The changing field of rehabilitation: Optimizing spontaneous regeneration and functional recovery

Handbook of Clinical Neurology

Volumn 109, Issue , 2012, Pages 317-336

  McDonald, John W ^a,b   Sadowsky, Cristina L ^a,b   Stampas, Argyrios ^c  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b KENNEDY KRIEGER INSTITUTE   (United States)

^c BURKE REHABILITATION HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84867796319     PISSN: 00729752     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-52137-8.00020-6     Document Type: Chapter

References (146)

1. Acuff M.E., Clark M., Hagglund K.J., et al. Testosterone screening among men admitted to acute inpatient rehabilitation. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2004, 83:934-935.
2. Ahlborn P., Schachner M., Irintchev A. One hour electrical stimulation accelerates functional recovery after femoral nerve repair. Exp Neurol 2007, 208:137-144.
3. Al-Majed A.A., Brushart T.M., Gordon T. Electrical stimulation accelerates and increases expression of BDNF and trkB mRNA in regenerating rat femoral motoneurons. Eur J Neurosci 2000, 12:4381-4390.
4. American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand Physical activity, physical fitness, and hypertension. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993, 25:i-x.
5. American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand Exercise for patients with coronary artery disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994, 26:i-v.
6. Angevaren M., Aufdemkampe G., Verhaar H.J., et al. Physical activity and enhanced fitness to improve cognitive function in older people without known cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008, CD005381.
7. Bareyre F.M., Kerschensteiner M., Raineteau O., et al. The injured spinal cord spontaneously forms a new intraspinal circuit in adult rats. Nat Neurosci 2004, 7:269-277.
8. Barres B.A., Raff M.C. Proliferation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells depends on electrical activity in axons. Nature 1993, 361:258-260.
9. Barres B.A., Jacobson M.D., Schmid R., et al. Does oligodendrocyte survival depend on axons?. Curr Biol 1993, 3:489-497.
10. Beaumont E., Kaloustian S., Rousseau G., et al. Training improves the electrophysiological properties of lumbar neurons and locomotion after thoracic spinal cord injury in rats. Neurosci Res 2008, 62:147-154.
11. Becker D., Gary D.S., Rosenzweig E.S., et al. Functional electrical stimulation helps replenish progenitor cells in the injured spinal cord of adult rats. Exp Neurol 2010, 222:211-218.
12. Behrman A.L., Bowden M.G., Nair P.M. Neuroplasticity after spinal cord injury and training: an emerging paradigm shift in rehabilitation and walking recovery. Phys Ther 2006, 86:1406-1425.
13. Berrocal Y.A., Pearse D.D., Andrade C.M., et al. Increased spinal c-Fos expression with noxious and non-noxious peripheral stimulation after severe spinal contusion. Neurosci Lett 2007, 413:58-62.
14. Boule N.G., Haddad E., Kenny G.P., et al. Effects of exercise on glycemic control and body mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. JAMA 2001, 286:1218-1227.
15. Boyd R., Sakzewski L., Ziviani J., et al. INCITE: a randomised trial comparing constraint induced movement therapy and bimanual training in children with congenital hemiplegia. BMC Neurol 2010, 10:4.
16. Bozzali M., Wrabetz L. Axonal signals and oligodendrocyte differentiation. Neurochem Res 2004, 29:979-988.
17. Brus-Ramer M., Carmel J.B., Chakrabarty S., et al. Electrical stimulation of spared corticospinal axons augments connections with ipsilateral spinal motor circuits after injury. J Neurosci 2007, 27:13793-13801.
18. Cantallops I., Routtenberg A. Activity-dependent regulation of axonal growth: posttranscriptional control of the GAP-43 gene by the NMDA receptor in developing hippocampus. J Neurobiol 1999, 41:208-220.
19. Capoor J., Stein A.B. Aging with spinal cord injury. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2005, 16:129-161.
20. Carroll W.M., Jennings A.R., Ironside L.J. Identification of the adult resting progenitor cell by autoradiographic tracking of oligodendrocyte precursors in experimental CNS demyelination. Brain 1998, 121:293-302.
21. Charles J.R., Wolf S.L., Schneider J.A., et al. Efficacy of a child-friendly form of constraint-induced movement therapy in hemiplegic cerebral palsy: a randomized control trial. Dev Med Child Neurol 2006, 48:635-642.
22. Cheng Y.J., Macera C.A., Addy C.L., et al. Effects of physical activity on exercise tests and respiratory function. Br J Sports Med 2003, 37:521-528.
