Comparison of children with autism spectrum disorder with and without schizophrenia spectrum traits: Gender, season of birth, and mental health risk factors

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders

Volumn 42, Issue 11, 2012, Pages 2285-2296

  Gadow, Kenneth D ^a   Devincent, Carla J ^a  

^a STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Autism spectrum disorder; Gender; Schizophrenia spectrum disorder; Season of birth

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; AUTISM; CHILD; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE SEVERITY; DSM-IV; FEMALE; HEALTH HAZARD; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL DISEASE; MENTAL HEALTH; MOTHER; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PHENOTYPE; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUESTIONNAIRE; RATING SCALE; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCHOOL CHILD; SEASON; SEX DIFFERENCE; TEACHER;

CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS, PERVASIVE; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MENTAL HEALTH; MOTHERS; QUESTIONNAIRES; RISK FACTORS; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOLOGY; SEASONS; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; SEX FACTORS;

EID: 84867847445     PISSN: 01623257     EISSN: 15733432     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10803-012-1473-4     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/4-18 and 1991 Profile. Burlington: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
2. Badcock, C. (2011). The imprinted brain: How genes set the balance between autism and psychosis. Epigenomics, 3, 345-359.
3. Barneveld, P. S.; Pieterse, J.; de Sonneville, L.; van Rijn, S.; Lahuis, B.; van Engeland, H.; et al. (2011). Overlap of autistic and schizotypal traits in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Schizophrenia Research, 126, 231-236.
4. Baron-Cohen, S.; Lombardo, M. V.; Auyeung, B.; Ashwin, E.; Chakrabarti, B.; Knickmeyer, R. (2011). Why are autism spectrum conditions more prevalent in males? PLoS Biology, 9, e1001081.
5. Bloss, C. S.; Courchesne, E. (2007). MRI neuroanatomy in young girls with autism: A preliminary study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 515523.
6. Bolton, P.; Pickles, A.; Harrington, R.; Macdonald, H.; Rutter, M. (1992). Season of birth: Issues, approaches and findings for autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 33, 509-530.
7. Bolton, P. F.; Pickles, A.; Murphy, M.; Rutter, M. (1998). Autism, affective, and other psychiatric disorders: Patterns of familial aggregation. Psychological Medicine, 28, 385-395.
8. Breetvelt, E. J.; Boks, M. P. M.; Numans, M. E.; Selten, J. P.; Sommer, I. E. C.; Grobbee, D. E.; et al. (2010). Schizophrenia risk factors constitute general risk factors for psychiatric symptoms in the population. Schizophrenia Research, 120, 184-190.
9. Brosnan, M.; Ashwin, C.; Walker, I.; Donaghue, J. (2010). Can an extreme female brain be characterized in terms of psychosis? Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 738-742.
10. Brown, A. S. (2011). The environment and susceptibility to schizophrenia. Progress in Neurobiology, 93, 23-58.
11. Cheung, C.; Yu, K.; Fung, G.; Leung, M.; Wong, C.; Li, Q.; et al. (2010). Autistic disorders and schizophrenia: Related or remote? An anatomical likelihood estimation. PLoS ONE, 5, e12233.
12. Chou, K. H.; Cheng, Y.; Chen, I. Y.; Lin, C. P.; Chu, W. C. (2011). Sex-linked white matter microstructure of the social and analytic brain. NeuroImage, 54, 725-733.
13. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.
14. Cohen, J. (1994). The earth is round (p <.05). American Psychologist, 49, 997-1003.
15. Cohen, I. L.; Liu, X.; Schultz, C.; White, B. N.; Jenkins, E. C.; Brown, W. T.; et al. (2003). Association of autism severity with a monoamine oxidase A functional polymorphism. Clinical Genetics, 64, 190-197.
16. Comi, A. M.; Zimmerman, A. W.; Frye, V. H.; Law, P. A.; Peeden, J. N. (1999). Familial clustering of autoimmune disorders and evaluation of medical risk factors in autism. Journal of Child Neurology, 14, 388-394.
17. Cooper, S. A.; Smiley, E.; Morrison, J.; Allan, L.; Williamson, A.; Finlayson, J.; et al. (2007). Psychosis and adults with intellectual disabilities. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 42, 530-536.
18. Crespi, B.; Badcock, C. (2008). Psychosis and autism as diametrical disorders of the social brain. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 31, 241-261; discussion 261-320.
