166. Miller, J.D., H.D. Safford, M. Crimmins, and A.E. Thode. 2009. Quantitative evidence for increasing forest fireseverity in the Sierra Nevada and southern Cascade mountains, California and Nevada, USA. Ecosystems 12: 16-32. doi: 10.1007/s10021-008-9201-9
167. Miller, R., C. Baisan, J. Rose, and D. Pacioretty. 2001. Pre- and post-settlement fire regimes in mountain big sagebrush steppe and aspen: the northwestern Great Basin. Final report to the National Interagency Fire Center, Boise, Idaho, USA.
168. Miller, R.F., and E.K. Heyerdahl. 2008. Fine-scale variation of historical fire regimes in sagebrush-steppe and juniper woodland: an example from California, USA. International Journal of Wildland Fire 17: 245-254. doi: 10.1071/WF07016
169. Miller, R.F., and J.A. Rose. 1999. Fire history and western juniper encroachment in sagebrush steppe. Journal of Range Management 52: 550-559. doi: 10.2307/4003623
170. Millspaugh, S.H., and C. Whitlock. 1995. A 750-year fire history based on lake sediment records in the central Yellowstone National Park, USA. The Holocene 5: 283-292. doi: 10.1177/095 968369500500303
171. Minckley, T.A., C. Whitlock, and P.J. Bartlein. 2007. Vegetation, fire, and climate history of the northwestern Great Basin during the last 14,000 years. Quaternary Science Reviews 26: 2167-2184. doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.04.009
172. Minnich, R.A. 1989. Chaparral fire history in San Diego County and adjacent northern Baja California: an evaluation of natural fireregimes and the effects of suppression management. Pages 37-47 in: S.C. Keeley, editor. The California chaparral: paradigms reexamined. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, California Science Series 34.
173. Minnich, R.A. 2001. An integrated model of two fire regimes. Conservation Biology 15: 1549-1553. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.01067.x
174. Minnich, R. 2006. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 0411770 California closed-cone conifer forest and woodland. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
175. Minnich, R.A., M.G. Barbour, J.H. Burk, and J. Sosa-Ramirez. 2000. California mixed-conifer forests under unmanaged fire regimes in the Sierra San Pedro Martir, Baja California, Mexico. Journal of Biogeography 27: 105-129. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00368.x
176. Minnich, R.A., and Y.H. Chou. 1997. Wildland fire patch dynamics in the chaparral of southern California and northern Baja California. International Journal of Wildland Fire 7: 221-248. doi: 10.1071/WF9970221
177. Mohr, J.A., C. Whitlock, and C.N. Skinner. 2000. Postglacial vegetation and fire history, eastern Klamath Mountains, California, USA. The Holocene 10: 587-601. doi: 10.1191/0959683006 75837671
178. Moir, W.H. 1982. A fire history of the high chisos, Big Bend National Park, Texas. The Southwestern Naturalist 27: 87-98. doi: 10.2307/3671411
179. Moody, T.J., J. Fites-Kaufman, and S.L. Stephens. 2006. Fire history and climate influences from forests in the northern Sierra Nevada, USA. Fire Ecology 2: 115-142. doi: 10.4996/ fireecology.0201115
180. Moritz, M.A. 2003. Spatiotemporal analysis of controls on shrubland fire regimes: age dependency and firehazard. Ecology 84: 351-361. doi: 10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[0351: SAOCOS]2.0.CO;2
181. Moritz, M.A., J.E. Keeley, E.A. Johnson, and A.A. Schaffner. 2004. Testing a basic assumption of shrubland fire management: how important is fuel age? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2: 67-72. doi: 10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0067:TABAOS]2.0.CO;2
182. Nachlinger, J. 2005. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 1311530 inter-mountain basins greasewood fat. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
183. Nagel, T.A., and A.H. Taylor. 2005. Fire and persistence of montane chaparral in mixed conifer forest landscapes in the northern Sierra Nevada, Lake Tahoe Basin, California, USA. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 132: 442-457. doi: 10.3159/1095-5674(2005)132[442: FAPOMC]2.0.CO;2
184. National Research Council. 2011. Climate stabilization targets: emissions, concentrations, and impacts over decades to millennia. The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
185. Ne'eman, G., C.J. Fotheringham, and J.E. Keeley. 1999. Patch to landscape patterns in post fire recruitment of a serotinous conifer. Plant Ecology 145: 235-242. doi: 10.1023/ A:1009869803192
186. Norman, S.P. 2007. A 500-year record of fire from a humid coast redwood forest: a report to Save the Redwoods League. USDA Forest Service Redwood Sciences Laboratory, Arcata, California, USA.
