The imprinted brain: How genes set the balance between autism and psychosis

Epigenomics

Volumn 3, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 345-359

  Badcock, Christopher ^a  

^a LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

autism spectrum disorder; diametric model of the mind; extreme male brain theory; genetic conflict; genius; genomic imprinting; hypermentalism; kinship theory of imprinting; mechanistic cognition; mentalistic cognition; nurture via nature; psychotic spectrum disorder; savant; X chromosome

Indexed keywords

PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3 KINASE; PROTEIN S100B; SOMATOMEDIN B; SOMATOMEDIN B RECEPTOR; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FOXP2;

AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; ANEUPLOIDY; APOPTOSIS; AUTISM; BECKWITH WIEDEMANN SYNDROME; BORDERLINE STATE; BRAIN CORTEX; CHROMOSOME 15; CHROMOSOME DELETION 22Q11; CHROMOSOME DUPLICATION; COGNITION; COPY NUMBER VARIATION; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; EPIGENETICS; GENE EXPRESSION; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC REGULATION; GENOME IMPRINTING; HAPPY PUPPET SYNDROME; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS; KLINEFELTER SYNDROME; LANGUAGE DISABILITY; MATERNAL NUTRITION; NONHUMAN; PARANOID SCHIZOPHRENIA; PARTHENOGENESIS; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PREGNANCY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOSIS; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SILVER RUSSELL SYNDROME; TOXOPLASMA GONDII; UNIPARENTAL DISOMY; VELOCARDIOFACIAL SYNDROME; X CHROMOSOME;

AUTISTIC DISORDER; EPIGENOMICS; FEMALE; GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; GENOMIC IMPRINTING; HUMANS; MALE; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS; SEX FACTORS;

EID: 79959946708     PISSN: 17501911     EISSN: 1750192X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2217/epi.11.19     Document Type: Review

References (97)

