Biophotonic techniques for manipulation and characterization of drug delivery nanosystems in cancer therapy

Cancer Letters

Volumn 327, Issue 1-2, 2012, Pages 111-122

  Spyratou, E ^a   Makropoulou, M ^a   Mourelatou, E A ^b   Demetzos, C ^b  

^a NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS   (Greece)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS   (Greece)

Author keywords

Atomic force microscopy; Drug delivery nanosystems; Optical tweezers; Photodynamic therapy (PDT)

Indexed keywords

CISPLATIN; DENDRIMER; HYPERBRANCHED POLYMER; LIPOSOME; METHYLENE BLUE; NANOPARTICLE; PHOTOFRIN II; PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENT; POLYMER; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY; BIOMEDICINE; BIOPHOTONICS; CANCER CELL DESTRUCTION; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CLINICAL PRACTICE; DRUG CYTOTOXICITY; DRUG DELIVERY NANOSYSTEM; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG SAFETY; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; HUMAN; NANOENCAPSULATION; NONHUMAN; OPTICAL TWEEZERS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIOSENSITIZATION; SHORT SURVEY; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84867448270     PISSN: 03043835     EISSN: 18727980     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.12.039     Document Type: Review

References (125)

1. Franco R., Schoneveld O., Georgakilas A.G., Panayiotidis M.I. Oxidative stress DNA methylation and carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett. 2008, 266:6-11.
2. Klauning J.E., Kamendulis L.M. The role of oxidative stress in carcinogenesis. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2004, 44:239-267.
3. Klaunig J.E., Kamendulis L.M., Hocevar B.A. Oxidative stress and oxidative damage in carcinogenesis. Toxicol. Pathol. 2010, 38:96-109.
4. Pelicano H., Carney D., Huang P. ROS stress in cancer cells and therapeutic implications. Drug Resist. Updates 2004, 7(2):97-110.
5. Kryston T.B., Georgiev A.B., Pissis P., Georgakilas A.G. Role of oxidative stress and DNA damage in human carcinogenesis. Mutat. Res. Fund. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. 2011, 711:193-201.
6. Wang J., Yi J. Cancer cell killing via ROS - to increase or decrease, that is the question. Cancer Biol. Ther. 2008, 7(12):1875-1884.
7. Dougherty T.J., Gomer C.J., Henderson B.W., Jori G., Kessel D., Korbelik M., Moan J., Peng Q. Photodynamic therapy. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 1998, 90:889-905.
8. Prasad P.N. Introduction to Biophotonics 2003, J. Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey.
9. Woodhams J.H., Macrobert A.J., Bown S.G. The role of oxygen monitoring during photodynamic therapy and its potential for treatment dosimetry. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 2007, 6:1246-1256.
10. Moore J.V., West C.M.L., Whitehurst C. The biology of photodynamic therapy. Phys. Med. Biol. 1997, 42(97):913-935.
11. Bown S.G., Lovat L.B. The biology of photodynamic therapy in the gastrointestinal tract. Gastrointest. Endosc. Clin. N. Am. 2000, 10:533-550.
12. Copley L., van der Watt P., Wirtz K.W., Parker M.I., Leaner V.D. Photolon™, a chlorin e6 derivative, triggers ROS production and light-dependent cell death via necrosis. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2008, 40:227-235.
13. Lam M., Oleinick N.L., Nieminen A.-L. Photodynamic therapy-induced apoptosis in epidermoid carcinoma cells. J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276(50):47379-47386.
14. Dougherty T.J., Kaufman J.E., Goldfarb A., Weishaupt K.R., Boyle D., Mittleman A. Photoradiation therapy for the treatment of malignant tumors. Cancer Res. 1978, 38:2628-2635.
15. Luksiene Z. Photodynamic therapy: mechanism of action and ways to improve the efficiency of treatment. Medicina 2003, 39:1137-1150.
16. DeRosa M.C., Crutchley R.J. Photosensitized singlet oxygen and its applications. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2002, 233-234:351-371.
17. Mallas E., Karamanolis G., Zissis M., Karvouni E., Kostopanagiotou G., Macropoulou M., Serafetinidis A.A., Ladas S., Raptis S.A. PDT in normal pig stomach: protective effect of ocreotide. Endoscopy 2004, 36:893-897.