23. Ciani L., Salinas P.C. From neuronal activity to the actin cytoskeleton: a role for CaMKKs and betaPIX in spine morphogenesis. Neuron 2008, 57:3-4.
24. Clapp J.F. Morphometric and neurodevelopmental outcome at age five years of the offspring of women who continued to exercise regularly throughout pregnancy. J Pediatr 1996, 129:856-863.
25. Coman I., Barbin G., Charles P., et al. Axonal signals in central nervous system myelination, demyelination and remyelination. J Neurol Sci 2005, 233:67-71.
26. Cumming T.B., Thrift A.G., Collier J.M., et al. Very early mobilization after stroke fast-tracks return to walking: further results from the phase II AVERT randomized controlled trial. Stroke 2011, 42:153-158.
27. Cup E.H., Pieterse A.J., Ten Broek-Pastoor J.M., et al. Exercise therapy and other types of physical therapy for patients with neuromuscular diseases: a systematic review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2007, 88:1452-1464.
28. Cust A.E. Physical activity and gynecologic cancer prevention. Recent Results Cancer Res 2011, 186:159-185.
29. Daoudal G., Debanne D. Long-term plasticity of intrinsic excitability: learning rules and mechanisms. Learn Mem 2003, 10:456-465.
30. Davis G.M., Hamzaid N.A., Fornusek C. Cardiorespiratory, metabolic, and biomechanical responses during functional electrical stimulation leg exercise: health and fitness benefits. Artif Organs 2008, 32:625-629.
31. Demerens C., Stankoff B., Logak M., et al. Induction of myelination in the central nervous system by electrical activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996, 93:9887-9892.
32. de Oliveira E.P., Burini R.C. The impact of physical exercise on the gastrointestinal tract. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2009, 12:533-538.
33. Dietz V. Spinal cord pattern generators for locomotion. Clin Neurophysiol 2003, 114:1379-1389.
34. Dietz V., Muller R., Colombo G. Locomotor activity in spinal man: significance of afferent input from joint and load receptors. Brain 2002, 125:2626-2634.
35. DiMarco A.F. Restoration of respiratory muscle function following spinal cord injury. Review of electrical and magnetic stimulation techniques. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2005, 147:273-287.
36. Dupont-Versteegden E.E., Houle J.D., Dennis R.A., et al. Exercise-induced gene expression in soleus muscle is dependent on time after spinal cord injury in rats. Muscle Nerve 2004, 29:73-81.
37. Emaus A., Thune I. Physical activity and lung cancer prevention. Recent Results Cancer Res 2011, 186:101-133.
38. Engesser-Cesar C., Anderson A.J., Basso D.M., et al. Voluntary wheel running improves recovery from a moderate spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 2005, 22:157-171.
39. Engesser-Cesar C., Ichiyama R.M., Nefas A.L., et al. Wheel running following spinal cord injury improves locomotor recovery and stimulates serotonergic fiber growth. Eur J Neurosci 2007, 25:1931-1939.
40. Erickson K.I., Voss M.W., Prakash R.S., et al. Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011, 108:3017-3022.
41. Fabel K., Tam B., Kaufer D., et al. VEGF is necessary for exercise-induced adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Eur J Neurosci 2003, 18:2803-2812.
42. Farmer M.E., Locke B.Z., Moscicki E.K., et al. Physical activity and depressive symptoms: the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. Am J Epidemiol 1988, 128:1340-1351.
43. Farmer J., Zhao X., van Praag H., et al. Effects of voluntary exercise on synaptic plasticity and gene expression in the dentate gyrus of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats in vivo. Neuroscience 2004, 124:71-79.
44. Fawcett J.W., Asher R.A. The glial scar and central nervous system repair. Brain Res Bull 1999, 49:377-391.
45. Ferrante S., Pedrocchi A., Ferrigno G., et al. Cycling induced by functional electrical stimulation improves the muscular strength and the motor control of individuals with post-acute stroke. Europa Medicophysica-SIMFER 2007 Award Winner. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2008, 44:159-167.
46. Field-Fote E.C. Combined use of body weight support, functional electric stimulation, and treadmill training to improve walking ability in individuals with chronic incomplete spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001, 82:818-824.
47. Fischer F.R., Peduzzi J.D. Functional recovery in rats with chronic spinal cord injuries after exposure to an enriched environment. J Spinal Cord Med 2007, 30:147-155.
