Challenges in simulating sea ice in Earth System Models

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change

Volumn 3, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 509-526

  Notz, Dirk ^a  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR METEOROLOGY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE MODELS; EARTH (PLANET); SEA ICE;

COUPLED CLIMATE MODEL; EARTH SYSTEM MODEL; EARTH'S CLIMATE; ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE; ONGOING CHANGES; POSSIBLE FUTURES; SEA ICE THICKNESS DISTRIBUTIONS; THERMODYNAMIC INTERACTIONS;

ICE;

CLIMATE CHANGE; CLIMATE EFFECT; CLIMATE MODELING; COMPUTER SIMULATION; ICE COVER; SEA ICE; STAKEHOLDER;

EID: 84867612764     PISSN: 17577780     EISSN: 17577799     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/wcc.189     Document Type: Review

References (143)

1. Winton M. Do climate models underestimate the sensitivity of northern hemisphere sea ice cover? J Clim 2011, 24:3924-3934. doi:10.1175/2011JCLI4146.1.
2. Hunke EC, Holland MM. Global atmospheric forcing data for Arctic ice-ocean modeling. J Geophys Res 2007, 112:C04S14. doi:10.1029/2006JC003640.
3. Sorteberg A, Kattsov V, Walsh JE, Pavlova T. The Arctic surface energy budget as simulated with the IPCC AR4 AOGCMs. Clim Dyn 2007, 29:131-156. doi:10.1007/s00382-006-0222-9.
4. Vancoppenolle M, Timmermann R, Ackley SF, Fichefet T, Goosse H, Heil P, Leonard KC, Lieser J, Nicolaus M, Papakyriakou T, et al. Assessment of radiation forcing data sets for large-scale sea ice models in the Southern Ocean. Deep Sea Res II 2011, 58:1237-1249. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.10.039.
5. Wang M, Overland JE. A sea ice free summer Arctic within 30 years? Geophys Res Lett 2009, 36:L07502. doi:10.1029/2009GL037820.
6. Zhang X. Sensitivity of Arctic summer sea ice coverage to global warming forcing: towards reducing uncertainty in Arctic climate change projections. Tellus A 2010, 62:220-227. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0870.2010.00441.x.
7. Hunke EC, Lipscomb WH, Turner AK. Sea-ice models for climate study: retrospective and new directions. J Glaciol 2010, 56:1162-1172. doi:10.3189/002214311796406095.
8. Semtner AJ. On modelling the seasonal thermodynamic cycle of sea ice in studies of climatic change. Clim Change 1984, 6:27-37.
9. Saenko OA, Flato GM, Weaver AJ. Improved representation of sea-ice processes in climate models. Atmos Ocean 2002, 40:21-43. doi:10.3137/ao.400102.
10. Hunke EC, Lipscomb WH. CICE Documentation and User's Guide. Los Alamos, US: Los Alamos National Laboratory; 2010.
11. Perovich DK, Grenfell TC, Light B, Hobbs PV. Seasonal evolution of the albedo of multiyear Arctic sea ice. J Geophys Res 2002, 107:8044. doi:10.1029/2000JC000438.
12. Eisenman I, Untersteiner N, Wettlaufer JS. On the reliability of simulated Arctic sea ice in global climate models. Geophys Res Lett 2007, 34:L10501. doi:10.1029/2007GL029914.
13. DeWeaver ET, Hunke EC, Holland MM. Comment on "On the reliability of simulated Arctic sea ice in global climate models" by I. Eisenman, N. Untersteiner, and J. S. Wettlaufer. Geophys Res Lett 2008, 35:L04501. doi:10.1029/2007GL031325.
14. Mauritsen T, Stevens B, Roeckner E, Crueger T, Esch M, Giorgetta M, Haak H, Jungclaus J, Klocke D, Matei D, et al. Tuning the climate of a global model. J Adv Model Earth Syst 2012, 4:M00A01. doi:10.1029/ 2012MS000154.
15. Flocco D, Feltham DL, Turner AK. Incorporation of a physically based melt pond scheme into the sea ice component of a climate model. J Geophys Res 2010, 115:C08012. doi:10.1029/2009JC005568.