18. Yamamoto J., Yamamoto S., Hirano T., Li S., Koide M., Kohno E., Okada M., Inenaga C., Tokuyama T., Yokota N., Terakawa S., Namba H. Monitoring of singlet oxygen is useful for predicting the photodynamic effects in the treatment for experimental glioma. Clin. Cancer Res. 2006, 12:7132-7139.
19. Boere I.A., Robinson D.J., de Bruijn H.S., Boogert J., Tilanus H.W., Sterenborg H.J.C.M., de Bruin R.W.F. Monitoring in situ dosimetry and protoporphyrin IX fluorescence photobleaching in the normal rat esophagus during 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy. Photochem. Photobiol. 2003, 78:271-277.
20. Dysart J.S., Patterson M.S. Characterization of Photofrin photobleaching for singlet oxygen dose estimation during photodynamic therapy of MLL cells in vitro. Phys. Med. Biol. 2005, 50:2597-2616.
21. Wilson B.C., Patterson M.S., Lilge L. Implicit and explicit dosimetry in photodynamic therapy: a new paradigm. Lasers Med. Sci. 1997, 12:182-199.
22. Bechet D., Couleaud P., Frochot C., Viriot M.L., Guillemin F., Barberi-Heyob M. Nanoparticles as vehicles for delivery of photodynamic therapy agents. Trends Biotechnol. 2008, 26:612-621.
23. Chen B., Pogue W.B., Hasan T. Liposomal delivery of photosensitizing agents. Expert Opin. Drug Deliv. 2005, 2:477-487.
24. Josefsen L.B., Boyle R.W. Photodynamic therapy: novel third generation photosensitizers one step closer?. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2008, 154:1-3.
25. Postiglione I., Chiaviello A., Palumbo G. Enhancing photodynamyc therapy efficacy by combination therapy: dated. Curr. Oncoming Strateg. Cancers 2011, 3:2597-2629.
26. Luksiene Z., Juzenas P., Moan J. Radiosensitization of tumours by porphyrins. Cancer Lett. 2006, 235:40-47.
27. Khdair A., Handa H., Mao G., Panyam J. Nanoparticle-mediated combination chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy overcomes tumor drug resistance in vitro. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2009, 71:214-222.
28. Berg K., Luksiene Z., Moan J., Ma L.W. Combined treatment of ionizing radiation and photosensitization by 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX. Radiat. Res. 1995, 142:340-346.
29. Luksiene Z., Kalvelyte A., Supino R. On the combination of photodynamic therapy with ionizing radiation. J. Photochem. Photobiol. 1999, 52:35-42.
30. Takahashi J., Misawa M. Analysis of potential radiosensitizing materials for X-ray induced photodynamic therapy. NanoBiotechnology 2008, 3(2):116-126.
31. Takahashi J., Misawa M. Characterization of reactive oxygen species generated by protoporphyrin IX under X-ray irradiation. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 2009, 78:889-898.
32. Ramakrishnan N., Clay M.E., Friedman L.R., Antunez A.R., Oleinick N.L. Post-treatment interactions of photodynamic and radiation induced cytotoxic lessions. Photochem. Photobiol. 1990, 52:555-559.
33. Fowler J.F., Adams G.E., Denekamp J. Radiosensitization of hypoxic cells in solid tumours. Cancer Treat. Rev. 1976, 3:227-256.
34. Wardman P. Chemical radiosensitizers for use in radiotherapy. Clinical Oncology 2007, 19:397-417.
35. Schaffer M., Schaffer P.M., Corti L., Gardiman M., Sotti G., Hofstetter A., Jori G., Duhmke E. Photofrin as a specific radiosensitizing agent for tumors: studies in comparison to other porphyrins, in an experimental in vivo model. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol. 2002, 66:157-164.
36. Kulka U., Schaffer M., Siefert A., Schaffer P.M., Olsee A., Kasseb K., Hofstetter A., Dühmke E., Jori G. Photofrin as a radiosensitizer in an in vitro cell survival assay. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2003, 311:98-103.
37. Villalonga-Barber C., Skretta M.M., Steele B.R., Georgopoulos A., Demetzos C. Dendrimers as biopharmaceuticals: synthesis and properties. Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 2008, 8:1294-1309.
38. Mishra B., Patel B.B., Tiwari S. Colloidal nanocarriers: a review on formulation technology, types and applications toward targeted drug delivery. Nanomed.: Nanotech. Biol. Med. 2010, 6:9-24.