187. Norman, S.P., and A.H. Taylor. 2003. Tropical and north Pacific teleconnections influence fire regimes in pine-dominated forests of north-eastern California USA. Journal of Biogeography 30: 1081-1092. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00889.x
188. Norman, S.P., and A.H. Taylor. 2005. Pine forest expansion along a forest-meadow ecotone in northeastern California, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 215: 51-68. doi: 10.1016/j. foreco.2005.05.003
189. North, M., M. Hurteau, R. Fiegener, and M. Barbour. 2005. Influence of fire and El Niño on tree recruitment varies by species in Sierra mixed conifer. Forest Science 51: 187-197.
190. North, M., P. Stine, K. O'Hara, W. Zielinski, and S. Stephens. 2009a. An ecosystem management strategy for Sierran mixed-conifer forests. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-GTR-220, Albany, California, USA.
191. North, M.P., K.M. Van de Water, S.L. Stephens, and B.M. Collins. 2009b. Climate, rain shadow, and human-use influences on fire regimes in the eastern Sierra Nevada, California, USA. Fire Ecology 5: 20-34. doi: 10.4996/fireecology.0503020
192. Novak-Echenique, P. 2005a. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 1310820 Mojave mid-elevation mixed desert scrub. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
193. Novak-Echenique, P. 2005b. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 1310870 Sonora-Mojave creosotebush-white bursage desert scrub. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
194. O'Leary, J.R. 1990. California coastal sage scrub: general characteristics and considerations for biological conservation. Pages 24-41 in: A.A. Schoenherr, editor. Endangered plant communities of southern California. Southern California Botanists Special Publication 3.
195. Olson, D.L., and J.K. Agee. 2005. Historical fires in Douglas-fir dominated riparian forests of the southern Cascades, Oregon. Fire Ecology 1: 50-74. doi: 10.4996/fireecology.0101050
196. Parminter, J. 1991. Fire history and effects on vegetation in three biogeoclimatic zones of British Columbia. Pages 263-277 in: S.C. Nodvin and T.A. Waldrop, editors. Fire and the environment: ecological and cultural perspectives. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report SE-GTR-69, Asheville, North Carolina, USA.
197. Paysen, T.E., R.J. Ansley, J.K. Brown, G.J. Gottfried, S.M. Haase, M.G. Harrington, M.G. Narog, S.S. Sacket, and R.C. Wilson. 2000. Fire in western shrubland, woodland, and grassland ecosystems. Pages 121-160 in: J.K. Brown and J.K. Smith, editors. Wildland fire in ecosystems: effects of fire on fora. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-42 Volume 2, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
198. Phillips, C. 2002. Fire-return intervals in mixed-conifer forests of the Kings River Sustainable Forest Ecosystems Project Area. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-GTR-183, Albany, California, USA.
199. Pitcher, D.C. 1987. Fire history and age structure in the red fir forests of Sequoia National Park, California. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17: 582-587. doi: 10.1139/x87-098
200. Potter, D.A. 1998. Forested communities of the upper montane in the central and southern Sierra Nevada. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-GTR-169. Pacific Southwest Region Research Station, Albany, California, USA.
201. Powell, D., and D. Swanson. 2005. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 710550 Rocky Mountain subapline dry-mesic spruce-fir forest and woodland. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
202. Provencher, L., B. Bracken, and J. Sheffey. 2005. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 1311030 Great Basin Semi-Desert Chaparral. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
203. Purcell, K.L., and S.L. Stephens. 1997. Changing fire regimes and the avifauna of California oak woodlands. Studies in Avian Biology 30: 33-45.
