Therapeutic options for Acinetobacter baumannii infections: An update

Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy

Volumn 13, Issue 16, 2012, Pages 2319-2336

  Vila, Jordi ^a,b   Pachón, Jerónimo ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA   (Spain)

^b CENTRE FOR RESEARCH IN ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY CREAL   (Spain)

^c HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO VIRGEN DEL ROCÍO   (Spain)

Author keywords

Acinetobacter baumannii; antimicrobial resistance; infections; treatment

Indexed keywords

AMIKACIN; CARBAPENEM; CEFTAZIDIME; CIPROFLOXACIN; CLAVULANIC ACID; COLISTIMETHATE; COLISTIN; DOXYCYCLINE; FOSFOMYCIN; GENTAMICIN; IMIPENEM; LEVOFLOXACIN; MEROPENEM; MINOCYCLINE; MOXIFLOXACIN; NETILMICIN; PIPERACILLIN PLUS TAZOBACTAM; POLYMYXIN B; QUINOLONE DERIVATIVE; RIFAMPICIN; SULBACTAM; SULTAMICILLIN; TEICOPLANIN; TETRACYCLINE; TIGECYCLINE; TOBRAMYCIN; UB 8902; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VANCOMYCIN;

ABDOMINAL INFECTION; ACINETOBACTER BAUMANNII; ACINETOBACTER INFECTION; AMINO ACID SUBSTITUTION; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; BACTEREMIA; BACTERIAL STRAIN; BRAIN VENTRICULITIS; BRONCHOSPASM; COMMUNITY ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA; CREATININE CLEARANCE; DIABETIC FOOT; DIARRHEA; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG POTENTIATION; ENCEPHALITIS; EX VIVO STUDY; EXTENSIVELY DRUG RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS; GENE INSERTION SEQUENCE; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HUMAN; IN VITRO STUDY; KIDNEY FAILURE; LOADING DRUG DOSE; MENINGITIS; MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION; MONOTHERAPY; MORTALITY; MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE; NEPHROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; PNEUMONIA; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RASH; RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY; REVIEW; SEIZURE; SKIN INFECTION; STEADY STATE; SURGICAL INFECTION; TRACHEOBRONCHITIS; TREATMENT DURATION; URINARY TRACT INFECTION; UROSEPSIS; VENTILATOR ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA;

ACINETOBACTER BAUMANNII; ACINETOBACTER INFECTIONS; ANIMALS; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; DRUG RESISTANCE, MULTIPLE, BACTERIAL; HUMANS;

EID: 84867626659     PISSN: 14656566     EISSN: 17447666     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2012.729820     Document Type: Review

References (150)

1. Peleg AY, Seifert H, Paterson DL. Acinetobacter baumannii: Emergence of a successful pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev 2008;21:538-2
2. Espinal P, Roca I, Vila J. Clinical impact and molecular basis of antimicrobial resistance in non-baumannii Acinetobacter. Future Microbiol 2011;6:495-511
3. Nemec A, Krizova L, Maixnerova M, et al. Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of the Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-Acinetobacter baumannii complex with the proposal of Acinetobacter pittii sp. nov. (formerly Acinetobacter genomic species 3) and Acinetobacter nosocomialis sp. nov. (formerly Acinetobacter genomic species 13TU). Res Microbiol 2011;162:393-404
4. Espinal P, Seifert H, Dijkshoorn L, et al. Rapid and accurate identification of genomic species from the Acinetobacter baumannii (Ab) group by MALDI-TOF MS. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011;doi:10.1111/j.469-0691.2011.036960.x
5. Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey RB, et al. Multi-drug resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: An international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012;18:268-81
6. Espinal P, Marti S, Vila J. Effect of biofilm formation on the survival of Acinetobacter baumannii on dry surfaces. J Hosp Infect 2012;80:56-60
7. Viana GF, dos Santos Saalfeld SM, Garcia LB, et al. Evolution of antimicrobial resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii in a university hospital. Lett Appl Microbiol 2011;53:374-8
8. Reddy T, Chopra T, Marchaim D, et al. Trends in antimicrobial resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from a Metropolitan Detroit health system. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010;54:2235-8