39. Jori G. Tumor photosensitizers: approach to enhance the efficiency and selectivity of photodynamic therapy. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 1996, 36:87-93.
40. Dhankhar R., Vyas S.P., Jain A.K., Arora S., Rath G., Goyal A.K. Advances in novel drug delivery strategies for breast cancer therapy. Artif. Cells Blood Substit. Biotechnol. 2010, 38:230-249.
41. Zhang L., Gu F.X., Chan J.M., Wang A.Z., Langer R.S., Farokhzad O.C. Nanoparticles in medicine: therapeutic applications and developments. Clin. Pharmacol. Therapeut. 2008, 83:761-769.
42. Sinha R., Kim G.J., Nie S., Shin D.M. Nanotechnology in cancer therapeutics: bioconjugated nanoparticles for drug delivery. Mol. Cancer Ther. 2006, 5:1909-1917.
43. Enescu M., Lindqvist L. Photophysics of methylene blue-polynucleotide complexes in the picoseconds time range: influence of the local structure of the polynucleotide. Photochem. Photobiol. 1995, 62:55-59.
44. Gabrielli D., Belisle E., Severino D., Kowaltowski A.J., Baptista M.S. Binding, aggregation and photochemical properties of methylene blue in mitochondrial suspensions. Photochem. Photobiol. 2004, 79:227-232.
45. Nakagaki M., Katoh I., Handa T. Surface potential of lipid membrane estimated from the partitioning of methylene blue into liposomes. Biochemistry 1981, 20:2208-2212.
46. Orth K., Rück A., Stanescu A., Beger H.G. Intraluminal treatment of inoperable esophageal tumours by intralesional photodynamic therapy with methylene blue. Lancet 1995, 345:519-520.
47. Schick E., Rück A., Boehncke W.H., Kaufmann R. Topical photodynamic therapy using methylene blue and 5-aminolevulinic acid in psoriasis. J. Dermatol. Treat. 1997, 8:17-19.
48. McCullagh C., Robertson P.K.J. Photodynamic biocidal action of Methylene blue and hydrogen peroxide on the cyanobacterium Synechococcus leopoliensis under visible light irradiation. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 2006, 83:63-68.
49. Gad F., Zahra T., Hasan T., Hamblin M.R. Effects of growth phase and extracellular slime on photodynamic inactivation of gram-positive pathogenic bacteria. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2004, 48:2173-2178.
50. Noodt B.B., Rodal G.H., Wainwrigth M., Peng Q., Horobin R., Nesland J.M., Berg K. Apoptosis induction by different pathways with methylene blue derivative and light from mitochondrial sites in V79 cells. Int. J. Cancer 1998, 75:941-948.
51. Gardikis K., Hatziantoniou S., Bucos M., Fessas D., Signorelli M., Felekis T., Zervou M., Screttas G.C., Steele R.B., Ionov M., Micha-Screttas M., Klajnert B., Bryszewska M., Demetzos C. New drug delivery nanosystem combining liposomal and dendrimeric technology (liposomal locked-in dendrimers) for cancer therapy. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. 2010, 99:3561-3571.
52. Khopade A.J., Caruso F., Tripathi P., Nagaich S., Jain N.K. Effect of dendrimer on entrapment and release of bioactive from liposomes. Int. J. Pharm. 2002, 232:157-162.
53. Papagiannaros A., Dimas K., Papaioannou G.T., Demetzos C. Doxorubicin-PAMAM dendrimer complex attached to liposomes: cytotoxic studies against human cancer cell lines. Int. J. Pharm. 2005, 302:29-38.
54. Gardikis K., Tsimplouli C., Dimas K., Micha-Screttas M., Demetzos C. New chimeric advanced drug delivery nanosystems (chi-aDDnSs) as doxorubicin carriers. Int. J. Pharm. 2010, 402:231-237.
55. Banerjee R. Liposomes: clinical applications. J. Biomater. Appl. 2001, 16:3-21.
56. Tomalia D.A., Reyna L.A., Svenson S. Dendrimers as multi-purpose nanodevices for oncology drug delivery and diagnostic imaging. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 2007, 35:61-68.
57. Wojtyk T.C.J., Goyan R., Gudgin-Dickson E., Pottier R. Exploiting tumour biology to develop novel drug delivery strategies for PDT. Med. Laser Appl. 2006, 21:225-238.
58. Ashkin A., Dziedzic J.M., Bjorkholm J.E., Chu S. Observation of a single-beam gradient trap for dielectric particles. Opt. Lett. 1986, 11:288-290.