48. Fornusek C., Davis G.M. Cardiovascular and metabolic responses during functional electric stimulation cycling at different cadences. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2008, 89:719-725.
49. Frey-Rindova P., de Bruin E.D., Stussi E., et al. Bone mineral density in upper and lower extremities during 12 months after spinal cord injury measured by peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Spinal Cord 2000, 38:26-32.
50. Frotzler A., Coupaud S., Perret C., et al. High-volume FES-cycling partially reverses bone loss in people with chronic spinal cord injury. Bone 2008, 43:169-176.
51. Garcia-Aymerich J., Serra I., Gomez F.P., et al. Physical activity and clinical and functional status in COPD. Chest 2009, 136:62-70.
52. Gensert J.M., Goldman J.E. Endogenous progenitors remyelinate demyelinated axons in the adult CNS. Neuron 1997, 19:197-203.
53. Geremia N.M., Gordon T., Brushart T.M., et al. Electrical stimulation promotes sensory neuron regeneration and growth-associated gene expression. Exp Neurol 2007, 205:347-359.
54. Griffin L., Decker M.J., Hwang J.Y., et al. Functional electrical stimulation cycling improves body composition, metabolic and neural factors in persons with spinal cord injury. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2009, 19:614-622.
55. Gyllensten L., Malmfors T. Myelinization of the optic nerve and its dependence on visual function - a quantitative investigation in mice. J Embryol Exp Morphol 1963, 11:255-266.
56. Harkema S.J., Hurley S.L., Patel U.K., et al. Human lumbosacral spinal cord interprets loading during stepping. J Neurophysiol 1997, 77:797-811.
57. Harness E.T., Yozbatiran N., Cramer S.C. Effects of intense exercise in chronic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2008, 46:733-737.
58. Haworth J., Young C., Thornton E. The effects of an " exercise and education" programme on exercise self-efficacy and levels of independent activity in adults with acquired neurological pathologies: an exploratory, randomized study. Clin Rehabil 2009, 23:371-383.
59. Howe C.L. Depolarization of PC12 cells induces neurite outgrowth and enhances nerve growth factor-induced neurite outgrowth in rats. Neurosci Lett 2003, 351:41-45.
60. Hwang G.S., Choi J.W., Choi S.H., et al. Effects of a tailored health promotion program to reduce cardiovascular disease risk factors among middle-aged and advanced-age bus drivers. Asia Pac J Public Health 2011.
61. Issurin V.B. Vibrations and their applications in sport: a review. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2005, 45:324-336.
62. Jagasia R., Steib K., Englberger E., et al. GABA-cAMP response element-binding protein signaling regulates maturation and survival of newly generated neurons in the adult hippocampus. J Neurosci 2009, 29:7966-7977.
63. Jedrziewski M.K., Ewbank D.C., Wang H., et al. Exercise and cognition: results from the National Long Term Care Survey. Alzheimer's & Dement 2010, 6:448-455.
64. Jeon J.Y., Weiss C.B., Steadward R.D., et al. Improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity after electrical stimulation-assisted cycling in people with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2002, 40:110-117.
65. Johannesson E., Simren M., Strid H., et al. Physical Activity Improves Symptoms in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2011.
66. Kachourbos M.J., Creasey G.H. Health promotion in motion: improving quality of life for persons with neurogenic bladder and bowel using assistive technology. SCI Nurs 2000, 17:125-129.
67. Karlsson M., Hallbook F. Kainic acid, tetrodotoxin and light modulate expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in developing avian retinal ganglion cells and their tectal target. Neuroscience 1998, 83:137-150.
68. Keirstead H.S., Blakemore W.F. Identification of post-mitotic oligodendrocytes incapable of remyelination within the demyelinated adult spinal cord. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1997, 56:1191-1201.
69. Kempermann G., Kuhn H.G., Gage F.H. More hippocampal neurons in adult mice living in an enriched environment. Nature 1997, 386:493-495.
70. Kempermann G., van Praag H., Gage F.H. Activity-dependent regulation of neuronal plasticity and self repair. Prog Brain Res 2000, 127:35-48.
71. Kidd G.J., Hauer P.E., Trapp B.D. Axons modulate myelin protein messenger RNA levels during central nervous system myelination in vivo. J Neurosci Res 1990, 26:409-418.
72. Knikou M., Conway B.A. Reflex effects of induced muscle contraction in normal and spinal cord injured subjects. Muscle Nerve 2002, 26:374-382.
73. Kodama S., Saito K., Tanaka S., et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness as a quantitative predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in healthy men and women: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2009, 301:2024-2035.