9. Kempf M, Rolain JM. Emergence of resistance to carbapenems in Acinetobacter baumannii in Europe: Clinical impact and therapeutic options. Int J Antimicrob Agnets 2012;39:105-14
10. Bertrand X, Dowzicky MJ. Antimicrobial susceptibility among Gram-negative isolates collected from intensive care units in North America, Europe, the Asia-Pacific Rim, Latin America, the Middle East, and Africa between 2004 and 2009 as part of the tigecycline evaluation and surveillance trial. Clin Ther 2011;34:124-37
11. Al-Sweih NA, Al-Hubail MA, Rotimi VO. Emergence of tigecycline and colistin resistance in Acinetobacter species isolated from patients in Kuwait hospitals. J Chemother 2011;23:13-16
12. Park YK, Jung SI, Park KH, et al. Independent emergence of colistin-resistant Acinetobacter spp. isolates from Korea. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2009;64:43-51
13. Rolain JM, Roch A, Castanier M, et al. Acinetobacter baumannii resistant to colistin with impaired virulence: A case report from France. J Infect Dis 2011;204:1146-7
14. Taneja N, Singh G, Singh M, Sharma M. Emergence of tigecycline & colistin resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in patients with complicated urinary tract infections in north India. Indian J Med Res 2011;133:681-4
15. Roca I, Espinal P, Vila-Farres X, et al. The Acinetobacter baumannii oxymoron: Commensal hospital dweller turned pan-drug resistant menace. Front Microbiol 2012;3:148 An in-depth review of the virulence, molecular bases of antimicrobial resistance and clinical aspects of A. baumannii.
16. Potron A, Munoz-Price LS, Nordmann P, et al. Genetic features of CTX-M-15-producing Acinetobacter baumannii from Haiti. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011;55:5946-8
17. Shakil S, Khan AU. Detection of CTXM-15-producing and carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains from urine from an Indian hospital. J Chemother 2010;22:324-7
18. Robledo IE, Aquino EE, Sante MI, et al. Detection of KPC in Acinetobacter spp. in Puerto Rico. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010;54:1354-7
19. Bush K, Jacoby GA. Updated functional classification of ?-lactamases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010;54:969-76
20. Kaase M, Nordmann P, Wichelhaus TA, et al. NDM-2 carbapenemase in Acinetobacter baumannii from Egypt. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011;66:1260-2
21. Chen Y, Zhou Z, Jiang Y, et al. Emergence of NDM-1-producing Acinetobacter baumannii in China. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011;66:1255-9
22. Pfeifer Y, Wilharm G, Zander E, et al. Molecular characterization of blaNDM-1 in an Acinetobacter baumannii strain isolated in Germany in 2007. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011;66:1998-2001
23. Espinal P, Fugazza G, Lopez Y, et al. Dissemination of the NDM-2-producing Acinetobacter baumannii clone in an Israeli Rehabilitation Center. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011;55:5396-8
24. Mugnier PD, Poirel L, Naas T, et al. Worlwide dissemination of the blaOXA23 carbapenemase gene of Acinetobacter baumannii. Emerg Infect Dis 2010;16:35-40
25. Vila J, Marti S, Sanchez-Cespedes J. Porins, efflux pumps and multidrug resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007;59:1210-15
26. Magnet S, Courvalin P, Lambert T. Resistance-nodulation-cell division type efflux pump involved in aminoglycoside resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii strain BM4454. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001;45:3375-80
27. Yu YS, Zhou H, Yang Q, et al. Widespread occurrence of aminoglycoside resistance due to ArmA methylase in imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates in China. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007;60:454-5
28. Fabrega A, Madurga S, Giralt E, et al. Mechanism of action of and resistance to quinolones. Microb Biotechnol 2009;2:40-61 An in-depth review of the mechanism of action and resistance to quinolones, including both plasmid-and chromosomal-mediated mechanisms of resistance.