59. Ashkin A., Dziedzic J.M., Yamane T. Optical trapping and manipulation of single cells using infrared laser beams. Nature 1987, 330:769-771.
60. Ashkin A. Forces of a single-beam gradient laser trap on a dielectric sphere in the ray optics regime. Biophys. J. 1992, 61:569-582.
61. Neuman K.C., Blocka S.M. Optical trapping. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 2004, 75:2787-2809.
62. Friese M.E.J., Enger J., Rubinsztein-Dunlop H., Heckenberg R.N. Optical angular-momentum transfer to trapped absorbing particles. Phys. Rev. A 1996, 54:1593-1596.
63. Simpson N.B., Dholakia K., Allen N., Padgett M.J. Mechanical equivalent of the spin and orbital angular momentum of light: an optical spanner. Opt. Lett. 1997, 22:52-54.
64. Paterson L., MacDonald M.P., Arlt J., Sibbett W., Bryant P.E., Dholakia K. Controlled rotation of optically trapped microscopic particles. Science 2001, 292:912-914.
65. Dharmadhikari J.A., Roy S., Dharmadhikari A.K., Sharma S., Mathur D. Naturally occurring, optically driven, cellular rotor. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2004, 85:6048-6050.
66. Dharmadhikari J.A., Roy S., Dharmadhikari A.K., Sharma S., Mathur D. Torque-generating malaria infected red blood cells in an optical trap. Opt. Express 2004, 12:1179-1184.
67. Mohanty S.K., Uppal A., Gupta P.K. Self-rotation of red blood cells in optical tweezers: prospects for high throughput malaria diagnosis. Biotechnol. Lett. 2004, 26:971-974.
68. Wang M.D., Yin H., Landick R., Gelles J., Block S.M. Stretching DNA with optical tweezers. Biophys. J. 1997, 72:1335-1346.
69. Zhuang X. Unravelling DNA condensation with optical tweezers. Science 2004, 305:188-190.
70. Yang Y., Wescott T.P., Pedersen S.C., Tobias I., Olson W.K. Effects of localized bending on DNA supercoiling. Trends Biochem. Sci. 1995, 20:313-319.
71. Landry M.P., McCall P.M., Qi Z., Chemla Y.R. Characterization of photoactivated singlet oxygen damage in single-molecule optical trap experiments. Biophys. J. 2009, 97:2128-2136.
72. Steveson D.J., Gunn-Moore F., Dholakia K. Light forces the pace: optical manipulation for biophotonics. J. Biomed. Opt. 2010, 15:0415031-21.
73. Nambiar R., Meiners J.C. Fast position measurements with scanning line optical tweezers. Opt. Lett. 2002, 27:836-838.
74. Crocker J.C., Matteo J.A., Dinsmore A.D., Yodh A.G. Entropic attraction and repulsion in binary colloids probed with a line optical tweezer. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1999, 82:4352-4355.
75. Spyratou E., Makropoulou M., Serafetinides A.A. Line optical tweezers: a tool to investigate stained liposomes transformations and to determine shear modulus. Coll. Surf. A 2009, 349:35-42.
76. Lin K.H., Crocker J.C., Zeri A.C., Yohd A.G. Colloidal interactions in suspensions of rods. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2001, 87:88301-88304.
77. Nambiar R., Gajraj A., Meiners J.C. All-optical constant-force laser tweezers. Biophys. J. 2004, 87:1972-1980.
78. Mohanty S.K., Gupta P.K. Transport of microscopic objects using asymmetric transverse optical gradient force. Appl. Phys. B 2005, 81:159-162.
79. Cherney D.P., Bridges T.E., Harris J.M. Optical trapping of unilamellar phospholipid vesicles: investigation of the effect of optical forces on the lipid membrane shape by confocal-Raman microscopy. Anal. Chem. 2004, 76:4920-4928.
80. Bar-ziv R., Tlusty T., Moses E. Critical dynamics in the pearling instability of membranes. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1997, 79:1158-1161.
81. Bar-ziv R., Moses E., Nelson P. Dynamic excitations of membrane induced by optical tweezers. Biophys. J. 1998, 75:294-320.
82. Lipowsky R. Vesicles and biomembranes. Encycl. Appl. Phys. 1998, 23:199-222.
83. Nelson P., Powers T., Seifert U. Dynamical theory of the pearling instability in cylindrical vesicles. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1995, 74:3384-3387.
