INCITE: A randomised trial comparing constraint induced movement therapy and bimanual training in children with congenital hemiplegia

BMC Neurology

Volumn 10, Issue , 2010, Pages

  Boyd, Roslyn ^a,b   Sakzewski, Leanne ^a,b   Ziviani, Jenny ^a   Abbott, David F ^b,c   Badawy, Radwa ^b,c   Gilmore, Rose ^b   Provan, Kerry ^a   Tournier, Jacques Donald ^b,c   Macdonell, Richard A L ^b,c,d   Jackson, Graeme D ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^b FLOREY INSTITUTE OF NEUROSCIENCE AND MENTAL HEALTH   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^d AUSTIN HEALTH   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ARM MOVEMENT; ARTICLE; BRAIN; BRAIN CORTEX; CALCULATION; CHILD; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONGENITAL DISORDER; CONSTRAINT INDUCED THERAPY; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE SEVERITY; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; EXCITABILITY; HAND FUNCTION; HEMIPLEGIA; HOME; HUMAN; HYPOTHESIS; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MANIPULATIVE MEDICINE; MOTOR COORDINATION; MOVEMENT THERAPY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATIENT PARTICIPATION; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; RANGE OF MOTION; RECREATION; SAMPLE SIZE; SCHOOL; SENSATION; SPASTICITY; STRENGTH; TASK PERFORMANCE; THEORY; THERAPY EFFECT; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION; WHITE MATTER; CEREBRAL PALSY; CLINICAL PROTOCOL; COMPARATIVE STUDY; FEMALE; HAND; MALE; METHODOLOGY; PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRESCHOOL CHILD; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; TIME; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ADOLESCENT; BRAIN; CEREBRAL PALSY; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CLINICAL PROTOCOLS; FEMALE; HAND; HEMIPLEGIA; HUMANS; MALE; MATCHED-PAIR ANALYSIS; MUSCULOSKELETAL MANIPULATIONS; RESEARCH DESIGN; TIME FACTORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 77949494764     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14712377     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-10-4     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. Stanley F, Blair E, Alberman E. Cerebral palsies: Epidemiology and causal pathways. 2000, London: MacKeith Press.
2. Wiklund LM, Uvebrant P. Hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Correlation between CT morphology and clinical findings. Dev Med Child Neurol 1991, 33(6):512-523.
3. Access Economics The Econonic Impact of Cerebral Palsy in Australia in 2007. 2008, Canberra, ACT: Access Economics, Access Economics.
4. World Health Organisation International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. 2001, Geveva: WHO, World Health Organisation.
5. Bly L. A historical and current view of the basis of NDT. Pediatr Phys Ther 1991, 3:131-135.
6. Butler C, Darrah J. Effects of neurodevelopmental treatment (NDT) for cerebral palsy: an AACPDM evidence report. Dev Med Child Neurol 2001, 43(11):778-790. 10.1017/S0012162201001414, 11730153.
7. Sakzewski L, Ziviani J, Boyd R. Systematic review and meta-analysis of therapeutic management of upper limb dysfunction in children with congenital hemiplegia. Pediatrics 2009, 123(6):E1111-E1122. 10.1542/peds.2008-3335, 19451190.
8. Darrah J, Law M, Pollock N. Family-centered functional therapy - A choice for children with motor dysfunction. Infants Young Child 2001, 13(4):79-87.
9. Ketelaar M, Vermeer A, t Hart H, van Petegem-van BE, Helders PJM. Effects of a functional therapy program on motor abilities of children with cerebral palsy. Phys Ther 2001, 81(9):1534-1545.
10. Taub E, Ramey SL, DeLuca S, Echols K. Efficacy of constraint-induced movement therapy for children with cerebral palsy with asymmetric motor impairment. Pediatrics 2004, 113(2):305-312. 10.1542/peds.113.2.305, 14754942.
11. Thelen E. Motor development - a new synthesis. Am Psychol 1995, 50(2):79-95. 10.1037/0003-066X.50.2.79, 7879990.
12. Darrah J, Bartlett D. Dynamic systems theory and management of children with cerebral palsy - unresolved issues. Infants Young Child 1995, 8(1):52-59.