29. Damier-Piolle L, Magnet S, Bremont S, et al. AdeIJK, a resistance-nodulation-cell division pump effluxing multiple antibiotics in Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008;52:557-62
30. Liang W, Liu XF, Huang J, et al. Activities of colistin-and minocycline-based combinations against extensive drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from intensive care unit patients. BMC Infect Dis 2011;11:109
31. Morfin-Otero R, Dowzicky MJ. Changes in MIC within a global collection of Acinetobacter baumannii collected as part of the tigecycline evaluation and surveillance trial, 2004 to 2009. Clin Ther 2012;34:101-12
32. Marti S, Fernandez-Cuenca F, Pascual A, et al. Prevalence of the tetA and tetB genes as mechanisms of resistance to tetracycline and minocycline in Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2006;24:77-80
33. Huys G, Cnockaert M, Vaneechoutte M, et al. Distribution of tetracycline resistance genes in genotypically related and unrelated multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains from different European hospitals. Res Microbiol 2005;156:348-55
34. Giannouli M, Di Popolo A, Durante-Mangoni E, et al. Molecular epidemiology and mechanisms of rifampicin resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from Italy. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2012;39:58-63
35. Falagas ME, Kasiakou SK. Colistin: The revival of polymyxins for the management of multidrug-resistant gramnegative bacterial infections. Clin Infect Dis 2005;40:1333-41
36. Adams MD, Nickel GC, Bajaksouzian S, et al. Resistance to colistin in Acinetobacter baumannii associated with mutations in the PmrAB two-component system. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009;53:3628-34
37. Arroyo LA, Herrera CM, Fernandez L, et al. The pmrCAB operon mediates polymyxin resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 17978 and clinical isolates through phosphoethanolamine modification of lipid A. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011;55:3743-51
38. Beceiro A, Llobet E, Aranda J, et al. Phosphoethanolamine modification of lipid A in colistin-resistant variants of Acinetobacter baumannii mediated by the pmrAB two-component regulatory system. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011;55:3370-9
39. Moffatt JH, Harper M, Harrison P, et al. Colistin resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii is mediated by complete loss of lipopolysaccharide production. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010;54:4971-7
40. Moffatt JH, Harper M, Adler B, et al. Insertion sequence ISAba11 is involved in colistin resistance and loss of lipopolysaccharide in Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011;55:3022-4
41. Fernandez-Reyes M, Rodriguez-Falcon M, Chiva C, et al. The cost of resistance to colistin in Acinetobacter baumannii: A proteomic perspective. Proteomics 2009;9:1632-45
42. Valencia-Martin R, Arroyo LA, Conde M, et al. Nosocomial outbreak of pandrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a tertiary-level university hospital. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009;30:257-63
43. Fournier PE, Richet H. The epidemiology and control of Acinetobacter baumannii in health care facilities. Clin Infect Dis 2006;42:692-9
44. Sunenshine HR, Wright MO, Maragakis LL, et al. Multidrug resistant Acinetobacter infection mortality rate and length of hospitalization. Emerg Infect Dis 2007;13:97-103
45. Fagon JY, Chastre J, Domart Y, et al. Mortality due to ventilator-associated pneumonia or colonization with Pseudomonas or Acinetobacter species: Assessment by quantitative culture of samples obtained by a protected specimen brush. Clin Infect Dis 1996;23:538-42
46. Garnacho J, Sole-Violan J, Sa-Borges M, et al. Clinical impact of pneumonia caused by Acinetobacter baumannii in intubated patients: A matched cohort study. Crit Care Med 2003;31:2478-82
47. Chen SF, Chang WN, Lu CH, et al. Adult Acinetobacter meningitis and its comparison with non-Acinetobacter gram-negative bacterial meningitis. Acta Neurol Taiwan 2005;14:131-7
48. Jimenez-Mejias ME, Pachon J, Becerril B, et al. Treatment of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii meningitis with ampicillin/ sulbactam. Clin Infect Dis 1997;24:932-5
49. Cisneros JM, Reyes MJ, Pachon J, et al. Bacteremia due to Acinetobacter baumannii: Epidemiology, clinical findings, and prognostic features. Clin Infect Dis 1996;22:1026-32