74. Ladouceur M., Barbeau H. Functional electrical stimulation-assisted walking for persons with incomplete spinal injuries: changes in the kinematics and physiological cost of overground walking. Scand J Rehabil Med 2000, 32:72-79.
75. Lankhorst A.J., Ter Laak M.P., van Laar T.J., et al. Effects of enriched housing on functional recovery after spinal cord contusive injury in the adult rat. J Neurotrauma 2001, 18:203-215.
76. Laughlin G.A., Barrett-Connor E., Bergstrom J. Low serum testosterone and mortality in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008, 93:68-75.
77. Leitzmann M.F., Park Y., Blair A., et al. Physical activity recommendations and decreased risk of mortality. Arch Intern Med 2007, 167:2453-2460.
78. Li Q., Liu S., Gary D.S., et al. Baclofen inhibits recovery of locomotion behavior in chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) and reduces proliferation and differentiation of stem cells during development - in vivo and in vitro study 2006, Paper read at Society for Neuroscience Annual Meeting, at Atlanta, GA.
79. Li Q., Brus-Ramer M., Martin J.H., et al. Electrical stimulation of the medullary pyramid promotes proliferation and differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in the corticospinal tract of the adult rat. Neurosci Lett 2010, 479:128-133.
80. Lindquist A.R., Prado C.L., Barros R.M., et al. Gait training combining partial body-weight support, a treadmill, and functional electrical stimulation: effects on poststroke gait. Phys Ther 2007, 87:1144-1154.
81. Liusuwan R.A., Widman L.M., Abresch R.T., et al. Behavioral intervention, exercise, and nutrition education to improve health and fitness (BENEfit) in adolescents with mobility impairment due to spinal cord dysfunction. J Spinal Cord Med 2007, 30:S119-S126.
82. Maio G., Saraeb S., Marchiori A. Physical activity and PDE5 inhibitors in the treatment of erectile dysfunction: results of a randomized controlled study. J Sex Med 2010, 7:2201-2208.
83. Manns P.J., McCubbin J.A., Williams D.P. Fitness, inflammation, and the metabolic syndrome in men with paraplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005, 86:1176-1181.
84. Mattern-Baxter K., Bellamy S., Mansoor J.K. Effects of intensive locomotor treadmill training on young children with cerebral palsy. Pediatr Phys Ther 2009, 21:308-318.
85. McDonald J.W., Sadowsky C. Spinal-cord injury. Lancet 2002, 359:417-425.
86. McDonald J.W., Becker D., Sadowsky C.L., et al. Late recovery following spinal cord injury. Case report and review of the literature. J Neurosurg 2002, 97:252-265.
87. McKeon R.J., Hoke A., Silver J. Injury-induced proteoglycans inhibit the potential for laminin-mediated axon growth on astrocytic scars. Exp Neurol 1995, 136:32-43.
88. McPhilemy K., Mitchell L.S., Griffiths I.R., et al. Effect of optic nerve transection upon myelin protein gene expression by oligodendrocytes: evidence for axonal influences on gene expression. J Neurocytol 1990, 19:494-503.
89. Mead G.E., Morley W., Campbell P., et al. Exercise for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008, CD004366.
90. Mehrholz J., Friis R., Kugler J., et al. Treadmill training for patients with Parkinson's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010, CD007830.
91. Meyerhardt J.A., Giovannucci E.L., Holmes M.D., et al. Physical activity and survival after colorectal cancer diagnosis. J Clin Oncol 2006, 24:3527-3534.
92. Minassian K., Jilge B., Rattay F., et al. Stepping-like movements in humans with complete spinal cord injury induced by epidural stimulation of the lumbar cord: electromyographic study of compound muscle action potentials. Spinal Cord 2004, 42:401-416.
93. Minassian K., Persy I., Rattay F., et al. Human lumbar cord circuitries can be activated by extrinsic tonic input to generate locomotor-like activity. Hum Mov Sci 2007, 26:275-295.
94. Mingo N.S., Cottrell G., Zhang L., et al. Kainic acid-induced generalized seizures alter the regional hippocampal expression of the rat m1 and m3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor genes. Epilepsy Res 1997, 29:71-79.
95. Modlesky C.M., Majumdar S., Narasimhan A., et al. Trabecular bone microarchitecture is deteriorated in men with spinal cord injury. J Bone Miner Res 2004, 19:48-55.