16. Pedersen CA, Roeckner E, Lüthje M, Winther J. A new sea ice albedo scheme including melt ponds for ECHAM5 general circulation model. J Geophys Res 2009, 114:D08101. doi:10.1029/2008JD010440.
17. Holland MM, Bailey DA, Briegleb BP, Light B, Hunke E. Improved sea ice shortwave radiation physics in CCSM4: the impact of melt ponds and aerosols on Arctic sea ice*. J Clim 2012, 25:1413-1430. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00078.1.
18. Chung Y, Bélair S, Mailhot J. Simulation of snow on Arctic Sea ice using a coupled snow-ice model. J Hydrometeorol 2010, 11:199-210. doi:10.1175/ 2009JHM1112.1.
19. Lecomte O, Fichefet T, Vancoppenolle M, Nicolaus M. A new snow thermodynamic scheme for large-scale sea-ice models. Ann Glaciol 2011, 52:337-346.
20. Déry SJ, Tremblay L. Modeling the effects of wind redistribution on the snow mass budget of polar sea ice. J Phys Oceanogr 2004, 34:258-271.
21. Leonard KC, Maksym T. The importance of wind-blown snow redistribution to snow accumulation on Bellingshausen Sea ice. Ann Glaciol 2011, 52: 271-278.
22. Ledley TS. Snow on sea ice: competing effects in shaping climate. J Geophys Res 1991, 96:17, 195-17, 208. doi:10.1029/91JD01439.
23. Fichefet T, Maqueda MAM. Modelling the influence of snow accumulation and snow-ice formation on the seasonal cycle of the Antarctic sea-ice cover. Clim Dyn 1999, 15:251-268. doi:10.1007/s003820050280.
24. Massom RA, Eicken H, Hass C, Jeffries MO, Drinkwater MR, Sturm M, Worby AP, Wu X, Lytle VI, Ushio S, et al. Snow on Antarctic sea ice. Rev Geophys 2001, 39:413-445. doi:10.1029/2000RG000085.
25. Jacobson MZ. Climate response of fossil fuel and biofuel soot, accounting for soot's feedback to snow and sea ice albedo and emissivity. J Geophys Res 2004, 109:D21201 - doi:10.1029/2004JD004945.
26. Grenfell TC, Maykut GA. The optical properties of ice and snow in the Arctic basin. J Glaciol 1977, 18:445-463.
27. Ebert EE, Curry JA. An intermediate one-dimensional thermodynamic sea ice model for investigating ice-atmosphere interactions. J Geophys Res 1993, 98:10085-10109.
28. Briegleb BP, Light B. A Delta-Eddington multiple scattering parameterization for solar radiation in the sea ice component of the Community Climate System Model, NCAR Tech. Tech. rep., Note NCAR/TN-472+ STR, National Center for Atmospheric Research 2007.
29. Light B, Grenfell TC, Perovich DK. Transmission and absorption of solar radiation by Arctic sea ice during the melt season. J Geophys Res 2008, 113:C03023. doi:10.1029/2006JC003977.
30. Mundy CJ, Gosselin M, Ehn J, Gratton Y, Rossnagel A, Barber DG, Martin J, Tremblay J, Palmer M, Arrigo KR, et al. Contribution of under-ice primary production to an ice-edge upwelling phytoplankton bloom in the Canadian Beaufort Sea. Geophys Res Lett 2009, 36:L17601. doi:10.1029/2009GL038837.
31. Vancoppenolle M, Fichefet T, Bitz CM. On the sensitivity of undeformed Arctic sea ice to its vertical salinity profile. Geophys Res Lett 2005, 32:L16502.
32. Warren SG. Optical properties of snow. Rev Geophys 1992, 20:67-89. doi:10.1029/RG020i001p00067.
33. Hamre B, Winther J, Gerland S, Stamnes JJ, Stamnes K. Modeled and measured optical transmittance of snow-covered first-year sea ice in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard. J Geophys Res 2004, 109:C10006. doi:10.1029/2003JC001926.
34. Järvinen O, Leppäranta M. Transmission of solar radiation through the snow cover on floating ice. J Glac 2011, 57:861-870. doi:10.3189/002214311798043843.
35. Kim JG, Hunke EC, Lipscomb WH. Sensitivity analysis and parameter tuning scheme for global sea-ice modeling. Ocean Model 2006, 14:61-80. doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2006.03.003.