50. Kuo LC, Lai CC, Liao CH, et al. Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii bacteraemia: Clinical features, antimicrobial therapy and prognosis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2007;13:196-8
51. Joung MK, Kwon KT, Kang CI, et al. Impact of inappropriate antimicrobial therapy on outcome in patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia caused by Acinetobacter baumannii. J Infect 2010;61:212-18
52. Erbay A, Idil A, Gozel MG, et al. Impact of early appropriate antimicrobial therapy on survival in Acinetobacter baumannii bloodstream infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009;34:575-9
53. Esterly JS, Griffith M, QI C, et al. Impact of carbapenem resistance and receipt of active antimicrobial therapy on clinical outcomes of Acinetobacter baumannii bloodstream Infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011;55:4844-9
54. Garnacho-Montero J, Ortiz-Leyba C, Fernandez-Hinojosa E, et al. Acinetobacter baumannii ventilator-associated pneumonia: Epidemiological and clinical findings. Int Care Med 2005;31:649-55
55. Lee YT, Kuo SC, Yang SP, et al. Impact of appropriate antimicrobial therapy on mortality associated with Acinetobacter baumannii bacteremia: Relation to severity of infection. Clin Infect Dis 2012;55(2):209-15
56. Vila J, Pachon J. Therapeutic options for Acinetobacter baumannii infections. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2008;9:587-99
57. Corbella X, Ariza J, Ardanuy C, et al. Efficacy of sulbactam alone and in combination with ampicillin in nosocomial infections caused by multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii. J. Antimicrob Chemother 1998;42:793-802 Study showing high cure rates of A. baumannii mild to moderate infections with sulbactam.
58. Betrosian AP, Frantzeskaki F, Xanthaki A, et al. Efficacy and safety of high-dose ampicillin/sulbactam vs. colistin as monotherapy for the treatment of multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ventilator-associated pneumonia. J Infect 2008;56:432-6
59. Levin AS, Levy CE, Manrique AE, et al. Severe nosocomial infections with imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii treated with ampicillin/ sulbactam. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2003;21:58-62
60. Oliveira MS, Prado GV, Costa SF, et al. Ampicillin/sulbactam compared with polymyxins for the treatment of infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter spp. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008;61:1369-75
61. Fernandez-Cuenca F, Pascual A, Ribera A, et al. Diversidad clonal y sensibilidad a los antimicrobianos de Acinetobacter baumannii aislados en hospitales espanoles. Estudio multicentrico nacional: Proyecto GEIH-Ab 2000. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2004;22:267-71
62. Betrosian AP, Frantzeskaki F, Xanthaki A, et al. High-dose ampicillin-sulbactam as an alternative treatment of late-onset VAP from multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Scand J Infect Dis 2007;39:38-43
63. Rodriguez-Hernandez MJ, Cuberos L, Pichardo C, et al. Sulbactam efficacy in experimental models caused by susceptible and intermediate Acinetobacter baumannii strains. J Antimicrob Chemother 2001;47:479-82
64. Bantar C, Canigia LF, Berger MA, et al. Pharmacodynamic assessment of amoxicillin-sulbactam against Acinetobacter baumannii: Searching the optimal dose and infusion time through a human ex-vivo model. Braz J Infect Dis 2009;13:348-52
65. Plachouras D, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Kentepozidis N, et al. In vitro postantibiotic effect of colistin on multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2007;57:419-22
66. Owen RJ, LI J, Nation RL, et al. In vitro pharmacodynamics of colistin against Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007;59:473-7
67. Hawley JS, Murray CK, Jorgensen JH. Colistin heteroresistance in Acinetobacter and its association with previous colistin therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008;52:351-2
68. Rodriguez CH, Barberis C, Nastro M, et al. Impact of heteroresistance to colistin in meningitis caused by Acinetobacter baumannii. J Infect 2012;64:119-21
69. Garnacho-Montero J, Ortiz-Leyva C. Jimenez-Jimenez, FJ, et al. Treatment of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) with intravenous colistin: A comparison with imipenem-susceptible VAP. Clin Infect Dis 2003;36:1111-18 Study showing that cure rates of A. baumannii VAP with colistin were similar to those obtained with imipenem.