13. Taub E, Uswatte G. Constraint-induced movement therapy: Bridging from the primate laboratory to the stroke rehabilitation laboratory. J Rehabil Med 2003, 35:34-40.
14. Wolf S, Winstein C, Miller J, Taub E, Uswatte G, Morris D, Giuliani C, Light K, Nichols-Larsen D. Effect of constraint-induced movement therapy on upper extremity function 3 to 9 months after stroke. JAMA 2006, 296:2095-2104. 10.1001/jama.296.17.2095, 17077374.
15. Charles J, Lavinder G, Gordon A. Effects of constraint-induced therapy on hand function in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Pediatr Phys Ther 2001, 13:68-76. 10.1097/00001577-200107000-00003, 17053660.
16. Gordon AA, Charles J, Wolf SL. Methods of constraint-induced movement therapy for children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy: Development of a child-friendly intervention for improving upper-extremity function. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005, 86(4):837-844. 10.1016/j.apmr.2004.10.008, 15827942.
17. Glover J, Mateer C, Yoell C, Speed S. The effectiveness of constraint induced movement therapy in two young children wtih hemiplegia. Pediatr Rehabil 2002, 5:125-131.
18. Naylor CE, Bower E. Modified constraint-induced movement therapy for young children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy: a pilot study. Dev Med Child Neurol 2005, 47(6):365-369. 10.1017/S0012162205000721, 15934484.
19. Pierce SR, Daly K, Gallagher KG, Gershkoff AM, Schaumburg SW. Constraint-induced therapy for a child with hemiplegic cerebral palsy: A case report. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2002, 83(10):1462-1463. 10.1053/apmr.2002.34832, 12370887.
20. Willis JK, Morello A, Davie A, Rice JC, Bennett JT. Forced use treatment of childhood hemiparesis. Pediatrics 2002, 110(1):94-96. 10.1542/peds.110.1.94, 12093952.
21. Charles JR, Wolf SL, Schneider JA, Gordon AM. Efficacy of a child-friendly form of constraint-induced movement therapy in hemiplegic cerebral palsy: a randomized control trial. Dev Med Child Neurol 2006, 48(8):635-642. 10.1017/S0012162206001356, 16836774.
22. Hoare B, Imms C, Carey L, Wasiak J. Constraint-induced movement therapy in the treatment of the upper limb in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy: a Cochrane systematic review. Clin Rehabil 2007, 21(8):675-685. 10.1177/0269215507080783, 17846067.
23. Sung I, Pyun S, Yoo S, Song W, Park M. Efficacy of forced-use therapy in hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005, 86:2195-2198. 10.1016/j.apmr.2005.05.007, 16271570.
24. Jeannerod M. The timing of natural prehension movements. J Mot Behav 1984, 16(3):235-254.
25. Archer JS, Abbott DF, Jackson GD. Stable ratio of ipsilateral to contralateral sensory motor cortex activity despite varying effort and peripheral nerve block. J Clin Neurosci 2004, 11(1):46-52. 10.1016/j.jocn.2003.02.006, 14642365.
26. Eyre JA, Smith M, Dabydeen L, Clowry GJ, Petacchi E, Battini R, Guzzetta A, Cioni G. Is hemiplegic cerebral palsy equivalent to amblyopia of the corticospinal system?. Ann Neurol 2007, 62(5):493-503. 10.1002/ana.21108, 17444535.
27. Charles J, Gordon AM. Development of hand-arm bimanual intensive training (HABIT) for improving bimanual coordination in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 2006, 48(11):931-936. 10.1017/S0012162206002039, 17044964.
28. Eliasson AC. Bimanual training for children with unilateral CP - is this something new?. Dev Med Child Neurol 2007, 49(11):806-806. 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.00806.x, 17979856.
29. Gordon AM, Schneider JA, Chinnan A, Charles JR. Efficacy of a hand-arm bimanual intensive therapy (HABIT) in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy: a randomized control trial. Dev Med Child Neurol 2007, 49(11):830-838. 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.00830.x, 17979861.