96. Mohr T., Andersen J.L., Biering-Sorensen F., et al. Long-term adaptation to electrically induced cycle training in severe spinal cord injured individuals. Spinal Cord 1997, 35:1-16.
97. Motl R.W., McAuley E. Physical activity, disability, and quality of life in older adults. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2010, 21:299-308.
98. Muslimov I.A., Banker G., Brosius J., et al. Activity-dependent regulation of dendritic BC1 RNA in hippocampal neurons in culture. J Cell Biol 1998, 141:1601-1611.
99. Neeper S.A., Gomez-Pinilla F., Choi J., et al. Physical activity increases mRNA for brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor in rat brain. Brain Res 1996, 726:49-56.
100. Nightingale E.J., Raymond J., Middleton J.W., et al. Benefits of FES gait in a spinal cord injured population. Spinal Cord 2007, 45:646-657.
101. Nimchinsky E.A., Sabatini B.L., Svoboda K. Structure and function of dendritic spines. Annu Rev Physiol 2002, 64:313-353.
102. Omlin F.X. Optic disc and optic nerve of the blind cape mole-rat (Georychus capensis): a proposed model for naturally occurring reactive gliosis. Brain Res Bull 1997, 44:627-632.
103. Oncu J., Durmaz B., Karapolat H. Short-term effects of aerobic exercise on functional capacity, fatigue, and quality of life in patients with post-polio syndrome. Clin Rehabil 2009, 23:155-163.
104. Ono T., Inokuchi K., Ogura A., et al. Activity-dependent expression of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) in rat cerebellar granule neurons. Requirement of PTHrP for the activity-dependent survival of granule neurons. J Biol Chem 1997, 272:14404-14411.
105. Onur E., Kabaroglu C., Gunay O., et al. The beneficial effects of physical exercise on antioxidant status in asthmatic children. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2011, 39:90-95.
106. Orozco L.J., Buchleitner A.M., Gimenez-Perez G., et al. Exercise or exercise and diet for preventing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008, CD003054.
107. Palomba S., Falbo A., Giallauria F., et al. Six weeks of structured exercise training and hypocaloric diet increases the probability of ovulation after clomiphene citrate in overweight and obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Hum Reprod 2010, 25:2783-2791.
108. Peddle C.J., Au H.J., Courneya K.S. Associations between exercise, quality of life, and fatigue in colorectal cancer survivors. Dis Colon Rectum 2008, 51:1242-1248.
109. Peurala S.H., Pitkanen K., Sivenius J., et al. Cutaneous electrical stimulation may enhance sensorimotor recovery in chronic stroke. Clin Rehabil 2002, 16:709-716.
110. Popovic M.R., Kapadia N., Zivanovic V., et al. Functional electrical stimulation therapy of voluntary grasping versus only conventional rehabilitation for patients with subacute incomplete tetraplegia: a randomized clinical trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2011, 25:433-442.
111. Raineteau O., Schwab M.E. Plasticity of motor systems after incomplete spinal cord injury. Nat Rev Neurosci 2001, 2:263-273.
112. Raineteau O., Fouad K., Bareyre F.M., et al. Reorganization of descending motor tracts in the rat spinal cord. Eur J Neurosci 2002, 16:1761-1771.
113. Rankinen T., Roth S.M., Bray M.S., et al. Advances in exercise, fitness, and performance genomics. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010, 42:835-846.
114. Ratchford J.N., Shore W., Hammond E.R., et al. A pilot study of functional electrical stimulation cycling in progressive multiple sclerosis. NeuroRehabilitation 2010, 27:121-128.
115. Redwine J.M., Armstrong R.C. In vivo proliferation of oligodendrocyte progenitors expressing PDGFalphaR during early remyelination. J Neurobiol 1998, 37:413-428.
116. Reimers C.D., Knapp G., Reimers A.K. Exercise as stroke prophylaxis. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2009, 106:715-721.
117. Riegle K.C., Meyer R.L. Rapid homeostatic plasticity in the intact adult visual system. J Neurosci 2007, 27:10556-10567.
118. Roberts C.K., Barnard R.J. Effects of exercise and diet on chronic disease. J Appl Physiol 2005, 98:3-30.
119. Roelants M., Verschueren S.M., Delecluse C., et al. Whole-body-vibration-induced increase in leg muscle activity during different squat exercises. J Strength Cond Res 2006, 20:124-129.
120. Ruiz J.R., Sui X., Lobelo F., et al. Association between muscular strength and mortality in men: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2008, 337:a439.