1. Aitken K: Intersubjectivity, affective neuroscience, and the neurobiology of autistic spectrum disorders: a systematic review. Keio J. Med. 57(1), 15-36 (2008). (Pubitemid 351744043)
2. St Clair D: Rates of adult schizophrenia following prenatal exposure to the Chinese famine of 1959-1961. JAMA 294(5), 557-562 (2005). (Pubitemid 41126897)
3. Susser E, St Clair D, He L: Latent effects of prenatal malnutrition on adult health: the example of schizophrenia. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1136, 185-192 (2008). (Pubitemid 351862175)
4. Wicks S: Social adversity in childhood and the risk of developing psychosis: a national cohort study. Am. J. Psychiatry 162(9), 1652-1657 (2005). (Pubitemid 41318234)
5. Badcock C: An evolutionary theory of mind and of mental illness: genetic conflict and the mentalistic continuum. In:Foundations of Evolutionary Psychology . Crawford C, Krebs D (Eds). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, NY, USA, 431-450 (2008).
6. Badcock C: The Imprinted Brain: How Genes Set the Balance Between Autism and Psychosis. Jessica Kingsley, London, UK and Philadelphia, USA (2009).
7. Badcock C, Crespi B: Imbalanced genomic imprinting in brain development: an evolutionary basis for the etiology of autism. J. Evol. Biol. 19(4), 1007-1032 (2006).
8. Badcock C, Crespi B: Battle of the sexes may set the brain. Nature 454, 1054-1055 (2008).
9. Crespi B, Badcock C: Psychosis and autism as diametrical disorders of the social brain. Behav. Brain Sci. 31(3), 241-320 (2008).
10. Crespi B, Stead P, Elliot M: Comparative genomics of autism and schizophrenia. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107(Suppl. 1), 1736-1741 (2010).
11. Crespi B: Genomic imprinting in the development and evolution of psychotic spectrum conditions. Biol. Rev. 83, 441-493 (2008).
12. Haig D: Genomic Imprinting and Kinship. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ, USA (2002).
13. Barlow D: Gametic imprinting in mammals. Science 270(8), 1610-1613 (1995). (Pubitemid 26002437)
14. De Chiara T, Robertson E, Efstratiadis A: Parental imprinting of the mouse insulin-like growth factor II gene. Cell 64(22), 849-859 (1991). (Pubitemid 121001171)
15. Reik W, Surani A: Genomic Imprinting. IRL Press, Oxford, UK (1997).
16. Haig D, Graham C: Genomic imprinting and the strange case of the insulin-like growth factor II receptor. Cell 64(22), 1045-1046 (1991). (Pubitemid 121001191)
17. Haig D: Genomic imprinting and kinship: how good is the evidence? Ann. Rev. Genet. 38, 553-585 (2004). (Pubitemid 40013738)
18. Eggermann T, Schönherr N, Meyer E, et al.: Epigenetic mutations in 11p15 in Silver-Russell syndrome are restricted to the telomeric imprinting domain. J. Med. Genet. 43(7), 615-616 (2005).
19. Holm V, Cassidy S, Butler M, et al.: Prader-Willi syndrome: consensus diagnostic criteria. Pediatrics 91(2), 398-402 (1993). (Pubitemid 23042323)
20. Brown W, Consedine N: Just how happy is the happy puppet? An emotion signaling and kinship theory perspective on the behavioral phenotype of children with Angelman syndrome. Med. Hypotheses 63, 377-385 (2004). (Pubitemid 38993595)
21. Angelman H: Puppet children: a report on three cases. Devel. Med. Child Neurol. 7, 681-688 (1965).
22. Nicholls R, Saitoh S, Horsthemke B: Imprinting in Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes. Trends Genet. 14(5), 194-200 (1998). (Pubitemid 28244244)
23. Veltman M, Thompson R, Roberts S, Thomas N, Whittington J, Bolton P: Prader-Willi syndrome - a study comparing deletion and uniparental disomy cases with reference to autism spectrum disorders. Euro. Child Adol. Psych. 13(1), 42-50 (2004). (Pubitemid 38280187)
24. Milner K, Craig E, Thompson R, et al.: Prader-Willi syndrome: intellectual abilities and behavioral features by genetic subtype. J. Child Psychol. Psych. 46(10), 1089-1096 (2005). (Pubitemid 44201556)
25. Whittington J, Holland T: Prader-Willi Syndrome: Development and Manifestations. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK (2004).
