An energy-conserving thermodynamic model of sea ice

Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans

Volumn 104, Issue C7, 1999, Pages 15669-15677

  Bitz, C M ^a,b   Lipscomb, William H ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^c LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ENERGY CONSERVATION; MODEL; SEA ICE; THERMODYNAMICS;

EID: 0033407555     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21699291     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/1999jc900100     Document Type: Article

References (26)

1. Assur, A., Composition of sea ice and its tensile strength, in Arctic Sea Ice, N. A. S. N. R. C. Publ., 598, 106-138, 1958.
2. Bettge, T. W., J. W. Weatherly, W. M. Washington, D. Pollard B. P. Briegleb, and W. G. Strand Jr., The NCAR CSM sea ice model, NCAR Tech. Note, TN-425+STR, 25 pp., Natl. Cent. for Atmos. Res., Boulder, Colo., 1996.
3. Bitz, C. M., D. S. Battisti, R. E. Moritz, and J. A. Beesley, Low frequency variability in the arctic atmosphere, sea ice, and upper ocean system, J. Clim., 9, 394-408, 1996.
4. Björk, G., On the response of the equilibrium thickness distribution of sea ice to ice export, mechanical deformation and thermal forcing with application to the Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 11,287-11,298, 1992.
5. Cox, G. F. N., and W. S. Weeks, Salinity variations in sea ice, J. Glaciol., 13, 109-120, 1974.
6. Ebert, E. E., and J. A. Curry, An intermediate one-dimensional thermodynamic sea ice model for investigating ice-atmosphere interactions, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 10,085-10,109, 1993.
7. Eicken, H., Salinity profiles of Antarctic sea ice: Field data and model results, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 15,545-15,557, 1992.
8. Eicken, H., M. Lensu, M. Leppäranta, W. B. Tucker III, A. J. Gow, and O. Salmela, Thickness, structure, and properties of level summer multiyear ice in the Eurasian sector of the Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 22,697-22,710, 1995.
9. Flato, G. M., and R. D. Brown, Variability and climate sensitivity of landfast Arctic sea ice, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 25,767-25,777, 1996.
10. Fletcher, J. O., The heat budget of the Arctic Basin and its relation to world climate, Tech. Rep. R-444-PR, 179 pp., The Rand Corp., Santa Monica, Calif., 1965.
11. Gabison, R., A thermodynamic model of the formation, growth, and decay of first-year sea ice, J. Glaciol., 33, 105-119, 1987.
12. Grenfell, T. C., and G. A. Maykut, The optical properties of ice and snow in the Arctic Basin, J. Glaciol., 18, 445-463, 1977.
13. Lipscomb, W. H., Modeling the thickness distribution of Arctic sea ice, Ph.D. thesis, 155 pp., Dep. of Atmos. Sci., Univ. of Wash., Seattle, 1998.
14. Malmgren, F., On the properties of sea ice, in The Norwegian North Polar Expedition with the 'Maud' 1918-1925, edited by H. U. Svedrup, vol. 1a no. 5, pp. 1-67, printed by John Griegs Boktr., Bergen, Norway, 1927.
15. Maykut, G. A., and N. Untersteiner, Some results from a time-dependent thermodynamic model of sea ice, J. Geophys. Res., 76, 1550-1575, 1971.
16. Maykut, G. A., T. C. Grenfell, and W. F. Weeks, On estimating spatial and temporal variations in the properties of ice in the polar oceans, J. Mar. Syst., 3, 41-72, 1992.
17. Ono, N., Specific heat and heat of fusion of sea ice, in Physics of Snow and Ice, edited by H. Oura, vol. 1, pp. 599-610, Inst. of Low Temp. Sci., Hokkaido, Japan, 1967.
18. Schwarzacher, W., Pack ice studies in the Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 64, 2357-2367, 1959.
19. Schwerdtfeger, P., The thermal properties of sea ice, J. Glac., 4, 789-807, 1963.
20. Semtner, A. J., A model for the thermodynamic growth of sea ice in numerical investigations of climate, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 6, 379-389, 1976.
21. Semtner, A. J., On modelling the seasonal thermodynamic cycle of sea ice in studies of climatic change, Clim. Change, 6, 27-37, 1984.
22. Tucker, W. B., III, A. J. Gow, and W. F. Weeks, Physical properties of summer sea ice in the Fram Strait, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 6787-6803, 1987.
23. Untersteiner, N., On the mass and heat budget of Arctic sea ice, Arch. Meteorol. Geophys. Bioklimatol. Ser. A, 12, 151-182, 1961.
24. Untersteiner, N., Calculations of temperature regime and heat budget of sea ice in the Central Arctic, J. Geophys. Res., 69, 4755-4766, 1964.
25. Untersteiner, N., Natural desalination and equilibrium salinity profile of perennial sea ice, J. Geophys. Res., 73, 1251-1257, 1968.
26. Weeks, W. S., and S. F. Ackley, The growth, structure, and properties of sea ice, in The Geophysics of Sea Ice, NATO ASI Ser., Ser. B, vol. 146, edited by N. Untersteiner, pp. 9-164, Plenum, New York, 1986.