70. Kallel H, Hergafi L, Bahloul M, et al. Safety and efficacy of colistin compared with imipenem in the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia: A matched case-control study. Int Care Med 2007;33:1162-7
71. Gounden R, Bamford C, Van Zyl-Smit R, et al. Safety and effectiveness of colistin compared with tobramycin for multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections. BMC Infect Dis 2009;9:26
72. Cai Y, Chai D, Wang R, et al. Colistin resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii: Clinical reports, mechanisms and antimicrobial strategies. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012;67(7):1607-15
73. Plachouras D, Karvanen M, Friberg LE, et al. Population pharmacokinetic analysis of colistin methanesulfonate and colistin after intravenous administration in critically ill patients with infections caused by gram-negative bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009;53:3430-6
74. David MD, Gill MJ. Potential for underdosing and emergence of resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii during treatment with colistin. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008;61:962-4
75. Garonzik SM, Li J, Thamlikitkul V, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of colistin methanesulfonate and formed colistin in critically ill patients from a multicenter study provide dosing suggestions for various categories of patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011;55:3284-94
76. Jimenez-Mejias ME, Pichardo-Guerrero C, Marquez-Rivas FJ, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid penetration and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters of intravenously administered colistin in a case of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii meningitis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2002;21:212-14
77. De Pascale G, Pompucci A, Maviglia R, et al. Successful treatment of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ventriculitis with intrathecal and intravenous colistin. Minerva Anestesiol 2010;76:957-60
78. Dalgic N, Ceylan Y, Sancar M, et al. Successful treatment of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ventriculitis with intravenous and intraventricular colistin. Ann. Trop Paediatr 2009;29:141-7
79. Ng J, Gosbell IB, Kelly JA, et al. Cure of multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii central nervous infections with intraventricular or intrathecal colistin: Case series and literature review. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006;58:1078-81 Literature review of the high efficacy of colistin administered intraventricular or intrathecal, alone or in the combination with intravenous colistin and other antimicrobials, in the treatment of A. baumannii meningitis.
80. Cascio A, Conti A, Sinardi L, et al. Post-neurosurgical multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii meningitis successfully treated with intrathecal colistin. A new case and a systematic review of the literature. Int J Infect Dis 2010;14:e572-9
81. Khawcharoenporn T, Apisarnthanarak A, Mundy LM. Intrathecal colistin for drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii central nervous system infection: A case series and systematic review. Clin Microbiol Infect 2010;16:888-94
82. Tunkel AR, Hartman BJ, Kaplan SL, et al. Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 2004;39:1267-84
83. Lin CC, Liu TC, Kuo CF, et al. Aerosolized colistin for the treatment of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii pneumonia: Experience in a tertiary care hospital in northern Taiwan. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2010;43:323-31
84. Molina J, Cordero E, Pachon J. New information about the Polymyxin/ Colistin class of antibiotics. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2009;10:2811-28
85. Pachon-Ibanez ME, Jimenez-Mejias ME, Pichardo C, et al. Antimicrobial activity of tigecycline (GAR-936) against multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48:4479-81
86. Halstead DC, Abid J, Dowzicky MJ. Antimicrobial susceptibility among Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-baumannii complex and Enterobacteriaceae collected as part of the tigecycline evaluation and surveillance trial. J Infect 2007;55:49-57
87. Betriu C, Rodriguez-Avial I, Gomez M, et al. and the Spanish Tigecycline Group. Antimicrobial activity of tigecycline against clinical isolates of Spanish medical centers. Second multicenter study. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2006;56:437-44
88. Mendes RE, Farrell DJ, Sader HS, et al. Comprehensive assessment of tigecycline activity tested against a worldwide collection of Acinetobacter spp. (2005 -2009). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2010;68:307-11
89. Casal M, Rodriguez F, Johnson B, et al. Influence of testing methodology on the tigecycline activity profile against presumably tigecycline-non- susceptible Acinetobacter spp. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009;64:69-72
90. Pillar CM, Draghi DC, Dowzicky MJ, et al. In vitro activity of tigecycline against gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens as evaluated by broth microdilution and Etest. J Clin Microbiol 2008;46:2862-7
91. Peleg AY, Potoski BA, Rea R, et al. Acinetobacter baumannii bloodstream infection while receiving tigecycline: A cautionary report. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007;59:128-31
92. Reid GE, Grim SA, Aldeza CA, et al. Rapid development of Acinetobacter baumannii resistance to tigecycline. Pharmacotherapy 2007;27:1198-201
93. Karageorgopoulos DE, Kelesidis T, Kelesidis I, et al. Tigecycline for the treatment of multidrug-resistant (including carbapenem-resistant) Acinetobacter infections: A review of the scientific evidence. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008;62:45-55 A review on the efficacy of tigecycline administered alone or in combination with other antibiotics in 8 clinical studies, including 42 patients with infections caused by MDR Acinetobacter spp., mostly VAP. A favorable clinical course was observed in 76% of patients.