30. Eliasson AC, Krumlinde-Sundholm L, Shaw K, Wang C. Effects of constraint-induced movement therapy in young children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy: an adapted model. Dev Med Child Neurol 2005, 47(4):266-275. 10.1017/S0012162205000502, 15832550.
31. Sanger TD, Delgado MR, Gaebler-Spira D, Hallett M, Mink JW, . Task Force Childhood Motor Disorders Classification and definition of disorders causing hypertonia in childhood. Pediatrics 2003, 111(1):e89-97. 10.1542/peds.111.1.e89, 12509602, Task Force Childhood Motor Disorders.
32. Bohannon R, Smith M. Interrater reliability of a modified Ashworth scale of muscle spasticity. Phys Ther 1987, 67:206-207.
33. Boyd R. The central and peripheral effects of Botulinum Toxin A in children with cerebral palsy. PhD Thesis 2004, Melbourne: La Trobe University.
34. Randall M, Johnson I, Reddihough D. The Melbourne Assessment of Unilateral Upper Limb Function: Test Administration Manual. 1999, Melbourne: Royal Children's Hospital.
35. Deci E, Ryan R. The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychol Inq 2000, 11:227-268.
36. Eliasson AC, Krumlinde-Sundholm L, Rosblad B, Beckung E, Arner M, Ohrvall AM, Rosenbaum P. The Manual Ability Classification System (MACS) for children with cerebral palsy: scale development and evidence of validity and reliability. Dev Med Child Neurol 2006, 48(7):549-554. 10.1017/S0012162206001162, 16780622.
37. Palisano R, Rosenbaum P, Walter S, Russell D, Wood E, Galuppi B. Development and reliability of a system to classify gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 1997, 39(4):214-223.
38. Palisano RJ, Hanna SE, Rosenbaum PL, Russell DJ, Walter SD, Wood EP, Raina PS, Galuppi BE. Validation of a model of gross motor function for children with cerebral palsy. Phys Ther 2000, 80(10):974-985.
39. Morris C, Galuppi BE, Rosenbaum PL. Reliability of family report for the gross motor function classification system. Dev Med Child Neurol 2004, 46(7):455-460. 10.1017/S0012162204000751, 15230458.
40. Morris C, Kurinczuk JJ, Fitzpatrick R, Rosenbaum PL. Reliability of the manual ability classification system for children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 2006, 48(12):950-953. 10.1017/S001216220600209X, 17109781.
41. Zancolli E, Zancolli E. Surgical management of the hemiplegic spastic hand in cerebral palsy. Surg Clin North Am 1981, 61:395-406.
42. House JH, Gwathmey FW, Fidler MO. A dynamic approach to the thumb-in palm deformity in cerebral palsy. Evaluation and results in fifty-six patients. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1981, 63(2):216-225.
43. Arner M, Eliasson AC, Nicklasson S, Sommerstein K, Hagglund G. Hand function in cerebral palsy. Report of 367 children in a population-based longitudinal health care program. J Hand Surg Am 2008, 33A(8):1337-1347.
44. Achten E, Jackson GD, Cameron JA, Abbott DF, Stella DL, Fabinyi GCA. Presurgical evaluation of the motor hand area with functional MR imaging in patients with tumors and dysplastic lesions. Radiology 1999, 210(2):529-538.
45. Carey LM, Abbott DF, Puce A, Jackson GD, Syngeniotis A, Donnan GA. Reemergence of activation with poststroke somatosensory recovery: A serial fMRI case study. Neurology 2002, 59(5):749-752.
46. Abbott D, Jackson G. iBrain((R)) - Software for analysis and visualisation of functional MR images. Neuroimage 2001, 13(6):S59-S59.
47. Briellmann RS, Abbott DF, Caflisch U, Archer JS, Jackson GD. Brain reorganisation in cerebral palsy: A high-field functional MRI study. Neuropediatrics 2002, 33(3):162-165. 10.1055/s-2002-33680, 12200747.
48. Macdonell RAL, Jackson GD, Curatolo JM, Abbott DF, Berkovic SF, Carey LM, Syngeniotin A, Fabinyi GC, Scheffer IE. Motor cortex localization using functional MRI and transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurology 1999, 53(7):1462-7.