19. Crespi, B. J.; Thiselton, D. L. (2011). Comparative immunogenetics of autism and schizophrenia. Genes, Brain and Behavior, 10, 689-701.
20. Crespi, B.; Stead, P.; Elliot, M. (2010). Comparative genomics of autism and schizophrenia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(suppl. 1), 1736-1741.
21. Curtis, J. T.; Hood, A. N.; Chen, Y.; Cobb, G. P.; Wallace, D. R. (2010). Chronic metals ingestion by prairie voles produces sex-specific deficits in social behavior: An animal model of autism. Behavioural Brain Research, 213, 42-49.
22. Dean, K.; Stevens, H.; Mortensen, P. B.; Murray, R. M.; Walsh, E.; Pedersen, C. B. (2010). Full spectrum of psychiatric outcomes among offspring with parental history of mental disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 822-829.
23. Debbané, M.; Van der Linden, M.; Gex-Fabry, M.; Eliez, S. (2009). Cognitive and emotional associations to positive schizotypy during adolescence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 326-334.
24. DeVincent, C. J.; Gadow, K. D. (2009). Relative clinical utility of three child symptom inventory-4 scoring algorithms for differentiating children with autism spectrum disorder versus attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Autism Research, 2, 312-321.
25. Drabick, D. A.; Gadow, K. D. (2012). Deconstructing the oppositional defiant disorder phenotype: Clinic-based evidence for an anger/irritability phenotype. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2012.01.010.
26. Eisenberg, D. T. A.; Campbell, B.; Mackillop, J.; Lum, J. K.; David, S. (2007). Season of birth and dopamine receptor gene associations with impulsivity, sensation seeking and reproductive behaviors. PLoS One, 2, e1216.
27. Ericson, M.; Tuvblad, C.; Raine, A.; Young-Wolff, K.; Baker, L. A. (2011). Heritability and longitudinal stability of schizotypal traits during adolescence. Behavior Genetics, 41, 499-511.
28. Faridi, K.; Pawliuk, N.; King, S.; Joober, R.; Malla, A. K. (2009). Prevalence of psychotic and non-psychotic disorders in relatives of patients with a first episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 114, 57-63.
29. Fletcher, D.; Loschen, E.; Stavrakaki, C. (Eds.). (2007). Diagnostic manual-intellectual disability: A textbook of diagnosis of mental disorders in persons with intellectual disability. New York: National Association for the Dually Diagnosed.
30. Freeman, D.; Fowler, D. (2009). Routes to psychotic symptoms: Trauma, anxiety and psychosis-like experiences. Psychiatry Research, 169, 107-112.
31. Fresan, A.; Camarena, B.; Apiquian, R.; Aguilar, A.; Urraca, N.; Nicolini, H. (2007). Association study of MAO-a and DRD4 genes is schizophrenic patients with aggressive behavior. Neuropsychobiology, 55, 171-175.
32. Gadow, K. D. (2012a). Group differences in schizophrenia spectrum symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder versus clinic controls with and without co-occurring ADHD. (manuscript in preparation).
33. Gadow, K. D. (2012b). Association of schizophrenia spectrum symptoms with severity of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in children with ASD and clinic controls. (manuscript in preparation).
34. Gadow, K. D.; DeVincent, C. J.; Olvet, D. M.; Pisarevskaya, V.; Hatchwell, E. (2010). Association of DRD4 polymorphism with severity of oppositional defiant disorder, separation anxiety disorder, and repetitive behaviors in children with autism spectrum disorder. European Journal of Neuroscience, 32, 1058-1065.
35. Gadow, K. D.; DeVincent, C. J.; Pomeroy, J.; Azizian, A. (2005). Comparison of DSM-IV symptoms in elementary school-aged children with PDD versus clinic and community samples. Autism, 9, 392-415.
36. Gadow, K. D.; DeVincent, C.; Schneider, J. (2008a). Predictors of psychiatric symptoms in children with an autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 1710-1720.
37. Gadow, K. D.; Drabick, D. A. G. (2012). Symptoms of autism and schizophrenia spectrum disorders in clinically referred youth with oppositional defiant disorder. Research in Developmental Disabilities,. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2012.01.004.