204. Quinnild, C.L., and H.E. Cosby. 1958. Relicts of climax vegetation on two mesas in western North Dakota. Ecology 39: 29-32. doi: 10.2307/1929963
205. Reeberg, P., and P. Weisberg. 2006. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 0410190 Great Basin pinyon-juniper woodland. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
206. Reilly, E., P. Martinez, and D. Borgias. 2005a. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 0310210 Klamath-Siskiyou lower montane serpentine mixed conifer woodland. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
207. Reilly, E., P. Martinez, and D. Borgias. 2005b. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 0310220 Klamath-Siskiyou upper montane serpentine mixed conifer woodland. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
208. Reilly, E., D. White, and D. Borgias. 2004. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 0710290 Mediterranean California mixed oak woodland. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
209. Richardson, J.H., and C. Howell. 2005. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 1210200 inter-mountain basins subalpine limber-bristlecone woodland. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
210. Richardson, J.H., and L. Provencher. 2005. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 0610110 Rocky Mountain aspen forest and woodland. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
211. Riegel, G.M., R.F. Miller, C.N. Skinner, and S.E. Smith. 2006. Northeastern plateaus bioregion. Pages 225-263 in: N.G. Sugihara, J.W. van Wagtendonk, K.E. Shaffer, J. Fites-Kaufman, and A.E. Thode, editors. Fire in California's ecosystems. University of California Press, Berkeley, USA.
212. Rollins, M.G. 2009. LANDFIRE: a nationally consistent vegetation, wildland fire, and fuel assessment. International Journal of Wildland Fire 18: 235-249. doi: 10.1071/WF08088
213. Romme, W.H., and D.H. Knight. 1981. Fire frequency and subalpine forest succession along a topographic gradient in Wyoming. Ecology 62: 319-326. doi: 10.2307/1936706
214. Romme, W.H., C.D. Allen, J.D. Bailey, W.L. Baker, B.T. Bestelmeyer, P.M. Brown, K.S. Eisen-hart, J.L. Floyd, D.W. Huffman, B.F. Jacobs, R.F. Miller, E.H. Muldavin, T.W. Swetnam, R.J. Tausch, and P.J. Weisberg. 2009. Historical and modern disturbance regimes, stand structures, and landscape dynamics in pinon-juniper vegetation of the western United States. Rangeland Ecology and Management 62: 203-222. doi: 10.2111/08-188R1.1
215. Ross, C., D. Major, and L. Provencher. 2005. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 1210620 inter-mountain basins curl-leaf mountain mahogany woodland and shrubland. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
216. Russell, E.W.B. 1983. Pollen analysis of past vegetation at Point Reyes National Seashore, California. Madroño 30: 1-12.
217. Safford, H., and T. Keeler-Wolf. 2005. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 0410270 Mediterranean California dry-mesic mixed conifer forest and woodland. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
218. Safford, H., and J. Sherlock. 2005a. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 0610321 Mediterranean California red fr forest-Cascades. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
219. Safford, H., and J. Sherlock. 2005b. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 0610322 Mediterranean California red fir forest-southern Sierra. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
220. Safford, H., J. Sherlock, and N. Sugihara. 2005. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 0610310 California montane Jeffirey pine(-ponderosa pine) woodland. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
221. Safford, H.D., K. Van de Water, and D. Schmidt. 2011. California Fire Return Interval Departure (FRID) map, 2010 version. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region and The Nature Conservancy-California. http://www.fs.fed.us/r5/rsl/clearinghouse/r5gis/frid/. Accessed 10 June 2011.
222. Sapsis, D.B. 1990. Ecological effects of spring and fall prescribed burning on basin big sagebrush/Idaho fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass communities. Thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA.
223. Sawyer, J.O., T. Keeler-Wolf, and J.M. Evens. 2009. A manual of California vegetation, second edition. California Native Plant Society, Sacramento, California, USA.
224. Schellhaas, R.D., D. Spurbeck, P. Ohlson, D. Keenum, and H. Riesterer. 2001. Fire disturbance effects in subalpine forests of north central Washington. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Portland, Oregon, USA.
225. Scher, S., and T.M. Jimerson. 1989. Does fire regime determine the distribution of Pacific yew in forested watersheds? Pages 160-161 in: N.H. Berg, editor. Proceedings of the symposium on fire and watershed management. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-GTR-109, Albany, California, USA.
226. Scholl, A.E., and A.H. Taylor. 2006. Regeneration patterns in old-growth red fir-western white pine forests in the northern Sierra Nevada, Lake Tahoe, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 235: 143-154. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.08.006
227. Scholl, A.E., and A.H. Taylor. 2010. Fire regimes, forest change, and self-organization in an old-growth mixed-conifer forest, Yosemite National Park, USA. Ecological Applications 20: 362-380. doi: 10.1890/08-2324.1
228. Schwilk, D.W., and J.E. Keeley. 2006. The role of fire refugia in the distribution of Pinus sa-biniana (Pinaceae) in the southern Sierra Nevada. Madroño 53: 364-372. doi: 10.3120/0024-9637(2006)53[364:TROFRI]2.0.CO;2
229. Sensenig, T.S. 2002. Development, fire history and current and past growth, of old-growth and young-growth forest stands in the Cascade, Siskiyou and mid-coast mountains of southwestern Oregon. Dissertation, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA.