94. Vasilev K, Reshedko G, Orasan R, et al. A phase 3, open-label, non-comparative study of tigecycline in the treatment of patients with selected serious infections due to resistant Gram-negative organisms including Enterobacter species, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008;62(Suppl 1):i29-40
95. Gordon NC, Wareham DW. A review of clinical and microbiological outcomes following treatment of infections involving multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii with tigecycline. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009;63:775-80
96. Chan JD, Graves JA, Dellit TH. Antimicrobial treatment and clinical outcomes of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ventilator-associated pneumonia. J Intensive Care Med 2010;25:343-8
97. Guner R, Hasanoglu I, Keske S, et al. Outcomes in patients infected with carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and treated with tigecycline alone or in combination therapy. Infection 2011;39:515-18
98. Ye JJ, Lin HS, Kuo AJ, et al. The clinical implication and prognostic predictors of tigecycline treatment for pneumonia involving multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. J Infect 2011;63:351-61
99. Curcio D, Fernandez F, Vergara J, et al. Late onset ventilator-associated pneumonia due to multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter spp.: Experience with tigecycline. J Chemother 2009;21:58-62
100. Cunha BA. Pharmacokinetic considerations regarding tigecycline for multidrug-resistant (MDR) Klebsiella pneumoniae or MDR Acinetobacter baumannii urosepsis. J Clin Microbiol 2009;47:1613
101. Curcio D. Treatment of recurrent urosepsis with tigecycline: A pharmacological perspective. J Clin Microbiol 2008;46:1892-3
102. Tutuncu EE, Kuscu F, Gurbuz Y, et al. Tigecycline use in two cases with multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii meningitis. Int J Infect Dis 2010;14(Suppl 3):e224-6
103. Ray L, Levasseur K, Nicolau DP, et al. Cerebral spinal fluid penetration of tigecycline in a patient with Acinetobacter baumannii cerebritis. Ann Pharmacother 2010;44:582-6
104. Lengerke C, Haap M, Mayer F, et al. Low tigecycline concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of a neutropenic patient with inflamed meninges. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011;55:449-50
105. Available from: Http://www.fda.gov/ Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafety InformationforPatientsandProviders/ ucm224383.htm [Accessed 30 August 2011]
106. Gounden R, Bamford C, van Zyl-Smit R, et al. Safety and effectiveness of colistin compared with tobramycin for multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections. BMC Infect Dis 2009;9:26
107. Rodriguez-Hernandez MJ, Pachon J, Pichardo C, et al. Imipenem, doxycycline and amikacin in monotherapy and in combination in Acinetobacter baumannii experimental pneumonia. J Antimicrob Chemother 2000;45:493-501
108. Bernabeu-Wittel M, Pichardo C, Garcia-Curiel A, et al. Pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamic assessment of the in-vivo efficacy of imipenem alone or in combination with amikacin for the treatment of experimental multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii pneumonia. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005;11:319-25
109. Wang D. Experience with extended-infusion meropenem in the management of ventilator-associated pneumonia due to multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009;33:290-1
110. Pachon-Ibanez ME, Docobo-Perez F, Lopez-Rojas R, et al. Efficacy of rifampin and its combinations with imipenem, sulbactam, and colistin in experimental models of infection caused by imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010;54:1165-72
111. Lee NY, Wang CL, Chuang YC, et al. Combination carbapenem-sulbactam therapy for critically ill patients with multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii bacteremia: Four case reports and an in vitro combination synergy study. Pharmacotherapy 2007;27:1506-11
112. Wolff M, Joly-Guillou ML, Farinotti R, et al. In vivo efficacies of combinations of beta-lactams, beta-lactamase inhibitors, and rifampin against Acinetobacter baumannii in a mouse pneumonia model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999;43:1406-11
113. Montero A, Ariza J, Corbella X, et al. Efficacy of colistin versus beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, and rifampin as monotherapy in a mouse model of pneumonia caused by multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46:1946-52