49. Carey JR, Kimberley TJ, Lewis SM, Auerbach EJ, Dorsey L, Rundquist P, Ugurbil K. Analysis of fMRI and finger tracking training in subjects with chronic stroke. Brain 2002, 125:773-788. 10.1093/brain/awf091, 11912111.
50. Ogawa S, Lee T, Kay A, Tank D. Brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast dependent on blood oxygenation. Proc Nati Acad Sci: USA 1990, 9868-72.
51. Logothetis NK, Pauls J, Augath M, Trinath T, Oeltermann A. Neurophysiological investigation of the basis of the fMRI signal. Nature 2001, 412(6843):150-157. 10.1038/35084005, 11449264.
52. Johansen-Berg H, Dawes H, Guy M, Smithy S, Wade D, Mathews P. Correlation between motor improvements and altered fMRI activity after rehabilitative therapy. Brain 2002, 125:2731-2742. 10.1093/brain/awf282, 12429600.
53. Waites A, Stanislavsky A, Abbott D, Jackson G. The effect of prior cognitive state on resting state networks measured with functional connectivity. Hum Brain Mapp 2005, 24(1):59-68. 10.1002/hbm.20069, 15382248.
54. Abbott DF, Opdam HI, Briellmann RS, Jackson GD. Brief breath holding may confound functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. Hum Brain Mapp 2005, 24(4):284-290. 10.1002/hbm.20086, 15678482.
55. Frackowiak R, Friston K, Frith C, Dolan R, Price C, Zeki S, Ashburner J, Penny W. Human Brain Function. 2003, San Diego: Academic Press, 2.
56. Tournier JD, Calamante F, Connelly A. Robust determination of the fibre orientation distribution in diffusion MRI: Non-negativity constrained super-resolved spherical deconvolution. Neuroimage 2007, 35(4):1459-1472. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.02.016, 17379540.
57. Tournier JD, Calamante F, Gadian DG, Connelly A. Direct estimation of the fiber orientation density function from diffusion-weighted MRI data using spherical deconvolution. Neuroimage 2004, 23(3):1176-1185. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.07.037, 15528117.
58. Tournier JD, Yeh CH, Calamante F, Cho KH, Connelly A, Lin CP. Resolving crossing fibres using constrained spherical deconvolution: Validation using diffusion-weighted imaging phantom data. Neuroimage 2008, 42(2):617-625. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.05.002, 18583153.
59. Rossini PM, Barker AT, Berardelli A, Caramia MD, Caruso G, Cracco RQ, Dimitrijevic MR, Hallett M, Katayama Y, Lucking CH, et al. Noninvasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal-cord and roots - basic principles and procedures for routine clinical-application. Report of an IFCN committee. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1994, 91(2):79-92. 10.1016/0013-4694(94)90029-9, 7519144.
60. Facchini S, Muellbacher W, Battaglia F, Boroojerdi B, Hallett M. Focal enhancement of motor cortex excitability during motor imagery: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Acta Neurol Scand 2002, 105(3):146-151. 10.1034/j.1600-0404.2002.1o004.x, 11886355.
61. Sohn YH, Kaelin-Lang A, Jung HY, Hallett M. Effect of levetiracetam on human corticospinal excitability. Neurology 2001, 57(5):858-863.
62. Brasil-Neto JP, Cohen LG, Panizza M, Nilsson J, Roth BJ, Hallett M. Optimal focal transcranial magnetic activation of the human motor cortex: effects of coilorientation, shape of the induced current pulse, and stimulus intensity. J Clin Neurophysiol 1992, 9(1):132-136.
63. Boyd RN, Graham HK. Objective measurement of clinical findings in the use of botulinum toxin type A for the management of children with cerebral palsy. Eur J Neurol 1999, 6:S23-S35.
64. Ashworth B. Preliminary trial of carisoprodol in multiple sclerosis. Practitioner 1964, 192:540-542.
65. Feys H, Klingels K, Desloovere K, Huenaerts C, Eyssen M, Molenaers G, De Cock P. Reliability of a clinical assessment of sensory function for the upper limb in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 2005, 47:20.