230. Sheppard, P.R., and J.P. Lassoie. 1998. Fire regime of the lodgepole pine forest of Mt. San Ja-cinto, California. Madroño 45: 47-56.
231. Sherlock, J., and N. Sugihara. 2008. LANDFIRE rapid assessment reference condition model R1MCONss mixed conifer-south slopes. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
232. Sherlock, J., N. Sugihara, and H. Safford. 2005a. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 0610270 Mediterranean California dry-mesic mixed conifer forest and woodland. http:// www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
233. Sherlock, J., N. Sugihara, and H. Safford. 2005b. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 0610290 Mediterranean California mesic mixed conifer forest and woodland. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
234. Sherlock, J., N. Sugihara, and A. Shlisky. 2008. LANDFIRE rapid assessment reference condition model R1MCONns mixed conifer-north slopes. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
235. Short, B., S. Kitchen, and L. Chappell. 2005. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 1210570 Rocky Mountain subalpine-montane limber-bristlecone pine woodland. http://www.land-fire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
236. Show, S.B., and E.I. Kotok. 1924. The role of fire in the California pine forests. USDA Bulletin 1294, Washington, D.C., USA.
237. Sibold, J.S., T.T. Veblen, and M.E. Gonzalez. 2006. Spatial and temporal variation in historic fire regimes in subalpine forests across the Colorado Front Range in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA. Journal of Biogeography 32: 631-647.
238. Simpson, M., D. Swanson, and D. Powell. 2005. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 710560 Rocky Mountain subalpine mesic-wet spruce-fir forest and woodland. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
239. Skinner, C.N. 2002. Fire history in the riparian reserves of the Klamath Mountains. Association for Fire Ecology Miscellaneous Publication 1: 164-169.
240. Skinner, C.N. 2003. Fire history of upper montane and subalpine glacial basins in the Klamath Mountains of northern California. Pages 145-151 in: K.E.M. Galley, R.C. Klinger, and N.G. Sugihara, editors. Proceedings of Fire Conference 2000-the first national congress on fireecology, prevention, and management. Tall Timbers Research Station Miscellaneous Publication 13.
241. Skinner, C.N., C.S. Abbott, D.L. Fry, S.L. Stephens, A.H. Taylor, and V. Trouet. 2009. Human and climatic influences on fire occurrence in California's North Coast Range, USA. Fire Ecology 5: 76-99. doi: 10.4996/fireecology.0503076
242. Skinner, C.N., J.H. Burk, M.G. Barbour, E. Franco-Vizcaino, and S.L. Stephens. 2008. Influences of climate on fire regimes in montane forests of north-western Mexico. Journal of Bio-geography 35: 1436-1451. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.01893.x
243. Skinner, C.N., and C. Chang. 1996. Fire regimes, past and present. Pages 1041-1069 in: Sierra Nevada ecosystem project fnal report to Congress. Wildland Resources Center Report 37, University of California, Davis, USA.
244. Skinner, C., S. Stephens, and R. Everett. 2006. Final report: fire regimes of forests in the Peninsular and Transverse Ranges of southern California. Joint Fire Science Project 01B-3-3-18, Boise, Idaho, USA.
245. Steinberg, P.D. 2002. Artemisia arbuscula. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. http://www.fs.fed.us/ database/feis/. Accessed 12 November 2011.
246. Stephens, S.L. 1997. Fire history of a mixed oak-pine forest in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, El Dorado County, California. Pages 191-197 in: N.H. Pillsbury, J. Verner, and W.D. Tietje, editors. Proceedings of a symposium on oak woodlands: ecology, management, and urban interface issues. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-GTR-160, Albany, California, USA.
247. Stephens, S.L. 2001. Fire history differences in adjacent Jeffirey pine and upper montane forests in the eastern Sierra Nevada. International Journal of Wildland Fire 10: 161-167. doi: 10.1071/WF01008
248. Stephens, S.L., and B.M. Collins. 2004. Fire regimes of mixed conifer forests in the north-central Sierra Nevada at multiple spatial scales. Northwest Science 78: 12-23.