38. Gadow, K. D.; Drabick, D. A. G.; Loney, J.; Sprafkin, J.; Salisbury, H.; Azizian, A.; et al. (2004). Comparison of ADHD symptom subtypes as source-specific syndromes. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 1135-1149.
39. Gadow, K. D.; Guttmann-Steinmetz, S.; Rieffe, C.; DeVincent, C. J. (2011). Depression symptoms in boys with autism spectrum disorder and comparison samples. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,. doi: 10.1007/s10803-011-1367-x.
40. Gadow, K. D.; Schwartz, J.; DeVincent, C.; Strong, G.; Cuva, S. (2008b). Clinical utility of autism spectrum disorder scoring algorithms for the child symptom inventory. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 419-427.
41. Gadow, K. D.; Sprafkin, J. (1986). Stony Brook Child Psychiatric Checklist-3. Stony Brook: State University of New York, Department of Psychiatry.
42. Gadow, K. D.; Sprafkin, J. (1995). Adolescent supplement to the child symptom inventories manual. Stony Brook: Checkmate Plus.
43. Gadow, K. D.; Sprafkin, J. (2002). Child symptom inventory-4 screening and norms manual. Stony Brook: Checkmate Plus.
44. Gadow, K. D.; Sprafkin, J. (2005). Child and adolescent symptom inventory-4R. Stony Brook: Checkmate Plus.
45. Gadow, K. D.; Sprafkin, J. (2008). Adolescent symptom inventory-4 screening and norms manual. Stony Brook: Checkmate Plus.
46. Gadow, K. D.; Sprafkin J. (2010). The symptom inventories: An annotated bibliography [On-line]. Checkmate Plus: Stony Brook, NY. Available: www.checkmateplus.com.
47. Gardener, H.; Spiegelman, D.; Buka, S. L. (2009). Prenatal risk factors for autism: Comprehensive meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 195, 7-14.
48. Gauthier, J.; Champagne, N.; Lafrenière, R. G.; Xiong, L.; Spiegelman, D.; Brustein, E.; et al. (2010). De novo mutations in the gene encoding the synaptic scaffolding protein SHANK3 in patients ascertained for schizophrenia. PNAS, 107, 7863-7868.
49. Girirajan, S.; Rosenfeld, J. A.; Cooper, G. M.; Antonacci, F.; Siswara, P.; Itsara, A.; et al. (2010). A recurrent 16p12.1 microdeletion supports a two-hit model for severe developmental delay. Nature Genetics, 42, 203-210.
50. Grayson, P.; Carlson, G. A. (1991). The utility of a DSM-III-R-based checklist in screening child psychiatric patients. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 669-673.
51. Guilmatre, A.; Dubourg, C.; Mosca, A. L.; Legallic, S.; Goldenberg, A.; Drouin-Garraud, V.; et al. (2009). Recurrent rearrangements in synaptic and neurodevelopmental genes and shared biologic pathways in schizophrenia, autism, and mental retardation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 947-956.
52. Gurney, J. G.; McPheeters, M. L.; Davis, M. M. (2006). Parental report of health conditions and health care use among children with and without autism. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 160, 825-830.
53. Guttmann-Steinmetz, S.; Gadow, K. D.; DeVincent, C. J.; Crowell, J. (2010). Anxiety symptoms in boys with autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, or chronic multiple tic disorder and community controls. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40, 1006-1016.
54. Herbert, K. J.; Miller, L. L.; Joinson, C. J. (2010). Association of autism spectrum disorder with season of birth and conception in a UK cohort. Autism Research, 3, 185-190.
55. Hollingshead, A. B. (1975). Four factor index of social status. New Haven: Department of Sociology, Yale University.
56. Holtmann, M.; Bölte, S.; Poustka, F. (2007). Autism spectrum disorders: Sex differences in autistic behaviour domains and coexisting psychopathology. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 49, 361-366.
57. Hurst, R. M.; Nelson-Gray, R. O.; Mitchell, J. T.; Kwapil, T. R. (2007). The relationship of Asperger's characteristics and schizotypal personality traits in a non-clinical adult sample. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 1711-1720.
58. Jessen, H. M.; Auger, A. P. (2011). Sex differences in epigenetic mechanisms may underlie risk and resilience for mental disorders. Epigenetics, 6, 857-861.