114. Pantopoulou A, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Raftogannis M, et al. Colistin offers prolonged survival in experimental infection by multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii: The significance of co-administration of rifampicin. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007;29:51-5
115. Song JY, Cheong HJ, Lee J, et al. Efficacy of monotherapy and combined antibiotic therapy for carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii pneumonia in an immunosuppressed mouse model. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009;33:33-9
116. Pachon-Ibanez ME, Fernandez-Cuenca F, Docobo-Perez F, et al. Prevention of rifampicin resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii in an experimental pneumonia model, using rifampicin associated with imipenem or sulbactam. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006;58:689-92 The addition of imipenem or sulbactam to rifampin avoided the appearance of mutant strains resistant to rifampin, both in vitro and in vivo in an experimental pneumonia model with A. baumannii.
117. Saballs M, Pujol M, Tubau F, et al. Rifampicin/imipenem combination in the treatment of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006;58:697-700
118. Gleeson T, Petersen K, Mascola J. Successful treatment of Acinetobacter meningitis with meropenem and rifampicin. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005;56:602-3
119. Mellon G, Clec'h C, Picard B, et al. Postsurgical meningitis due to multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii successfully treated with high doses of ampicillin/sulbactam combined with rifampicin and fosfomycin. J Infect Chemother 2012;Epub ahead of print
120. Sacar S, Turgut H, Cenger DH, et al. Successful treatment of multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii meningitis. J Infect Dev Ctries 2007;1:342-4
121. Motaouakkil S, Charra B, Hachimi A, et al. Colistin and rifampicin in the treatment of nosocomial infections from multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii. J Infect 2006;53:274-8 High efficacy of intravenous rifampin plus intravenous or aerosolized colistin in the treatment of VAP or bacteremia by A. baumannii.
122. Li J, Nation RL, Owen RJ, et al. Antibiograms of multi-drug clinical Acinetobacter baumannii: Promising therapeutic options for treatment of infection with colistin-resistant strains. Clin Infect Dis 2007;45:594-8
123. Bassetti M, Repetto E, Righi E, et al. Colistin and rifampicin in the treatment of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008;61:417-20
124. Petrosillo N, Chinello P, Proietti MF, et al. Combined colistin and rifampicin therapy for carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections: Clinical outcome and adverse events. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005;11:682-3
125. Shields RK, Kwak EJ, Potoski BA, et al. High mortality rates among solid organ transplant recipients infected with extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: Using in vitro antibiotic combination testing to identify the combination of a carbapenem and colistin as an effective treatment regimen. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2011;70:246-52
126. Biancofiore G, Tascini C, Bisa M, et al. Colistin, meropenem and rifampin in a combination therapy for multi-drugresistant Acinetobacter baumannii multifocal infection. A case report. Minerva Anestesiol 2007;73:181-5
127. Wareham DW, Gordon NC, Hornsey M. In vitro activity of teicoplanin combined with colistin versus multidrug-resistant strains of Acinetobacter baumannii. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011;66:1047-51
128. Gordon NC, Png K, Wareham DW. Potent synergy and sustained bactericidal activity of a vancomycin-colistin combination versus multidrug-resistant strains of Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010;54:5316-22
129. Hornsey M, Wareham DW. In vivo efficacy of glycopeptide-colistin combination therapies in a Galleria mellonella model of Acinetobacter baumannii infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011;55:3534-7
130. Giacometti A, Cirioni O, Del Prete MS, et al. Comparative activities of polycationic peptides and clinically used antimicrobial agents against multidrug-resistant nosocomial isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii. J Antimicrob Chemother 2000;46:807-10 A comparative study of different peptides against A. baumannii, demonstrating that burofin II, cecropin P1 and magainin II exhibit a good activity against this bacterium.