249. Stephens, S.L., and D.L. Fry. 2005. Fire history in coast redwood stands in the northeastern Santa Cruz Mountains, California. Fire Ecology 1: 2-19. doi: 10.4996/fireecology.0101002
250. Stephens, S.L., R.E. Martin, and N.E. Clinton. 2007. Prehistoric fire area and emissions from California's forests, woodlands, shrublands, and grasslands. Forest Ecology and Management 251: 205-216. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2007.06.005
251. Stephens, S.L., D.D. Piirto, and D.F. Caramagno. 2004. Fire regimes and resultant forest structure in the native año nuevo Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) forest, California. American Midland Naturalist 152: 25-36. doi: 10.1674/0003-0031(2004)152[0025:FRARFS]2.0.CO;2
252. Stephens, S.L., C.N. Skinner, and S.J. Gill. 2003. Dendrochronology-based fire history of Jeffirey pine-mixed conifer forests in the Sierra San Pedro Martir, Mexico. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33: 1090-1101. doi: 10.1139/x03-031
253. Stephenson, J.R., and G.M. Calcarone. 1999. Southern California mountains and foothills assessment: habitat and species conservation issues. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-GTR-172, Albany, California, USA.
254. Stuart, J.D. 1987. Fire history of an old-growth forest of Sequoia sempervirens (Taxodiaceae) forest in Humboldt Redwoods State Park, California. Madroño 34: 128-141.
255. Stuart, J.D., and L.A. Salazar. 2000. Fire history of white fr forests in the coastal mountains of northwestern California. Northwest Science 74: 280-285.
256. Suffing, R. 1993. Induction of vertical zones in sub-alpine valley forests by avalanche-formed fuel breaks. Landscape Ecology 8: 127-138. doi: 10.1007/BF00141592
257. Sugihara, N., and D. Borgias. 2005. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 0410140 central and southern California mixed evergreen woodland. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
258. Sugihara, N., D. Borgias, and T. Bradley. 2005a. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 0310430. Mediterranean California mixed evergreen forest. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
259. Sugihara, N., S. Norman, and J. Sherlock. 2005b. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 0410150 California coastal redwood forest. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
260. Sugihara, N.G., and L.J. Reed. 1987. Prescribed fire for restoration and maintenance of Bald Hills oak woodlands. Pages 446-451 in: T.R. Plumb and N.H. Pillsbury, editors. Proceedings of the symposium on multiple-use management of California's hardwood resources. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-GTR-100, Albany, California, USA.
261. Sugihara, N., J. Sherlock, and A. Shlisky. 2004. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 0310340 Mediterranean California mesic serpentine woodland and chaparral. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
262. Sugihara, N., J.W. van Wagtendonk, K. Shaffer, J. Fites-Kaufman, and A.E. Thode. 2006. Fire in California's ecosystems. University of California Press, Berkeley, USA.
263. Swanson, D. 2005. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 1210330 Mediterranean California subalpine woodland. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
264. Swetnam, T.W. 1993. Fire history and climate change in giant sequoia groves. Science 262: 885-889. doi: 10.1126/science.262.5135.885
265. Swetnam, T.W., and C.H. Baisan. 2003. Tree-ring reconstructions of fire and climate history in the Sierra Nevada of California and southwestern United States. Pages 154-191 in: T.T. Ve-blen, W. Baker, G. Montenegro, and T.W. Swetnam, editors. Fire and climatic change in temperate ecosystems of the western Americas. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA. doi: 10.1007/0-387-21710-X_6
266. Swetnam, T.W. 1994. A cross-dated fire history from coast redwood near Redwood National Park, California. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24: 21-31. doi: 10.1139/x94-004
267. Swetnam, T.W., C.H. Baisan, A.C. Caprio, P.M. Brown, R. Touchan, R.S. Anderson, and D.J. Hallett. 2009. Multi-millennial fire history of the Giant Forest, Sequoia National Park, California, USA. Fire Ecology 5: 120-150. doi: 10.4996/fireecology.0503120
268. Swetnam, T.W., C.H. Baisan, and K. Morino. 2001. Fire history along elevational transects in the Sierra Nevada, California. Final Report to USDI Geological Survey Biological Resources Division; Sequoia, Kings Canyon, and Yosemite National Parks; Three Rivers and El Portal, California, USA.
269. Swetnam, T.W., R. Touchan, C.H. Baisan, A.C. Caprio, and P.M. Brown. 1990. Giant sequoia fire history in Mariposa Grove, Yosemite National Park. Yosemite Centennial Symposium Proceedings-natural areas and Yosemite: prospects for the future. USDI National Park Service, Yosemite National Park, California, USA.