36. Parkinson CL, Washington WM. A large-scale numerical model of sea ice. J Geophys Res 1979, 84:311-337. doi:10.1029/JC084iC01p00311.
37. Andreas EL. A theory for the scalar roughness and the scalar transfer coefficients over snow and sea ice. Bound Lay Meteorol 1987, 38:159-184. doi:10.1007/BF00121562.
38. Maykut GA, Untersteiner N. Some results from a time-dependent, thermodynamic model of sea ice. J Geophys Res 1971, 76:1550-1575.
39. Schmidt G, Bitz C, Mikolajewicz U, Tremblay L. Ice-ocean boundary conditions for coupled models. Ocean Model 2004, 7:59-74.
40. McPhee MG, Maykut GA, Morison JH. Dynamics and thermodynamics of the ice/upper ocean system in the marginal ice zone of the Greenland Sea. J Geophys Res 1987, 92:7017-7031.
41. McPhee M. Air-Ice-Ocean Interaction: Turbulent Ocean Boundary Layer Exchange Processes. New York: Springer Verlag; 2008.
42. Holland DM, Jenkins A. Modeling thermodynamic ice-ocean interactions at the base of an ice shelf. J Phys Oceanogr 1999, 29:1787-1800.
43. Notz D, McPhee MG, Worster MG, Maykut G, Schlünzen KH, Eicken H. Impact of underwater-ice evolution on Arctic summer sea ice. J Geophys Res 2003, 108:3223. doi:10.1029/2001JC001173.
44. Nansen F. Farthest North. Westminster: Archibald Constable and Company; 1897.
45. Untersteiner N, Badgley FI. Preliminary results of thermal budget studies on Arctic pack ice during summer and autumn. Arctic Sea Ice, vol. 598. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council Publication; 1958, 85-92.
46. Jeffries MO, Schwartz K, Morris K, Veazey AD, Krouse HR, Coushing S. Evidence for platelet ice accretion in Arctic sea ice development. J Geophys Res 1995, 100:10905-10914.
47. Hunke EC, Notz D, Turner AK, Vancoppenolle M. The multiphase physics of sea ice: a review for model developers. Cryosphere 2011, 5:989-1009. doi:10.5194/tc-5-989-2011.
48. Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt K, Tignor M, Miller H. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press; 2007.
49. Semtner AJ. A model for the thermodynamic growth of sea ice in numerical investigations of climate. J Phys Oceanogr 1976, 6:379-389.
50. Fichefet T, Maqueda MAM. Sensitivity of a global sea ice model to the treatment of ice thermodynamics and dynamics. J Geophys Res 1997, 102:12, 609-12, 646. doi:10.1029/97JC00480.
51. Bitz CM, Lipscomb WH. An energy-conserving thermodynamic model of sea ice. J Geophys Res 1999, 104:15669-15677.
52. Vancoppenolle M, Bouillon S, Fichefet T, Goosse H, Lecomte O, Morales Maqueda MA, Madec G. The Louvain-la-Neuve sea ice model, Tech. rep., Université catholique de Louvain; 2012.
53. Winton M. A reformulated three-layer sea ice model. J Atmos Ocean Tech 2000, 17:525-531.
54. Feltham DL, Untersteiner N, Wettlaufer JS, Worster MG. Sea ice is a mushy layer. Geophys Res Lett 2006, 33:L14501. doi:10.1029/2006GL026290.
55. Assur A. Composition of sea ice and its tensile strength. Arctic Sea Ice; Conference held at Easton, Maryland, February 24-27, 1958, Vol. 598. Washington, DC: Publs. Natl. Res. Coun. Wash.; 1958, 106-138.
56. Untersteiner N. Natural desalination and equilibrium salinity profile of perennial sea ice. J Geophys Res 1968, 73:1251-1257.
57. Notz D, Worster MG. Desalination processes of sea ice revisited. J Geophys Res 2009, 114:C05006. doi:10.1029/2008JC004885.
58. Wells AJ, Wettlaufer JS, Orszag SA. Brine fluxes from growing sea ice. Geophys Res Lett 2011, 38:L04501. doi:10.1029/2010GL046288.
59. Rees Jones DW, Worster MG. Fluxes through steady chimneys in a mushy layer during binary alloy solidification. J Fluid Mech. Submitted for publication.