59. King, B. H.; Lord, C. (2011). Is schizophrenia on the autism spectrum? Brain Research, 1380, 34-41.
60. Kirov, G.; Gumus, D.; Chen, W.; Norton, N.; Georgieva, L.; Sari, M.; et al. (2008). Comparative genome hybridization suggests a role for NRXN1 and APBA2 in schizophrenia. Human Molecular Genetics, 17, 458-465.
61. Knobel, K. A. B.; Sanchez, T. G. (2009). Selective auditory attention and silence elicit auditory hallucination in a nonclinical sample. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 14, 1-10.
62. Lecavalier, L.; Gadow, K. D.; DeVincent, C. J.; Houts, C.; Edwards, M. C. (2009). Deconstructing the PDD clinical phenotype: Internal validity of the DSM-IV. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 1246-1254.
63. Lee, L. C.; Newschaffer, C. J.; Lessler, J. T.; Lee, B. K.; Shah, R.; Zimmerman, A. W. (2008). Variation in season of birth in singleton and multiple births concordant for autism spectrum disorder. Pediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 22, 172-179.
64. Longenecker, J.; Genderson, J.; Dickinson, D.; Malley, J.; Elvevåg, B.; Weinberger, D. R.; et al. (2010). Where have all the women gone? Participant gender in epidemiological and nonepidemiological research of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 119, 240-245.
65. Lord, C.; Risi, S.; Lambrecht, L.; Cook, E. H.; Jr, Leventhal, B. L.; DiLavore, P. C.; et al. (2000). The autism diagnostic observation schedule-generic: A standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30, 205-223.
66. Maimburg, R. D.; Bech, B. H.; Vaeth, M.; Moller-Madsen, B.; Olsen, J. (2010). Neonatal jaundice, autism, and other disorders of psychological development. Pediatrics, 126, 872-878.
67. Margo, A.; Hemsley, D. R.; Slade, P. D. (1981). The effects of varying auditory input on schizophrenic hallucinations. British Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 122-127.
68. Mata, I.; Sham, P. C.; Gilvarry, C. M.; Jones, P. B.; Lewis, S. W.; Murray, R. M. (2000). Childhood schizotypy and positive symptoms in schizophrenic patients predict schizotypy in relatives. Schizophrenia Research, 44, 129-136.
69. Mattison, R. E.; Gadow, K. D.; Sprafkin, J.; Nolan, E. E.; Schneider, J. (2003). A DSM-IV-referenced teacher rating scale for use in clinical management. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 444-449.
70. Meyer, U.; Feldon, J.; Mammann, O. (2011). Schizophrenia and autism: Both shared and disorder-specific pathogenesis via perinatal inflammation? Pediatric Research, 69 (5, Pt. 2), 26R-33R.
71. Mittal, V. A.; Ellman, L. M.; Cannon, T. D. (2008). Gene-environment interaction and covariation in schizophrenia: The role of obstetric complications. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 34, 1083-1094.
72. Nayani, T. N.; David, A. S. (1996). The auditory hallucination: A phenomenological survey. Psychological Medicine, 26, 177-189.
73. Offord, D. R.; Boyle, M. H.; Racine, Y.; Szatmari, P.; Fleming, J. E.; Sanford, M.; et al. (1996). Integrating assessment data from multiple informants. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 1078-1085.
74. Padgett, F. E.; Miltsiou, E.; Tiffin, P. A. (2010). The co-occurrence of nonaffective psychosis and the pervasive developmental disorders: A systematic review. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 35, 187-198.
75. Pfaff, D. W.; Rapin, I.; Goldman, S. (2011). Male predominance in autism: Neuroscience influences on arousal and social anxiety. Autism Research, 4, 163-176.
76. Piven, J.; Palmer, P. (1999). Psychiatric disorder and the broad autism phenotype: Evidence from a family study of multiple-incidence autism families. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 557-563.
77. Qiao, Y.; Riendeau, N.; Koochek, M.; Liu, X.; Harvard, C.; Hildebrand, M. J.; et al. (2009). Phenomic determinants of genomic variation in autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Medical Genetics, 46, 680-688.
78. Rapoport, J.; Chavez, A.; Greenstein, D.; Addington, A.; Gogtay, N. (2009). Autism spectrum disorders and childhood-onset schizophrenia: Clinical and biological contributions to a relation revisited. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48, 10-18.
79. Ronald, A.; Larsson, H.; Anckarsäter, H.; Lichtenstein, P. (2011). A twin study of autism symptoms in Sweden. Molecular Psychiatry, 16, 1039-1047.