84. Pamplona D.C., Calladine C.R. Aspects of the mechanics of liposomes. J. Biochem. Eng. 1996, 118:482-488.
85. Derycke A.S.L., deWitte P.A.M. Liposomes for photodynamic therapy. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2004, 56:17-30.
86. Nomura F., Nagata M., Inaba T., Hiramatsu H., Hotani H., Takiguchi K. Capabilities of liposomes for topological transformation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2001, 98:2340-2345.
87. Takiguchi K., Nomura F., Inaba T., Takeda S., Saitoh A., Hotani H. Liposomes possess drastic capabilities for topological transformation. Chem. Phys. Chem. 2002, 3:571-574.
88. Sekimura T., Hotani H. The morphogenesis of liposomes viewed from the aspect of bending energy. J. Theor. Biol. 1991, 149:325-337.
89. Umeda T., Nakajima H., Hotani H. Theoretical analysis of shape transformations of liposomes caused by microtubule assembly. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 1998, 67:682-688.
90. C.H. Lee, W.C. Lin, J. Wang, Measuring the bending rigidity of giant unilamellar liposomes with differential confocal microscopy, in: Proceedings of the Lasers and Electro-optics Conference, San Francisco, CA, USA, 2000, pp. 592-593.
91. Dao M., Lim C.T., Suresh S., Mech J. Mechanics of human red blood cell deformed by optical tweezers. Phys. Solids 2003, 51:2259-2280.
92. Titushkin I., Cho M. Distinct membrane mechanical properties of human mesenchymal stem cells determined using laser optical tweezers. Biophys. J. 2006, 90:2582-2591.
93. Hénon S., Lenormand G., Richert A., Gallet F. A new determination of the shear modulus of the human erythrocyte membrane using optical tweezers. Biophys. J. 1999, 76:1145-1151.
94. Zanocco A.L., Günther G., Lemp E., Lissi E.A. Release of methylene blue from dioctadecyldimethylammonium chloride vesicles. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1998, 2:319-324.
95. Fadel M., Salah M., Samy N., Mona S. Liposomal methylene blue hydrogel for selective photodynamic therapy of acne vulgaris. J. Drugs Dermatol. 2009, 8:11983-11990.
96. van Vlerken L.E., Vyas T.K., Amiji M.M. Poly(ethylene glycol)-modified nanocarriers for tumor-targeted and intracellular delivery. Pharm. Res. 2007, 24(8):1405-1413.
97. Torchilin V.P. Recent advanced with liposomes as pharmaceutical carriers. Nat. Rev. 2005, 4:145-160.
98. H. Maruyama, K. Kotani, A. Honda, T. Takahata, F. Arai, Optical injection and manipulation of functional nanotool using photo-responsive chemical optical tweezers for intracellular measurement, in: 14th International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences, Groningen, The Netherlands, 2010, pp. 1655-1657.
99. Frommer J. Scanning tunneling microscopy and atomic force microscopy in organic chemistry. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Eng. 1992, 31:1298-1328.
100. J.W. Cross, SPM-Scanning Probe Microscopy: Imaging on Affine Scale. http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/spm.
101. Müller D.J., Anderson K. Biomolecular imaging using atomic force microscopy. Trends Biotechnol. 2002, 20:S45-S49.
102. Merino S., Domenech O., Diez I., et al. Effects of ciprofloxacin on Escherichia coli lipid bilayers: an atomic force microscopy study. Langmuir 2003, 19:6922-6927.
103. Berquand A., Fa N., Dufrêne Y.F., Mingeot-Leclercq M.P. Interaction of the macrolide antibiotic azithromycin with lipid bilayers: effect on membrane organization, fluidity and permeability. Pharm. Res. 2005, 22:465-475.
104. Zhao L., Feng S.S. Effects of cholesterol component on molecular interactions between paclitaxel and phospholipid within the lipid monolayer at the air-water interface. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2006, 300:314-326.
105. Anabousi S., Laue M., Lehr C.M., Bakowsky U., Ehrhardt C. Assessing transferrin modification of liposomes by atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2005, 60:295-303.
106. Tavares G.D., Viana C.M., Araújo Gilson J.G.V.C., Ramaldes G.A., Carvalho S.W., Pesquero J.L., Vilela J.M.C., Andrade M.S., de Oliveira M.C. Development and physico-chemical characterization of cyclodextrin-DNA complexes loaded liposomes. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2006, 429:507-512.