26. Steffenburg S, Gillberg C, Steffenburg U, Kyllerman M: Autism in Angelman syndrome: a population-based study. Pediatric Neurol. 14, 131-136 (1996). (Pubitemid 26104417)
27. Bonati M, Russo S, Finelli P, et al.: Evaluation of autism traits in Angelman syndrome: a resource to unfold autism genes. Neurogenetics 8, 169-178 (2007). (Pubitemid 47051010)
28. Veltman M, Craig E, Bolton P: Autism spectrum disorders in Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes: a systematic review. Psychiatric Genetics 15, 243-254 (2005). (Pubitemid 44491462)
29. Kent L, Bowdin S, Kirby G, Cooper W, Maher E: Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome: a behavioral phenotype-genotype study. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsy. Genet. 147B(7), 1295-1297 (2008).
30. Baird G, Simonoff E, Pickles A, et al.: Prevalence of disorders of the autism spectrum in a population cohort of children in South Thames: the Special Needs and Autism Project (SNAP). Lancet 368, 210-215 (2006). (Pubitemid 44037796)
31. Crespi B, Summers K, Dorus S: Genomic sister-disorders of neurodevelopment: an evolutionary approach. Evolutionary Applications 2(1), 81-100 (2009).
32. Haig D: Intragenomic politics. Cytogen. Genome Res. 113, 68-74 (2006).
33. Allen N, Logan K, Lally G, Drage J, Norris M, Keverne B: Distribution of parthenogenetic cells in the mouse brain and their influence on brain development and behavior. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 92(23), 10782-10786 (1995).
34. Gregg C, Zhang J, Weissbourd B, et al.: High-resolution analysis of parent-of-origin allelic expression in the mouse brain. Science 329, 643-648 (2010).
35. Keverne E, Fundele R, Narasimha M, Barton S, Surani M: Genomic imprinting and the differential roles of parental genomes in brain development. Devel. Brain Res. 92, 91-100 (1996). (Pubitemid 26122594)
36. Hannah J, Hayward B, Sheridan E, Bonthron D: A global disorder of imprinting in the human female germ line. Nature 416, 539-542 (2002). (Pubitemid 34288855)
37. Newton G: The case of the biparental mole. Wellcome News (27), 18-19 (2001).
38. Maclean P: Limbic System. In:The Blackwell Dictionary of Neuropsychology . Beaumont J, Kenealy P, Rogers M (Eds). Blackwell, Oxford, UK (1996).
39. Goos L, Silverman I: The inheritance of cognitive skills: does genomic imprinting play a role? Neurogenetics 20(1-2), 19-40 (2006). (Pubitemid 43995491)
40. Mendrek A: Reversal of normal cerebral sexual dimorphism in schizophrenia: evidence and speculations. Med. Hypotheses 69(4), 896-902 (2007). (Pubitemid 47248110)
41. Gur R, Kohler C, Turetsky B, et al.: A sexually dimorphic ratio of orbitofrontal to amygdala volume is altered in schizophrenia. Biol. Psych. 55, 512-517 (2004). (Pubitemid 38338539)
42. Jones D: Killer instincts. Nature 451, 512-515 (2008).
43. Gur R, Gunning-Dixon F, Bilker W, Gur R: Sex difference in temporo-limbic and frontal brain volumes of healthy adults. Cereb. Cortex 12, 998 (2002).
44. Goldstein J, Seidman L, Horton N, Makris N, Kennedy D: Normal sexual dimorphism of the adult human brain assessed by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging. Cereb. Cortex 11, 490-497 (2001). (Pubitemid 32488376)
45. Ledoux J: The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life. Simon & Schuster, New York, USA (1996).
46. Chorney M, Chorney K, Seese N, et al.: A quantitative trait locus associated with cognitive ability in children. Psychol. Sci. 9(3), 1-7 (1998).
47. Killian J, Nolan C, Wylie A, et al.: Divergent evolution in M6P/IGF2R imprinting from the Jurassic to the Quaternary. Hum. Mol. Genet. 10, 1721-1728 (2001). (Pubitemid 32899089)
48. Baron-Cohen S: The extreme male brain theory of autism. Trends Cognit. Sci. 6(6), 248-254 (2002). (Pubitemid 34597232)
49. Baron-Cohen S, Ashwin E, Ashwin C, Tavassoli T, Chakrabarti B: Talent in autism: hyper-systemizing, hyper-attention to detail and sensory hypersensitivity. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. B 364, 1377-1383 (2009).
50. Badcock C: Mentalism and mechanism: the twin modes of human cognition. In:Evolutionary Psychology, Public Policy and Personal Decisions. Crawford C, Salmon C (Eds). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ, USA, 99-116 (2004).