60. Worster MG. Instabilities of the liquid and mushy regions during solidification of alloys. J Fluid Mech 1992, 237:649-669.
61. Vancoppenolle M, Goosse H, Montety Ad, Fichefet T, Tremblay B, Tison J. Modeling brine and nutrient dynamics in Antarctic sea ice: the case of dissolved silica. J Geophys Res 2010, 115:C02005. doi:10.1029/2009JC005369.
62. Jeffery N, Hunke EC, Elliott SM. Modeling the transport of passive tracers in sea ice. J Geophys Res 2011, 116:C07020. doi:10.1029/2010JC006527.
63. Cox GFN, Weeks WF. Numerical simulation of the profile properties of undeformed first-year sea ice during the growth season. J Geophys Res 1988, 93: 12449-12460.
64. Vancoppenolle M, Bitz CM, Fichefet T. Summer landfast sea ice desalination at Point Barrow, Alaska: Modeling and observations. J Geophys Res 2007, 112:C04022. doi:10.1029/2006JC003493.
65. Eicken H, Krouse HR, Kadko D, Perovich DK. Tracer studies of pathways and rates of meltwater transport through Arctic summer sea ice. J Geophys Res 2002, 107:8046. doi:10.1029/2000JC000583.
66. Dumont D, Kohout A, Bertino L. A wave-based model for the marginal ice zone including a floe breaking parameterization. J Geophys Res 2011, 116:C04001. doi:10.1029/2010JC006682.
67. Aagaard K, Coachman LK, Carmack EC. On the halocline of the Arctic Ocean. Deep Sea Res 1981, 28A:529-545.
68. Maqueda MAM, Willmott AJ, Biggs NRT. Polynya dynamics: a review of observations and modelling. Rev Geophys 2004, 42:RG1004. doi:10.1029/ 2002RG000116.
69. Smedsrud LH. Grease ice thickness parametrisation. Ann Glaciol 2011, 52:61-68.
70. De la Rosa S, Maus S. Laboratory study of frazil ice accumulation under wave conditions. Cryosphere 2012, 6:173-191. doi:10.5194/tc-6-173-2012.
71. Naumann AK, Notz D, Håvik L, Sirevaag A. Initial sea-ice growth in open water: properties of grease ice and nilas. Cryosphere Disc 2012, 6:125-158. doi:10.5194/tcd-6-125-2012.
72. Gough AJ, Mahoney AR, Langhorne PJ, Williams MJM, Robinson NJ, Haskell TG. Signatures of supercooling: McMurdo sound platelet ice. J Glac 2012, 58:207.
73. Maykut GA. Energy exchange over young sea ice in the Central Arctic. J Geophys Res 1978, 83:3646-3658.
74. Holland M, Bitz C, Hunke E, Lipscomb W, Schramm J. Influence of the sea ice thickness distribution on polar climate in CCSM3. J Clim 2006, 19:2398-2414.
75. Massonnet F, Fichefet T, Goosse H, Vancoppenolle M, Mathiot P, König Beatty C. On the influence of model physics on simulations of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice. The Cryosphere 2011, 5:687-699. doi:10.5194/tc-5-687-2011.
76. Schramm JL, Holland MM, Curry JA, Ebert EE. Modeling the thermodynamics of a sea ice thickness distribution 1. Sensitivity to ice thickness resolution. J Geophys Res 1997, 102:23079-23091. doi:10.1029/97JC01297.
77. Bitz C, Holland M, Eby M, Weaver A. Simulating the ice-thickness distribution in a coupled climate model. J Geophys Res 2001, 106:2.
78. Hibler WD. A dynamic thermodynamic sea ice model. J Phys Oceanogr 1979, 9:815-846.
79. Steele M. Sea ice melting and floe geometry in a simple ice-ocean model. J Geophys Res 1992, 97:17, 729-17, 738. doi:10.1029/92JC01755.
80. Rothrock DA, Thorndike AS. Measuring the sea ice floe size distribution. J Geophys Res 1984, 89:6477-6486. doi:10.1029/JC089iC04p06477.
81. Toyota T, Takatsuji S, Nakayama M. Characteristics of sea ice floe size distribution in the seasonal ice zone. Geophys Res Lett 2006, 33:L02616. doi:10.1029/2005GL024556.