80. Roohi, J.; DeVincent, C. J.; Hatchwell, E.; Gadow, K. D. (2009). Association of a monoamine oxidase-A gene promoter polymorphism with ADHD and anxiety in boys with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39, 67-74.
81. Rothman, K. (1990). No adjustments are needed for multiple comparisons. Epidemiology, 1, 43-46.
82. Roussos, P.; Giakoumaki, S. G.; Bitsios, P. (2010). Cognitive and emotional processing associated with the season of birth and dopamine D4 receptor gene. Neurobiology, 48, 3926-3933.
83. Russell-Smith, S. N.; Maybery, M. T.; Bayliss, D. M. (2010). Are the autism and positive schizotypy spectra diametrically opposed in local versus global processing? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40, 968-977.
84. Sarachana, T.; Xu, M.; Wu, R. C.; Hu, V. W. (2011). Sex hormones in autism: Androgens and extrogens differentially and reciprocally regulate RORA, a novel candidate gene for autism. PLoS ONE, 6, e17116.
85. Sebat, J.; Levy, D. L.; McCarthy, S. E. (2009). Rare structural variants in schizophrenia: One disorder, multiple mutations; one mutation, multiple disorders. Trends in Genetics, 25, 528-535.
86. Skuse, D. H. (2007). Rethinking the nature of genetic vulnerability of autistic spectrum disorders. Trends in Genetics, 23, 387-395.
87. Sorensen, H. J.; Mortensen, E. L.; Schiffman, J.; Ekstrom, M.; Denenney, D.; Mednick, S. A. (2010). Premorbid IQ and adult schizophrenia spectrum disorder: Verbal performance subtests. Psychiatry Research, 178, 23-26.
88. Sporn, A. L.; Addington, A. M.; Gogtay, N.; Ordoñez, A. E.; Gornick, M.; Clasen, L.; et al. (2004). Pervasive developmental disorder and childhood-onset schizophrenia: Comorbid disorder or a phenotypic variant of a very early onset illness. Biological Psychiatry, 55, 989-994.
89. Starling, J.; Dossetor, D. (2009). Pervasive developmental disorders and psychosis. Current Psychiatry Reports, 11, 190-196.
90. Sugranyes, G.; Kyriakopoulos, M.; Corrigall, R.; Taylor, E.; Frangou, S. (2011). Autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia: Meta-analysis of the neural correlates of social cognition. PLoS ONE, 6, e25322.
91. Tarrier, N. (1987). An investigation of residual psychotic symptoms in discharged schizophrenic patients. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 26, 141-143.
92. Van der Gaag, R. J.; Buitelaar, J.; Van den Ban, E.; Bezemer, M.; Mijio, L.; Van Engeland, H. (1995). A controlled multivariate chart review of multiple complex developmental disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 1096-1106.
93. van Os, J.; Linscott, R. J.; Myin-Germeys, I.; Delespaul, P.; Krabbendam, L. (2009). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the psychosis continuum: Evidence for a psychosis proneness-persistence-impairment model of psychotic disorder. Psychological Medicine, 39, 179-195.
94. Verdoux, H.; Husky, M.; Tournier, M.; Sorbara, F.; Swendsen, J. D. (2003). Social environments and daily life occurrence of psychotic symptoms. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 38, 654-661.
95. Walsh, T.; McClellan, J. M.; McCarthy, S. E.; Addington, A. M.; Pierce, S. B.; Cooper, G. M.; et al. (2008). Rare structural variants disrupt multiple genes in neurodevelopmental pathways in schizophrenia. Science, 320, 539-543.
96. Weisbrot, D. M.; Gadow, K. D.; DeVincent, C. J.; Pomeroy, J. (2005). The presentation of anxiety in children with pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 15, 477-496.
97. White, S. W.; Oswald, D.; Ollendick, T.; Scahill, L. (2009). Anxiety in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 216-229.
98. Yirmiya, N.; Shaked, M. (2005). Psychiatric disorders in parents of children with autism. A meta-analysis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 69-83.
99. Zwaigenbaum, L.; Szatmari, P.; Jones, M. B.; Bryson, S. E.; MacLean, J. E.; Mahoney, W. J.; et al. (2002). Pregnancy and birth complications in autism and liability to the broader autism phenotype. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 572-579.