131. Ge Y, MacDonald DL, Holroyd KJ, et al. In vitro antibacterial properties of pexiganan, an analog of magainin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999;43:782-8
132. Conlon JM, Ahmed E, Condamine E. Antimicrobial properties of brevinin-2-related peptide and its analogs: Efficacy against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Chem Biol Drug Des 2009;74:488-93
133. Conlon JM, Sonnevend A, Pal T, et al. Efficacy of six frog skin-derived antimicrobial peptides against colistin-resistant strains of the Acinetobacter baumannii group. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2012;39:317-20
134. Conlon JM, Mechkarska M, Arafat K, et al. Analogues of the frog skin peptide alyteserin-2a with enhanced antimicrobial activities against Gram-negative bacteria. J Pept Sci 2012;18:270-5
135. Vila-Farres X, Garciade la Maria C, Lopez-Rojas R, et al. In vitro activity of several antimicrobial peptides against colistin-susceptible and colistin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012;18:383-7
136. Cirioni O, Silvestri C, Ghiselli R, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of buforin II and rifampin in a rat model of Acinetobacter baumannii sepsis. Crit Care Med 2009;37:1403-7
137. Rodriguez-Hernandez MJ, Saugar J, Docobo-Perez F, et al. Studies on the antimicrobial activity of cecropin A-melittin hybrid peptides in colistinresistant clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006;58:95-100
138. Braunstein A, Papo N, Shai Y. In vitro activity and potency of an intravenously injected antimicrobial peptide and its DL amino acid analog in mice infected with bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48:3127-9
139. Lopez-Rojas R, Docobo-Perez F, Pachon-Ibanez ME, et al. Efficacy of cecropin A-melittin peptides on a sepsis model of infection by pan-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2011;30:1391-8
140. Ostorhazi E, Rozgonyi F, Szabo D, et al. Intramuscularly administered peptide A3-APO is effective against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in mouse models of systemic infections. Biopolymers 2011;96:126-9
141. Ostorhazi E, Rozgonyi F, Sztodola A, et al. Preclinical advantages of intramuscularly administered peptide A3-APO overexisting therapies in Acinetobacter baumannii wound infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010;65:2416-22
142. Vila J, Sanchez-Cespedes J, Sierra JM, et al. Antibacterial evaluation of a collection of norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin derivatives against multiresistant bacteria. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2006;28:19-24
143. Lopez-Rojas R, Sanchez-Cespedes J, Docobo-Perez F, et al. Pre-clinical studies of a new quinolone (UB-8902) against Acinetobacter baumannii resistant to ciprofloxacin. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2011;38:355-9
144. Tan Q, Ogawa AM, Raghoobar SL, et al. Thiophenyl oxime-derived phosphonates as nano-molar class C beta-lactamase inhibitors reducing MIC of imipenem against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011;21:4363-5
145. Higgins PG, Stefanik D, Page MG, et al. In vitro activity of the siderophore monosulfactam BAL30072 against meropenem-non-susceptible Acinetobacter baumannii. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012;67:1167-9
146. Mihu MR, Sandkovsky U, Han G, et al. The use of nitric oxide releasing nanoparticles as a treatment against Acinetobacter baumannii in wound infections. Virulence 2010;1:62-7
147. Ghosh S, Patil S, Ahire M, et al. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Dioscorea bulbifera tuber extract and evaluation of its synergistic potential in combination with antimicrobial agents. Int J Nanomedicine 2012;7:483-96
148. Dai T, Tegos GP, Lu Z, et al. Photodynamic therapy for Acinetobacter
149. Vila J, Pachon J. Acinetobacter baumannii resistant to everything, what should we do? Clin Microbiol Infect 2011;17:955-6
150. Rodriguez-Bano J, Garcia L, Ramirez E, et al. Long-term control of hospital-wide, endemic multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii through a comprehensive "bundle" approach. Am J Infect Control 2009;37:715-22