82. Steer A, Worby A, Heil P. Observed changes in sea-ice floe size distribution during early summer in the western Weddell Sea. Deep-Sea Res Pt II 2008, 55:933-942. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.12.016.
83. Bryan K. Climate and the ocean circulation, III. The ocean model. Mon Weather Rev 1969, 97:806-827.
84. Cubasch U, Cess R, Bretherton F, Cattle H, Houghton J, Mitchell J, Randall D, Roeckner E, Woods JD, Yamanouchi T. Processes and modelling. In: Houghton J, Jenkins G, Ephraums J, eds. The IPCC Scientific Assessment (1990), Report prepared for Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change by Working Group I. Geneva, Switzerland: IPCC; 1990, 69-91.
85. Owens WB, Lemke P. Sensitivity studies with a sea ice-mixed layer-pycnocline model in the Weddell Sea. J Geophys Res 1990, 95:9527-9538. doi:10.1029/JC095iC06p09527.
86. 2 increases. In: Hansen TT, eds., Climate Processes and Climate Sensitivity. American Geophysical Union; 1984, 238-253.
87. Vavrus S, Harrison S. The impact of sea-ice dynamics on the Arctic climate system. Clim Dyn 2003, 20:741-757.
88. Leppäranta M. The Drift of Sea Ice. Chichester: Springer and Praxis Publishing; 2005.
89. Lu P, Li Z, Cheng B, Leppäranta M. A parameterization of the ice-ocean drag coefficient. J Geophys Res 2011, 116:C07019-. doi:10.1029/2010JC006878.
90. Feltham DL. Sea ice rheology. Ann Rev Fluid Mech 2008, 40:91-112. doi:10.1146/annurev.fluid.40.111406.102151.
91. Olason EO. Dynamical modelling of Kara Sea land-fast ice, PhD thesis, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; 2012.
92. McNutt SL, Overland JE. Spatial hierarchy in Arctic sea ice dynamics. Tellus A 2003, 55:181-191.
93. Coon M, Maykut GA, Pritchard RS, Rothrock DA, Thorndike AS. Modeling the pack ice as an elastic-plastic material. AIDJEX Bull 1974, 24:1-106.
94. Pritchard RS. An elastic-plastic constitutive law for sea ice. J Appl Mech 1975, 42:379-384. doi:10.1115/1.3423585.
95. Hunke E, Dukowicz J. An elastic-viscous-plastic model for sea ice dynamics. J Phys Oceanogr 1997, 27:1849-1867.
96. Tremblay L, Mysak LA. Modeling sea ice as a granular material, including the dilatancy effect. J Phys Oceanogr 1997, 27:2342-2360.
97. Hibler WD, III. Schulson EM. On modeling the anisotropic failure and flow of flawed sea ice. J Geophys Res 2000, 105:17, 105-17, 120. doi:10.1029/2000JC900045.
98. Wang K. Observing the yield curve of compacted pack ice. J Geophys Res 2007, 112:C05015. doi:10.1029/2006JC003610.
99. Zhang J, Rothrock DA. Effect of sea ice rheology in numerical investigations of climate. J Geophys Res 2005, 110:C08014. doi:10.1029/2004JC002599.
100. Ip CF, Hibler WD, III. Flato GM. On the effect of rheology on seasonal sea-ice simulations. Ann Glaciol 1991, 15:17-25.
101. Joughin I, Das S, King M, Smith B, Howat I, Moon T. Seasonal speedup along the western flank of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Science 2008, 320:781-783.
102. König Beatty C, Holland DM. Modeling landfast sea ice by adding tensile strength. J Phys Oceanogr 2010, 40:185-198. doi:10.1175/2009JPO4105.1.
103. Lemieux J, Tremblay B. Numerical convergence of viscous-plastic sea ice models. J Geophys Res 2009, 114:C05009. doi:10.1029/2008JC005017.
104. Harder M. Dynamik, Rauhigkeit und Alter des Meereises in der Arktis-numerische Untersuchungen mit einem großskaligen Modell [Dynamics, roughness, and age of Arctic sea ice-numerical investigations with a large-scale model], Berichte zur Polarforschung [Reports on Polar Research]; 1996, 203.
105. Kwok R, Hunke EC, Maslowski W, Menemenlis D, Zhang J. Variability of sea ice simulations assessed with RGPS kinematics. J Geophys Res 2008, 113:C11012. doi:10.1029/2008JC004783.