270. Syphard, A., and J. Beyers. 2006. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 0411100 southern California dry-mesic chaparral. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
271. Syphard, A., and J. Foster. 2006. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 0311050 northern and central California dry-mesic chaparral. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
272. Talley, S.N., and J.R. Griffn. 1980. Fire ecology of a montane pine forest, Junipero Serra Peak, California. Madroño 27: 49-60.
273. Talluto, M.V., and K.N. Suding. 2008. Historical change in coastal sage scrub in southern California, USA in relation to fire frequency and air pollution. Landscape Ecology 23: 803-815. doi: 10.1007/s10980-008-9238-3
274. Taylor, A.H. 1993. Fire history and structure of red fir (Abies magnifca) forests, Swain Mountain Experimental Forest, Cascade Range, northeastern California. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23: 1672-1678. doi: 10.1139/x93-208
275. Taylor, A.H. 2000. Fire regimes and forest changes in mid and upper montane forests of the southern Cascades, Lassen Volcanic National Park, California, USA. Journal of Biogeograpy 27: 87-104. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00353.x
276. Taylor, A.H. 2004. Identifying forest reference conditions on early cut-over lands, Lake Tahoe Basin, USA. Ecological Applications 14: 1903-1920. doi: 10.1890/02-5257
277. Taylor, A.H., and R.M. Beaty. 2005. Climatic influences on fire regimes in the northern Sierra Nevada mountains, Lake Tahoe Basin, Nevada, USA. Journal of Biogeography 32: 425-438. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2004.01208.x
278. Taylor, A.H., and C.B. Halpern. 1991. The structure and dynamics of Abies magnifca forests in the southern Cascade Range, USA. Journal of Vegetation Science 2: 189-200. doi: 10.2307/3235951
279. Taylor, A.H., and C.N. Skinner. 1995. Fire regimes and management of old-growth Douglas-fir forests in the Klamath Mountains of northwestern California. Pages 203-208 in: J. Greenlee, editor. Proceedings of the fire effects on rare and endangered species and habitats conference. International Association of Wildland Fire, Missoula, Montana, USA.
280. Taylor, A.H., and C.N. Skinner. 1998. Fire history and landscape dynamics in a late-successional reserve, Klamath Mountains, California, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 111: 285-301. doi: 10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00342-9
281. Taylor, A.H., and C.N. Skinner. 2003. Spatial patterns and controls on historical fire regimes and forest structure in the Klamath Mountains. Ecological Applications 13: 704-719. doi: 10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0704:SPACOH]2.0.CO;2
282. Taylor, A.H., and M.N. Solem. 2001. Fire regimes and stand dynamics in an upper montane forest landscape in the southern Cascades, Caribou Wilderness, California. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 128: 350-361. doi: 10.2307/3088667
283. Taylor, R. 2006. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 0410920 southern California coastal scrub. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
284. Teensma, P.D.A., J.T. Rienstra, and M.A. Yelter. 1991. Preliminary reconstruction and analysis of change in forest stand age classes of the Oregon Coast Range from 1850 to 1940. Bureau of Land Management Technical Note OR-9, Portland, Oregon, USA.
285. Thomas, P.A. 1991. Response of succulents to fire: a review. International Journal of Wildland Fire 1: 11-22.
286. Thornburgh, D.A. 1995. The natural role of fire in the Marble Mountain Wilderness. Pages 273-274 in: J.K. Brown, R.W. Mutch, C.W. Spoon, and R.H. Wakimoto, editors. Proceedings of the symposium on fire in wilderness and park management. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report GTR-INT-320, Ogden, Utah, USA.
287. Thorne, J. H., B.J. Morgan, and J.A. Kennedy. 2008. Vegetation change over sixty years in the central Sierra Nevada, California, USA. Madroño 55: 223-237. doi: 10.3120/0024-9637-55.3.223
288. Tirmenstein, D. 1999. Artemisia tridentata spp. tridentata. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. http:// www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/. Accessed 12 November 2011.