66. Mackinnon SE, Dellon AL. Two-point discrimination tester. J Hand Surg Am 1985, 10A(6):906-907.
67. Gordon AM. Relation between clinical measures and fine manipulative control in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 1999, 41(9):586-591. 10.1017/S0012162299001231, 10503916.
68. Mathiowetz V, Weber K, Volland G, Kashman N. Reliability and validity of grip and pinch strength evaluations. J Hand Surg Am 1984, 9(2):222-226.
69. Randall M, Carlin JB, Chondros P, Reddihough D. Reliability of the melbourne assessment of unilateral upper limb function. Dev Med Child Neurol 2001, 43(11):761-767. 10.1017/S0012162201001396, 11730151.
70. Bourke-Taylor H. Melbourne assessment of unilateral upper limb function: construct validity and correlation with the pediatric evaluation of disability inventory. Dev Med Child Neurol 2003, 45(2):92-96. 10.1017/S0012162203000185, 12578234.
71. Klingels K, De Cock P, Desloovere K, Huenaerts C, Molenaers G, Van Nuland I, Huysmans A, Feys H. Comparison of the Melbourne Assessment of Unilateral Upper Limb Function and the Quality of Upper Extremity Skills Test in hemiplegic CP. Dev Med Child Neurol 2008, 50:904-909. 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.03123.x, 18811701.
72. Cusick A, Vasquez M, Knowles L, Wallen M. Effect of rater training on reliability of Melbourne assessment of unilateral upper limb function scores. Dev Med Child Neurol 2005, 47(1):39-45. 10.1017/S0012162205000071, 15686288.
73. Taylor N, Sand PL, Jebsen RH. Evaluation of hand function in children. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1973, 54(3):129-135.
74. Eliasson A, Shaw K, Ponten E, Boyd R, Krumlinde-Sundholm L. Feasibility of a day-camp model of modified constraint induced movement therapy with and without Botulinum Toxin A injections for children with hemiplegia. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr 2009, 29(3):311-333. 10.1080/01942630903011123, 19842858.
75. Krumlinde-Sundholm L, Eliasson A. Development of the Assisting Hand Assessment: a Rasch-built measure intended for children with unilateral upper limb impairments. Scan J Occup Ther 2003, 10(1):16-26.
76. Holmefur M, Aarts P, Hoare B, Krumlinde-Sundholm L. Retest and alternate forms reliability of the Assisting Hand Assessment. PhD Thesis 2009, Stockholm: Karolinska Institutet.
77. Law M, Baptiste S, Carswell A, McColl M, Polatajko H, Pollock N. Canadian Occupational Performance Measure. 1998, Ottawa, Ontario: CAOT Publications, 3.
78. Law M, Polatajko H, Pollock N, McColl M, Carswell A, Baptiste S. Pilot testing of the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure: clinical and measurement issues. Can J Occup Ther 1994, 61:191-197.
79. Dedding C, Cardol M, Eyssen I, Dekker J, Beelen A. Validity of the Canadian occupational performance measure: a client-centred outcome measurement. Clin Rehabil 2004, 18(6):660-667. 10.1191/0269215504cr746oa, 15473118.
80. McColl M, Paterson M, Davies D, Doubt L, Law M. Validity and community utility of the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure. Can J Occup Ther 2000, 67:22-30.
81. Sewell L, Singh S. The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure: is it a reliable measure in clients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?. British Journal of Occupational Therapy 2001, 64(6):305-310.
82. Cup EHC, Reimer W, Thijssen M, van Kuyk-Minis M. Reliability and validity of the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure in stroke patients. Clin Rehabil 2003, 17(4):402-409. 10.1191/0269215503cr635oa, 12785249.
83. Lowe K, Novak I, Cusick A. Low-dose/high-concentration localized botulinum toxin A improves upper limb movement and function in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 2006, 48(3):170-175. 10.1017/S0012162206000387, 16483391.