106. Girard L, Weiss J, Molines JM, Barnier B, Bouillon S. Evaluation of high-resolution sea ice models on the basis of statistical and scaling properties of Arctic sea ice drift and deformation. J Geophys Res 2009, 114:C08015. doi:10.1029/2008JC005182.
107. Girard L, Bouillon S, Weiss J, Amitrano D, Fichefet T, Legat V. A new modeling framework for sea-ice mechanics based on elasto-brittle rheology. Ann Glaciol 2011, 52:123-132.
108. Hutchings JK, Heil P, Hibler WD. Modeling linear kinematic features in sea ice. Mon Weather Rev 2005, 133:3481-3497. doi:10.1175/MWR3045.1.
109. Rampal P, Weiss J, Dubois C, Campin J. IPCC climate models do not capture Arctic sea ice drift acceleration: Consequences in terms of projected sea ice thinning and decline. J Geophys Res 2011, 116:C00D07. doi:10.1029/2011JC007110.
110. Hopkins M. On the mesoscale interaction of lead ice and floes. J Geophys Res 1996, 101:18315-18318.
111. Taylor P, Feltham D, Sammonds P, Hatton D. Continuum sea ice rheology determined from subcontinuum mechanics. J Geophys Res 2006, 111:C11015.
112. Rothrock DA. The energetics of the plastic deformation of pack ice by ridging. J Geophys Res 1975, 80:4514-4519. doi:10.1029/JC080i033p04514.
113. Flato GM, Hibler WD, III. Ridging and strength in modeling the thickness distribution of Arctic sea ice. J Geophys Res 1995, 100:18, 611-18, 626. doi:10.1029/95JC02091.
114. Lipscomb WH, Hunke EC, Maslowski W, Jakacki J. Ridging, strength, and stability in high-resolution sea ice models. J Geophys Res 2007, 112:C03S91. doi:10.1029/2005JC003355.
115. Godlovitch D, Illner R, Monahan A. Smoluchowski coagulation models of sea ice thickness distribution dynamics. J Geophys Res 2011, 116:C12005. doi:10.1029/2011JC007125.
116. Thorndike A. Sea ice thickness as a stochastic process. J Geophys Res 2000, 105:1311-1313. doi:10.1029/1999JC900271.
117. Amundrud TL, Melling H, Ingram RG, Allen SE. The effect of structural porosity on the ablation of sea ice ridges. J Geophys Res 2006, 111:C06004. doi:10.1029/2005JC002895.
118. Kwok R, Zwally HJ, Yi D. ICESat observations of Arctic sea ice: a first look. Geophys Res Lett 2004, 31:L16401-. doi:10.1029/2004GL020309.
119. Zwally HJ, Yi D, Kwok R, Zhao Y. ICESat measurements of sea ice freeboard and estimates of sea ice thickness in the Weddell Sea. J Geophys Res 2008, 113:C02S15 doi:10.1029/2007JC004284.
120. Wadhams P, Tucker WB, III. Krabill WB, Swift RN, Comiso JC, Davis NR. Relationship between sea ice freeboard and draft in the Arctic Basin, and implications for ice thickness monitoring. J Geophys Res 1992, 97:20, 325- 20, 334. doi:10.1029/92JC02014.
121. Kaleschke L, Tian-Kunze X, Maaß N, Mäkynen M, Drusch M. Sea ice thickness retrieval from SMOS brightness temperatures during the Arctic freeze-up period. Geophys Res Lett 2012, 39:L05501. doi:10.1029/2012GL050916.
122. Nakamura K, Wakabayashi H, Uto S, Ushio S, Nishio F. Observation of sea-ice thickness using ENVISAT data from Lützow-Holm Bay, East Antarctica. IEEE Geosci Remote Sci 2009, 6:277-281.
123. Rampal P, Weiss J, Marsan D. Positive trend in the mean speed and deformation rate of Arctic sea ice, 1979-2007. J Geophys Res 2009, 114:C05013. doi:10.1029/2008JC005066.
124. Lavergne T, Eastwood S, Teffah Z, Schyberg H, Breivik L. Sea ice motion from low-resolution satellite sensors: an alternative method and its validation in the Arctic. J Geophys Res 2010, 115:C10032. doi:10.1029/2009JC005958.