121. Scherer S.S., Vogelbacker H.H., Kamholz J. Axons modulate the expression of proteolipid protein in the CNS. J Neurosci Res 1992, 32:138-148.
122. Schindl M.R., Forstner C., Kern H., et al. Treadmill training with partial body weight support in nonambulatory patients with cerebral palsy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000, 81:301-306.
123. Segal R.J., Reid R.D., Courneya K.S., et al. Randomized controlled trial of resistance or aerobic exercise in men receiving radiation therapy for prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27:344-351.
124. Sgambato V., Abo V., Rogard M., et al. Effect of electrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex on the expression of the Fos protein in the basal ganglia. Neuroscience 1997, 81:93-112.
125. Shen W., Wu B., Zhang Z., et al. Activity-induced rapid synaptic maturation mediated by presynaptic cdc42 signaling. Neuron 2006, 50:401-414.
126. Shields R.K., Dudley-Javoroski S. Musculoskeletal plasticity after acute spinal cord injury: effects of long-term neuromuscular electrical stimulation training. J Neurophysiol 2006, 95:2380-2390.
127. Siegenthaler M.M., Berchtold N.C., Cotman C.W., et al. Voluntary running attenuates age-related deficits following SCI. Exp Neurol 2008, 210:207-216.
128. Stephens T. Physical activity and mental health in the United States and Canada: evidence from four population surveys. Prev Med 1988, 17:35-47.
129. Sugaya K., Nishijima S., Owan T., et al. Effects of walking exercise on nocturia in the elderly. Biomed Res 2007, 28:101-105.
130. Sui X., LaMonte M.J., Laditka J.N., et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness and adiposity as mortality predictors in older adults. JAMA 2007, 298:2507-2516.
131. Takuma H., Sakurai M., Kanazawa I. In vitro formation of corticospinal synapses in an organotypic slice co-culture. Neuroscience 2002, 109:359-370.
132. Taub E., Ramey S.L., DeLuca S., et al. Efficacy of constraint-induced movement therapy for children with cerebral palsy with asymmetric motor impairment. Pediatrics 2004, 113:305-312.
133. Tauber H., Waehneldt T.V., Neuhoff V. Myelination in rabbit optic nerves is accelerated by artificial eye opening. Neurosci Lett 1980, 16:235-238.
134. Tongiorgi E. Activity-dependent expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in dendrites: facts and open questions. Neurosci Res 2008, 61:335-346.
135. Triolo R.J., Boggs L., Miller M.E., et al. Implanted electrical stimulation of the trunk for seated postural stability and function after cervical spinal cord injury: a single case study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2009, 90:340-347.
136. Udina E., Furey M., Busch S., et al. Electrical stimulation of intact peripheral sensory axons in rats promotes outgrowth of their central projections. Exp Neurol 2008, 210:238-247.
137. Ulrich D.A., Ulrich B.D., Angulo-Kinzler R.M., et al. Treadmill training of infants with Down syndrome: evidence-based developmental outcomes. Pediatrics 2001, 108:E84.
138. van Ooyen A., van Pelt J. Activity-dependent neurite outgrowth and neural network development. Prog Brain Res 1994, 102:245-259.
139. van Praag H., Kempermann G., Gage F.H. Running increases cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult mouse dentate gyrus. Nat Neurosci 1999, 2:266-270.
140. van Praag H., Shubert T., Zhao C., et al. Exercise enhances learning and hippocampal neurogenesis in aged mice. J Neurosci 2005, 25:8680-8685.
141. Visintin M., Barbeau H. The effects of parallel bars, body weight support and speed on the modulation of the locomotor pattern of spastic paretic gait: a preliminary communication. Paraplegia 1994, 32:540-553.
142. Wilson G.F., Chiu S.Y. Potassium channel regulation in Schwann cells during early developmental myelinogenesis. J Neurosci 1990, 10:1615-1625.
143. Wolf S.L., Winstein C.J., Miller J.P., et al. Effect of constraint-induced movement therapy on upper extremity function 3 to 9 months after stroke: the EXCITE randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2006, 296:2095-2104.
144. Yarrow J.F., White L.J., McCoy S.C., et al. Training augments resistance exercise induced elevation of circulating brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Neurosci Lett 2010, 479:161-165.
145. Zhang J., Feldblum P.J., Fortney J.A. Moderate physical activity and bone density among perimenopausal women. Am J Public Health 1992, 82:736-738.
146. Zhou Q., Poo M.M. Reversal and consolidation of activity-induced synaptic modifications. Trends Neurosci 2004, 27:378-383.