51. Baron-Cohen S: The empathizing system. In:Origins Of The Social Mind . Ellis B, Bjorklund D (Eds). The Guilford Press, NY, USA and London, UK, 468-492 (2005).
52. Baron-Cohen S, Knickmeyer R, Belmonte M: Sex differences in the brain: implications for explaining autism. Science 310, 819-823 (2005). (Pubitemid 41567334)
53. Trivers R: Parent-offspring conflict. Am. Zoologist 14, 249-264 (1974).
54. Crespi B: Sly FOXP2: genomic conflict in the evolution of language. Trends Ecol. Evol. 22(4), 174-175 (2007). (Pubitemid 46427955)
55. Brown W: The parental antagonism theory of language evolution: preliminary evidence for the proposal. Hum. Biol. 83(2), 213-245 (2011).
56. Murdock P: Ethnographic Atlas. University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, PA, USA (1967).
57. Haig D: Genetic conflicts of pregnancy and childhood. In:Evolution in Health and Disease . Stearns S (Ed.). Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 77-90 (1999).
58. Lathe R: Autism, Brain, and Environment. Jessica Kingsley Publishers, London, UK and Philadelphia, USA (2006).
59. Maestro S, Muratori M, Cavallaro F, Pei D, Stern B, Palacio-Espasa F: Attentional skills during the first 6 months of age in autism spectrum disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 41, 1239-1245 (2002). (Pubitemid 38338044)
60. Zwaigenbaum L, Bryson S, Rogers T, Roberts W, Brian J, Szatmari P: Behavioral manifestations of autism in the first year of life. Int. J. Devel. Neurosci. 23, 143-152 (2005). (Pubitemid 40313548)
61. Mcnamara P, Mclaren D, Smith D, Brown A, Stickgold R: A Jekyll and Hyde within: aggressive versus friendly interactions in rem and non-REM dreams. Psychol. Sci. 16(2), 130-136 (2005). (Pubitemid 40306131)
62. Anderson G, Jacobs-Stannard A, Chawarska K, Volkmar F, Kliman H: Placental trophoblast inclusions in autism spectrum disorder. Biol. Psych. 6, 487-491 (2007). (Pubitemid 46185332)
63. Mills J, Hediger M, Molloy C, et al.: Elevated levels of growth-related hormones in autism and autism spectrum disorder. Clin. Endocrinol. 67, 230-237 (2007). (Pubitemid 47076299)
64. Sugie Y, Sugie H, Fukuda T, Ito M: Neonatal factors in infants with autistic disorder and typically developing infants. Autism 9(5), 487-494 (2005). (Pubitemid 43009536)
65. Ingudomnukul E, Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S, Knickmeyer R: Elevated rates of testosterone-related disorders in women with autism spectrum conditions. Hormones Behav. 51(5), 597-604 (2007). (Pubitemid 46770756)
66. Knickmeyer R, Baron-Cohen S, Raggatt P, Taylor K: Foetal testosterone, social relationships, and restricted interests in children. J. Child Psychol. Psych. 45, 1-13 (2004).
67. Brosnan M, Ashwin C, Walker I, Donaghue J: Can an extreme female brain be characterised in terms of psychosis? Person. Individ. Diff. 49, 738-742 (2010).
68. Walter H, Ciaramidaro A, Adenzato M, et al.: Dysfunction of the social brain in schizophrenia is modulated by intention type: an fMRI study. Soc. Cog. Affect. Neurosci. 4(2), 166-176 (2009).
69. Bara B, Ciaramidaro A, Walter H, Adenzato M: Intentional minds: a philosophical analysis of intention tested through fMRI experiments involving people with schizophrenia, people with autism, and healthy individuals. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 2(5), 7 (2011).
70. Fertuck E, Jekal A, Song I, et al.: Enhanced Reading the Mind in the Eyes in borderline personality disorder compared with healthy controls. Psychol. Med. 39(12), 1979-1988 (2009).
71. Franzen N, Hagenhoff M, Baer N, et al.: Superior theory of mind in borderline personality disorder: an analysis of interaction behavior in a virtual trust game. Psychiatry Res. 187(1-2), 224-233 (2010).
72. Russell-Smith S, Maybery M, Bayliss D: Are the autism and positive schizotypy spectra diametrically opposed in local versus global processing? J. Autism Devel. Dis. 40(8), 968-977 (2010).