107. Patil S.D., Rhodes D.G., Burgess D.J. Anionic liposomal delivery system for DNA transfection. AAPS J. 2004, 6:E29-E39.
108. Changhong K., Jiang Y., Mieczkowski P.A., Muramoto G.G., Chute J.P., Marszalek P.E. Nanoscale detection of ionizing radiation damage to DNA by atomic force microscopy. Small 2008, 4:288-294.
109. Spyratou E., Mourelatou E.A., Makropoulou M., Demetzos C. Atomic force microscopy (AFM): a tool to study the structure, dynamics and stability of liposomal drug delivery systems. Exp. Opin. Drug Deliv. 2009, 6:305-317.
110. Kaourma E., Hatziantoniou S., Georgopoulos A., Kolocouris A., Demetzos C. Development of simple thiol-reactive liposome formulations, one-step analysis and physicochemical characterization. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2005, 57:527-531.
111. Janshoff A., Neitzert M., Oberdörfer Y., Fuchs H. Force spectroscopy of molecular systems-single molecule spectroscopy of polymers and biomolecules. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000, 39:3212-3237.
112. Sitterberg J., özcetin A., Ehrhardt C., Bakowsky U. Utilising atomic force microscopy for the characterisation of nanoscale drug delivery systems. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2010, 74:2-13.
113. Ramachandran S., Quist A.P., Kumar S., Lal R. Cisplatin nanoliposomes for cancer therapy: AFM and fluorescence imaging of cisplatin encapsulation. Stabil. Cell. Uptake Toxic. Langmuir 2006, 22:8156-8162.
114. Brochu H., Vermette P. Young's moduli of surface-bound liposomes by atomic force microscopy force measurements. Langmuir 2008, 24:2009-2014.
115. Radmacher M., Fritz M., Kacher C.M., Cleveland J.P., Hansma P.K. Measuring the viscoelastic properties of human platelets with the atomic force microscope. Biophys. J. 1996, 70:556-567.
116. A-Hassan E., Heinz W.F., Antonik M.D., D'Costa N.P., Nageswaran S., Schoenenberger C.A., Hoh J.H. Relative microelastic mapping of living cells by atomic force microscopy. Biophys. J. 1998, 74:1564-1578.
117. Domke J., Dannohl S., Parak W.J., Muller O., Aicher W.K., Radmacher M. Substrate dependent differences in morphology and elasticity of living osteoblasts investigated by atomic force microscopy. Colloids Surf. B: Biointerf. 2000, 19:367-379.
118. I. Sokolov, Atomic force microscopy in cancer cell research, in: H.S. Nalwa, T. Wedster (Eds.), Cancer Nanotechnology, 2007, pp. 1-17.
119. Cross S.E., Jin Y.S., Rao J., Gimzewski J.K. Nanomechanical analysis of cells for cancer patients. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2007, 2:780-783.
120. Deladi S., Berenschot J.W., Krijnen G.J.M., De Boer M.J., Tas N.R., Elwenspoek M.C. In situ characterization technique for nanotribological investigations. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 2005, 76:16102-16104.
121. Wang P., Yang H.J., Wang H.B., Li H., Wang X.Y., Wang Y., Lü J.H., Li B., Zhang Y., Hu J. Modification of AFM Tips for facilitating picking-up of nanoparticles. Chin. Phys. Lett. 2008, 25:2407-2415.
122. Gu J., Xiao Z., Yam C.M., Qin G., Deluge M., Boutet S., Cai C. Attaching single biomolecules selectively to the apex of AFM tips for measuring specific interactions. Biophys. J. 2005, 89:L31-L33.
123. Costa L.T., Thalhammer S., Wolfgang M.H. Atomic force microscopy as a tool in nanobiology Part II: Force spectroscopy in genomics and proteomics. Cancer Genom. Proteom. 2004, 1:71-76.
124. Pauliukaite R., Chiorcea Paquim A.M., Oliveira Brett A.M., Brett C.M.A. Electrochemical, EIS and AFM characterization of biosensors: trioxysilane sol-gel encapsulated glucose oxidase with two different redox mediators. Electrochim. Acta 2006, 52:1-8.
125. Kiselyova O.I., Yaminsky I.V. Proteins and membrane-protein complexes. Scanning Probe Microscopy of Biopolymers 1997, Scientific World, Moscow. I.V. Yaminsky (Ed.).