Concurrent polarization retrieval in multiheterodyne scanning near-field optical microscopy: Validation on silicon formbirefringent grating

Optics Express

Volumn 20, Issue 21, 2012, Pages 23088-23099

  Yu, L ^a   Sfez, T ^a   Paeder, V ^a   Stenberg, P ^b   Nakagawa, W ^c   Kuittinen, M ^b   Herzig, H P ^a  

^a EPFL   (Switzerland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN FINLAND   (Finland)

^c Idaho National Laboratory   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALGORITHMS; CALIBRATION; HETERODYNING; MEASUREMENTS; NANOSTRUCTURES; POLARIZATION; REFRACTIVE INDEX;

CLOSE PROXIMITY; EFFECTIVE REFRACTIVE INDEX; MEASUREMENT SYSTEM; NEAR-FIELD; NEAR-FIELD MEASUREMENT; OPTICAL RESPONSE; POLARIZATION DIVERSITY; POLARIZATION PROPERTIES; RECONSTRUCTION ALGORITHMS; RIGOROUS COUPLED WAVE ANALYSIS; SCANNING NEAR-FIELD OPTICAL MICROSCOPY; SUBWAVELENGTH RESOLUTION; THEORETICAL PREDICTION;

FIBER BRAGG GRATINGS;

ALGORITHM; ARTICLE; ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY; BIREFRINGENCE; CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY; EQUIPMENT; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; EQUIPMENT FAILURE; METHODOLOGY; REFRACTOMETRY; VALIDATION STUDY;

ALGORITHMS; BIREFRINGENCE; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; EQUIPMENT FAILURE ANALYSIS; MICROSCOPY, ATOMIC FORCE; MICROSCOPY, CONFOCAL; REFRACTOMETRY;