289. Toney, J.L., and R.S. Anderson. 2006. A postglacial palaeoecological record from the San Juan Mountains of Colorado USA: fire, climate and vegetation history. The Holocene 16: 505-518. doi: 10.1191/0959683606hl946rp
290. Touchan, R., C.D. Allen, and T.W. Swetnam. 1996. Fire history and climatic patterns in ponder-osa pine and mixed-conifer forests of the Jemez Mountains, northern New Mexico. Pages 33-46 in: Craig D. Allen, technical editor. Fire effects in southwestern forests: proceedings of the second La Mesa Fire symposium. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-GTR-286, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
291. Trouet, V., A.H. Taylor, E.R. Wahl, C.N. Skinner, and S.L. Stephens. 2010. Fire-climate interactions in the American West since 1400 CE. Geophysical Research Letters 37: 1-5. doi: 10.1029/2009GL041695
292. Uchytil, R.J. 1991. Picea engelmannii. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. http://www.fs.fed.us/da-tabase/feis/. Accessed 12 November 2011.
293. Valiant, N.M., and S.L. Stephens. 2009. Fire history of a lower elevation Jeffirey pine-mixed conifer forest in the eastern Sierra Nevada, California, USA. Fire Ecology 5: 4-19. doi: 10.4996/fireecology.0503004
294. Van de Water, K.M., and M.P. North. 2010. Fire history of coniferous riparian forests in the Sierra Nevada. Forest Ecology and Management 260: 384-395. doi: 10.1016/j. foreco.2010.04.032
295. van Wagtendonk, J.W. 1995. Large fires in wilderness areas. Pages 113-116 in: J.K. Brown, R. W. Mutch, C.W. Spoon, and R.H. Wakimoto, editors. Proceedings of the symposium on fire in wilderness and park management. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-GTR-320, Ogden, Utah, USA.
296. van Wagtendonk, K., J. Hooke, and N. Sugihara. 2005. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 0310440 northern California mesic subalpine woodland. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
297. van Wagtendonk, J.W., K.A. van Wagtendonk, J.B. Meyer, and K.J. Painter. 2002. The use of geographic information for fire management planning in Yosemite National Park. George Wright Forum 19: 19-39.
298. Veblen, T.T., K.S. Hadley, E.M. Nel, T. Kitzberger, M. Reid, and R. Villalba. 1994. Disturbance regime and disturbance interactions in a Rocky Mountain subalpine forest. Journal of Ecology 82: 125-135. doi: 10.2307/2261392
299. Veirs, S.D.,. 1980. The role of fire in northern coast redwood forest dynamics. Pages 190-209 in: Proceedings of the second conference on scientific research in the national parks. USDI National Park Service, Washington, D.C., USA.
300. Veirs, S.D. 1982. Coast redwood forest: stand dynamics, successional status, and the role of fire. Pages 119-141 in: J.E. Means, editor. Forest succession and stand development research in the northwest. Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA.
301. Vogl, R.J. 1973. Ecology of knobcone pine in the Santa Ana Mountains, California. Ecological Monographs 43: 125-143. doi: 10.2307/1942191
302. Vogl, R.J. 1976. An introduction to the plant communities of the Santa Ana and San Jacinto Mountains. Pages 77-98 in: J. Latting, editor. Proceedings of the symposium-plant communities of southern California. California Native Plant Society Special Publication 2, Sacramento, California, USA.
303. Vogl, R.J., W.P. Armstrong, K.L. White, and K.L. Cole. 1977. The closed-cone pines and cypresses. Pages 295-358 in: M.G. Barbour and J. Major, editors. Terrestrial vegetation of California. John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York, USA.
304. Wadleigh, L., and M.J. Jenkins. 1996. Fire frequency and the vegetative mosaic of a spruce-fir forest in northern Utah. Great Basin Naturalist 56: 28-37.
305. Wagener, W.W. 1961. Past fire incidence in Sierra Nevada forests. Journal of Forestry 59: 739-748.
306. Wall, T.G., R.F. Miller, and T.G. Svejcar. 2001. Juniper encroachment into aspen in the northwest Great Basin. Journal of Range Management 54: 691-698. doi: 10.2307/4003673
307. Walsh, M.K., C. Whitlock, and P.J. Bartlein. 2008. A 14,300-year-long record of fire-vegetation-climate linkages at Battle Ground Lake, southwestern Washington. Quaternary Research 70: 251-264. doi: 10.1016/j.yqres.2008.05.002
308. Walter, H.S., and L.A. Taha. 1999. Regeneration of bishop pine (Pinus muricata) in the absence and presence of fire: a case study from Santa Cruz Island, California. Pages 172-181 in: Proceedings of the ffth California islands symposium. USDI National Park Service, Mediterranean Coast Network, Thousand Oaks, California, USA.