125. Agarwal S, Moon W, Wettlaufer JS. Decadal to seasonal variability of Arctic sea ice albedo. Geophys Res Lett 2011, 38:L20504. doi:10.1029/2011GL049109.
126. Golden KM, Eicken H, Heaton AL, Miner J, Pringle DJ, Zhu J. Thermal evolution of permeability and microstructure in sea ice. Geophys Res Lett 2007, 34:L16501. doi:10.1029/2007GL030447.
127. Maus S, Huthwelker T, Enzmann F, Miedaner MM, Stampanoni M, Marone F, Hutterli MA, Ammann M, Hintermüller C, Kersten M. Synchrotron-based X-ray micro-tomography: Insights into sea ice microstructure. Proceedings of The Sixth Workshop on Baltic Sea Ice Climate, Vol. 61. Report Series in Geophysics. Helsinki: University of Helsinki; 2010, 28-45.
128. Notz D, Wettlaufer JS, Worster MG. A non-destructive method for measuring the salinity and solid fraction of growing sea ice in situ. J Glaciol 2005, 51:172.
129. Ingham M, Pringle D, Eicken H. Cross-borehole resistivity tomography of sea ice. Cold Reg Sci Tech 2008, 52:263-277.
130. Pringle D, Dubuis G, Eicken H. Impedance measurements of the complex dielectric permittivity of sea ice at 50 MHz. J Glaciol 2009, 55:81-94.
131. Meier WN, Maslanik JA, Fowler CW. Error analysis and assimilation of remotely sensed ice motion within an Arctic sea ice model. J Geophys Res 2000, 105:3339-3356. doi:10.1029/1999JC900268.
132. Lisæter KA, Rosanova J, Evensen G. Assimilation of ice concentration in a coupled ice-ocean model, using the Ensemble Kalman filter. Ocean Dyn 2003, 53:368-388. doi:10.1007/s10236-003-0049-4.
133. Lindsay RW, Zhang J. Assimilation of ice concentration in an ice-ocean model. J Atmos Ocean Tech 2006, 23:742-749. doi:10.1175/JTECH1871.1.
134. Lisæter KA, Evensen G, Laxon S. Assimilating synthetic CryoSat sea ice thickness in a coupled ice-ocean model. J Geophys Res 2007, 112:C07023. doi:10.1029/2006JC003786.
135. Dulière V, Fichefet T. On the assimilation of ice velocity and concentration data into large-scale sea ice models. Ocean Sci 2007, 3:321-335. doi:10.5194/os-3-321-2007.
136. Stark JD, Ridley J, Martin M, Hines A. Sea ice concentration and motion assimilation in a sea ice-ocean model. J Geophys Res 2008, 113:C05S91. doi:10.1029/2007JC004224.
137. Schweiger A, Lindsay R, Zhang J, Steele M, Stern H, Kwok R. Uncertainty in modeled Arctic sea ice volume. J Geophys Res 2011, 116:C00D06. doi:10.1029/2011JC007084.
138. Cummings JA. Operational multivariate ocean data assimilation. Quart J Roy Met Soc 2005, 131: 3583-3604. doi:10.1256/qj.05.105.
139. Tietsche S, Notz D, Jungclaus JH, Marotzke J. Sea-ice data assimilation in a global climate model-physical and statistical aspects. Ocean Sci Discuss 2012, 9:2403-2455. doi:10.5194/osd-9-2403-2012.
140. Kay JE, Holland MM, Jahn A. Inter-annual to multi-decadal Arctic sea ice extent trends in a warming world. Geophys Res Lett 2011, 38:L15708. doi:10.1029/2011GL048008.
141. Goosse H, Arzel O, Bitz CM, de Montety A, Vancoppenolle M. Increased variability of the Arctic summer ice extent in a warmer climate. Geophys Res Lett 2009, 36:L23702. doi:10.1029/2009GL040546.
142. Eisenman I, Wettlaufer JS. Nonlinear threshold behavior during the loss of Arctic sea ice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009, 106:28-32.
143. Tietsche S, Notz D, Jungclaus JH, Marotzke J. Recovery mechanisms of Arctic summer sea ice. Geophys Res Lett 2011, 38:L02707. doi:10.1029/2010GL045698.