73. Shinawi M, Liu P, Lupski J: Recurrent reciprocal 16p11.2 rearrangements associated with global developmental delay, behavioral problems, dysmorphism, epilepsy, and abnormal head size. J. Med. Genet. 47(5), 332-341 (2010).
74. Tamminga C, Holcomb H: Phenotype of schizophrenia: a review and formulation. Mol. Psychiatry 10, 27-39 (2005). (Pubitemid 40139587)
75. Crow T: Is schizophrenia the price that Homo sapiens pays for language? Schizophrenia Res. 28, 127-141 (1997). (Pubitemid 28055661)
76. Horrobin D: Schizophrenia: the illness that made us human. Med. Hypotheses 50, 269-288 (1998). (Pubitemid 28231004)
77. Crespi B, Summers K, Dorus S: Adaptive evolution of genes underlying schizophrenia. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 274, 2801-2810 (2007). (Pubitemid 350057933)
78. Happé F, Frith U: Autism and talent. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. B 364(1522), 1343-1480 (2009).
79. Toulopoulou T, Mapua-Filbey F, Quraishi S, et al.: Cognitive performance in presumed obligate carriers for psychosis. Br. J. Psych. 187, 284-285 (2006). (Pubitemid 41306112)
80. Kravariti E, Toulopoulou T, Mapua-Filbey F, et al.: Intellectual asymmetry and genetic liability in first-degree relatives of probands with schizophrenia. Br. J. Psych. 188, 186-187 (2006). (Pubitemid 43171077)
81. Zhai J, Zhang Q, Cheng L, et al.: Risk variants in the S100B gene, associated with elevated S100B levels, are also associated with visuospatial disability of schizophrenia. Behav. Brain Res. 217(2), 363-368 (2011).
82. Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S, Stott C, Bolton P, Goodyer I: Is there a link between engineering and autism? Autism 1(1), 101-109 (1997). (Pubitemid 127708502)
83. Heijmansa B, Tobia E, Stein A, et al.: Persistent epigenetic differences associated with prenatal exposure to famine in humans. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 105(44), 17046-17049 (2008).
84. Ward P: Birth Weight and Economic Growth. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, USA and London, UK (1993).
85. Gillberg C: Autism and autistic-like conditions: subclasses among disorders of empathy, (The Emanuel Miller Memorial Lecture 1991). J. Child Psychol. Psych. 33(5), 813-842 (1992).
86. Der G, Gupta S, Murray R: Is schizophrenia disappearing? Lancet 335, 513-516 (1990). (Pubitemid 20073063)
87. Woogh C: Is schizophrenia on the decline in Canada? Canadian J. Psych. 46, 61-67 (2001). (Pubitemid 32209346)
88. Raison C, Lowry C, Rook G: Inflammation, sanitation, and consternation: loss of contact with coevolved, tolerogenic microorganisms and the pathophysiology and treatment of major depression. Arch. Gen. Psych. 67(12), 1211-1224 (2010).
89. Webster J, Lamberton P, Donnelly C, Torrey E: Parasites as causative agents of human affective disorders? The impact of anti-psychotic, mood-stabilizer and anti-parasite medication on Toxoplasma gondiis ability to alter host behavior. Proc. Biol. Sci. 273(1589), 1023-1030 (2006). (Pubitemid 46768431)
90. Yolken R, Torrey E: Are some cases of psychosis caused by microbial agents? A review of the evidence. Mol. Psych. 13, 470-479 (2008). (Pubitemid 351556038)
91. Rodier P: The early origins of autism. Sci. Am. 282(2), 56-63 (2000).
92. Nguyen A, Rauch T, Pfeifer G, Hu V: Global methylation profiling of lymphoblastoid cell lines reveals epigenetic contributions to autism spectrum disorders and a novel autism candidate gene, RORA, whose protein product is reduced in autistic brain. FASEB J. 24(8), 3036-3051 (2010).
93. Sarachana T, Xu M, Wu R-C, Hu V: Sex hormones in autism: androgens and estrogens differentially and reciprocally regulate RORA, a novel candidate gene for autism. PLoS ONE 6(2), e17116 (2011).
94. Ressler K, Mercer K, Bradley B, et al.: Post-traumatic stress disorder is associated with PACAP and the PAC1 receptor. Nature 470(7335), 492-497 (2011).
95. Breslau N: The epidemiology of posttraumatic stress disorder. J. Clin. Psych. 62(17), 16-22 (2001).
96. Dawkins R: The Selfish Gene. (Second Edition). Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK (1989).
97. The Imprinted Brain Website www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-imprinted- brain