309. Wangler, M.J., and R.A. Minnich. 1996. Fire and succession in pinyon-juniper woodlands of the San Bernardino Mountains, California. Madroño 43: 493-514.
310. Warner, T.E. 1980. Fire history in the yellow pine forest of Kings Canyon National Park. Pages 89-92 in: M.A. Stokes and J.H. Dieterich, editors. Proceedings of a technical conference- fire history workshop. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-GTR-81, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
311. Weisberg, P. 2005. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 0610190 Great Basin pinyon-juniper woodland. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
312. Wells, M.L., and A. Getis. 1999. The spatial characteristics of stand structure in Pinus torreyana. Plant Ecology 143: 153-170. doi: 10.1023/A:1009866702320
313. Wells, M.L., J.F. O'Leary, J. Franklin, J. Michaelsen, and D.E. McKinsey. 2003. Variations in a regional fire regime related to vegetation type in San Diego County, California (USA). Landscape Ecology 19: 139-152. doi: 10.1023/B:LAND.0000021713.81489.a7
314. Westerling, A. L., H.G. Hidalgo, D.R. Cayan, and T.W. Swetnam. 2006. Warming and earlier spring increase western US forest wildfire activity. Science 313: 940-943. doi: 10.1126/ science.1128834
315. Westman, W.E. 1982. Coastal sage scrub succession. Pages 91-99 in: C.E. Conrad and W.C. Oechel, editors. Proceedings of the symposium on dynamics and management of Mediterranean-type ecosystems. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-GTR-58, Berkeley, California, USA.
316. White, M.A., and J.L. Vankat. 1993. Middle and high elevation coniferous forest communities of the North Rim region of Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona, USA. Vegetatio 109: 161-174. doi: 10.1007/BF00044748
317. Whitlock, C., J. Marlon, C. Briles, A. Brunelle, C. Long, and P. Bartlein. 2008. Long-term relations among fire, fuel, and climate in the north-western US based on lake-sediment studies. International Journal of Wildland Fire 17: 72-83. doi: 10.1071/WF07025
318. Wiens, J.A., G. Hayward, H.D. Safford, and C. Giffen, editors. In press. Historical environmental variation in conservation and natural resource management. John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York, USA.
319. Wieslander, A. E. 1935. A vegetation type map for California. Madroño 3: 140-144.
320. Wilken, G.C. 1967. History and fire record of a timberland brush field in the Sierra Nevada of California. Ecology 48: 302-304. doi: 10.2307/1933114
321. Wills, R., K. Merriam, and D. Sandifer. 2005. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 0710080 north Pacific oak woodland. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
322. Wills, R.D., and J.D. Stuart. 1994. Fire history and stand development of a Douglas-fir/hard-wood forest in northern California. Northwest Science 68: 205-252.
323. Winward, A.H. 1991. A renewed commitment to management of sagebrush grasslands. Pages 2-7 in: Management of the sagebrush steppe. Oregon State University, Agriculture Experiment Station Special Report 880, Corvallis, USA.
324. Wright, H.A. 1986. Manipulating rangeland ecosystems with fire. Pages 3-6 in: E.V. Komarek, S.S. Coleman, C.E. Lewis, and G.W. Tanner, editors. Prescribed fire and smoke management. Society for Range Management, Washington, D.C., USA.
325. Wright, H.A., and A.W. Bailey. 1982. Fire ecology: United States and southern Canada. John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York, USA.
326. Young, J.A., and R.A. Evans. 1981. Demography and fire history of a western juniper stand. Journal of Range Management 34: 501-506. doi: 10.2307/3898108
327. Zedler, P.H. 1981. Vegetation change in chaparral and desert communities in San Diego County, California. Pages 415-420 in: D.C. West, H.H. Shugart, D.B. Botkin, and D.E., Reichle, editors. Forest succession. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA.
328. Zedler, P.H. 1995. Fire frequency in southern California shrublands: biological effects and management options. Pages 101-112 in: J.E. Keeley and T. Scott, editors. Brushfires in California wildlands: ecology and resource management. International Association of Wildland Fire, Fairfeld, Washington, USA.
329. Zielinski, M., and L. Provencher. 2005. LANDFIRE biophysical setting model 0611250 inter-mountain basins big sagebrush steppe. http://www.landfire.gov. Accessed 4 June 2011.
330. Zobel, D.B., L.F. Roth, and G.M. Hawk. 1982. Ecology, pathology, and management of Port-Or-ford-cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana). USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-GTR-184, Portland, Oregon, USA.