84. Wallen M, O' Flaherty SJ, Waugh MCA. Functional outcomes of intramuscular botulinum toxin type A and occupational therapy in the upper limbs of children with cerebral palsy: A randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004, 88(1):1-10.
85. Sakzewski L, Boyd R, Ziviani J. Clinimetric properties of participation measures for 5-to 13-year-old children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol 2007, 49(3):232-240. 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.00232.x, 17355482.
86. Noreau L, Fougeyrollas P, Vincent C. The LIFE-H: Assessment of the quality of social participation. Technology and Disability 2002, 14(3):113-118.
87. Fougeyrollas P, Noreau L, Lepage C. Assessment of Life, Habits Children Long Form. 2002, Quebec.: RIPPH/INDCP.
88. Noreau L, Lepage C, Boissiere L, Picard R, Fougeyrollas P, Mathieu J, Desmarais G, Nadeau L. Social participation in children with cerebral palsy: measurment issues and applications. Dev Med Child Neurol 2004, 45:43-44.
89. Noreau L, Lepage C, Boissiere L, Picard R, Fougeyrollas P, Mathieu J, Desmarais G, Nadeau L. Measuring participation in children with disabilities using the assessment of life habits. Dev Med Child Neurol 2007, 49(9):666-671. 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.00666.x, 17718822.
90. King G, Law M, Hurley P, Rosenbaum P, Hanna S, Kertoy M, Young N. Children's Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment (CAPE) and Preferences for Activities of Children (PAC). 2004, San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment.
91. King GA, Law M, King S, Hurley P, Hanna S, Kertoy A, Rosenbaum P. Measuring children's participation in recreation and leisure activities: construct validation of the CAPE and PAC. Child Care Health Dev 2006, 33(1):28-39.
92. Coster W, Deeney T, Haltiwanger J, Haley S. School Function Assessment User's Manual. 1998, San Antonio, TX: Therapy Skill Builders.
93. Hwang J, Davies P, Taylor M, Gavin W. Validation of school function assessment with elementary school children. OTJR-Occupation Participation and Health 2002, 22(2):48-58.
94. Davies P, Soon P, Young M, Clausen-Yamaki A. Validity and reliability of the school function assessment in elementary school students with disabilities. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr 2004, 24(3):23-43. 10.1300/J006v24n03_03, 15257967.
95. Whiteneck G, Harrison-Felix C, Mellick D, Brooks C, Charlifue S, Gerhart K. Quantifying environmental factors: a measure of physical, attitudinal, service, productivity, and policy barriers. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004, 85(8):1324-1335. 10.1016/j.apmr.2003.09.027, 15295760.
96. Australian Bureau of Statistics Census of Population and Housing: Socio-economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA), 2006. 2008, Canberra: ABS, Australian Bureau of Statistics.
97. Waters E, Davis E, Boyd R, Reddihough D, Mackinnon A, Graham H, Lo S, Wolfe R, Stevenson R, Bjornson K. Cerebral Palsy Quality of Life Questionnaire for Children (CP QOL-Child) Manual. 2006, Melbourne: Deakin University.
98. Davis E, Shelly A, Waters E, Mackinnon A, Reddihough D, Boyd R, Graham H. Quality of life of adolescents with cerebral palsy: perspectives of adolescents and parents. Dev Med Child Neurol 2009, 51(3):193-199. 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.03194.x, 19191833.
99. Davis E, Shelly A, Waters E, Davern M. Measuring the quality of life of children with cerebral palsy: comparing the conceptual differences and psychometric properties of three instruments. Dev Med Child Neurol 2009,
100. The KIDSCREEN Group Europe The Kidscreen Questionnaires. Quality of Life Questionnaires for Children and Adolescents. Handbook. 2006, Lengerich: Pabst Science Publishers, The KIDSCREEN Group Europe.
101. Shrout P, Fleiss J. Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychol Bull 1979, 86(2):420-428. 10.1037/0033-2909.86.2.420, 18839484.
102. Atkinson G, Nevill A. Statistical methods for assessing measurement error (reliability) in variables relevant to sports medicine. Sports Med 1998, 26:217-238. 10.2165/00007256-199826040-00002, 9820922.