EID: 84867312257     PISSN: None     EISSN: 10944087     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1364/OE.20.023088     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. D. W. Pohl, W. Denk, and M. Lanz, "Optical stethoscopy: image recording with resolution λ/20", Appl. Phys. Lett. 44(7), 651-653 (1984).
2. A. Lewis, M. Isaacson, A. Harootunian, and A. Muray, "Development of a 500 Å spatial resolution light microscope: I. light is efficiently transmitted through λ/16 diameter apertures", Ultramicroscopy 13(3), 227-231 (1984).
3. A. Harootunian, E. Betzig, M. Isaacson, and A. Lewis, "Super-resolution fluorescence near-field scanning optical microscopy", Appl. Phys. Lett. 49(11), 674-676 (1986).
4. E. Betzig, M. Isaacson, and A. Lewis, "Collection mode near-field scanning optical microscopy", Appl. Phys. Lett. 51(25), 2088-2090 (1987).
5. D. Courjon, J.-M. Vigoureux, M. Spajer, K. Sarayeddine, and S. Leblanc, "External and internal reflection near field microscopy: experiments and results", Appl. Opt. 29(26), 3734-3740 (1990).
6. N. F. van Hulst, F. B. Segerink, and B. Bölger, "High resolution imaging of dielectric surfaces with an evanescent field optical microscope", Opt. Commun. 87(5-6), 212-218 (1992).
7. H. Bielefeldt, I. Hörsch, G. Krausch, M. Lux-Steiner, J. Mlynek, and O. Marti, "Reflection-scanning near-field optical microscopy and spectroscopy of opaque samples", Appl. Phys., A Mater. Sci. Process. 59, 103-108 (1994).
8. B. Hecht, D. W. Pohl, H. Heinzelmann, and L. Novotny, "'Tunnel' near-field optical microscopy: TNOM-2", Ultramicroscopy 61(1-4), 99-104 (1995).
9. M. L. Balistreri, J. P. Korterik, L. Kuipers, and N. van Hulst, "Local observations of phase singularities in optical fields in waveguide structures", Phys. Rev. Lett. 85(2), 294-297 (2000).
10. A. Nesci, R. Dändliker, and H. P. Herzig, "Quantitative amplitude and phase measurement by use of a heterodyne scanning near-field optical microscope", Opt. Lett. 26(4), 208-210 (2001).
11. I. Stefanon, S. Blaize, A. Bruyant, S. Aubert, G. Lerondel, R. Bachelot, and P. Royer, "Heterodyne detection of guided waves using a scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscope", Opt. Express 13(14), 5553-5564 (2005).
12. A. Huber, N. Ocelic, D. Kazantsev, and R. Hillenbrand, "Near-field imaging of mid-infrared surface phonon polariton propagation", Appl. Phys. Lett. 87(8), 081103 (2005).
13. B. Deutsch, R. Hillenbrand, and L. Novotny, "Near-field amplitude and phase recovery using phase-shifting interferometry", Opt. Express 16(2), 494-501 (2008).
14. R. Esteban, R. Vogelgesang, and K. Kern, "Tip-substrate interaction in optical near-field microscopy", Phys. Rev. B 75(19), 195410 (2007).
15. G. Lévêque, G. C. Francs, C. Girard, J. C. Weeber, C. Meier, C. Robilliard, R. Mathevet, and J. Weiner, "Polarization state of the optical near field", Phys. Rev. E Stat. Nonlin. Soft Matter Phys. 65(3 3 Pt 2B), 036701 (2002).
16. R. Dändliker, P. Tortora, L. Vaccaro, and A. Nesci, "Measuring three-dimensional polarization with scanning optical probes", J. Opt. A, Pure Appl. Opt. 6(3), S18-S23 (2004).
17. K. G. Lee, H. W. Kihm, J. E. Kihm, W. J. Choi, H. Kim, C. Ropers, D. J. Park, Y. C. Yoon, S. B. Choi, D. H. Woo, J. Kim, B. Lee, Q. H. Park, C. Lienau, and D. S. Kim, "Vector field microscopic imaging of light", Nat. Photonics 1(1), 53-56 (2007).
18. M. Schnell, A. Garcia-Etxarri, J. Alkorta, J. Aizpurua, and R. Hillenbrand, "Phase-resolved mapping of the nearfield vector and polarization state in nanoscale antenna gaps", Nano Lett. 10(9), 3524-3528 (2010).
19. M. Burresi, R. J. P. Engelen, A. Opheij, D. van Oosten, D. Mori, T. Baba, and L. Kuipers, "Observation of polarization singularities at the nanoscale", Phys. Rev. Lett. 102(3), 033902 (2009).
20. T. Sfez, E. Descrovi, L. Yu, D. Brunazzo, M. Quaglio, L. Dominici, W. Nakagawa, F. Michelotti, F. Giorgis, O. J. F. Martin, and H. P. Herzig, "Bloch surface waves in ultrathin waveguides: near-field investigation of mode polarization and propagation", J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 27(8), 1617-1625 (2010).
21. M. Schnell, A. Garcia-Etxarri, A. J. Huber, K. B. Crozier, A. Borisov, J. Aizpurua, and R. Hillenbrand, "Amplitude-and phase-resolved near-field mapping of infrared antenna modes by transmission-mode scatteringtype near-field microscopy", J. Phys. Chem. C 114(16), 7341-7345 (2010).
22. H. W. Kihm, Q. H. Kihm, D. S. Kim, K. J. Ahn, and J. H. Kang, "Phase-sensitive imaging of diffracted light by single nanoslits: measurements from near to far field", Opt. Express 18(15), 15725-15731 (2010).
23. R. L. Olmon, M. Rang, P. M. Krenz, B. A. Lail, L. V. Saraf, G. D. Boreman, and M. B. Raschke, "Determination of electric-field, magnetic-field, and electric-current distributions of infrared optical antennas: a near-field optical vector network analyzer", Phys. Rev. Lett. 105(16), 167403 (2010).
24. T. Grosjean, I. A. Ibrahim, M. A. Suarez, G. W. Burr, M. Mivelle, and D. Charraut, "Full vectorial imaging of electromagneticlight at subwavelength scale", Opt. Express 18(6), 5809-5824 (2010).
25. L. S. Goldner, M. J. Fasolka, S. Nougier, H.-P. Nguyen, G. W. Bryant, J. Hwang, K. D. Weston, K. L. Beers, A. Urbas, and E. L. Thomas, "Fourier analysis near-field polarimetry for measurement of local optical properties of thin films", Appl. Opt. 42(19), 3864-3881 (2003).
26. P. Tortora, R. Dändliker, W. Nakagawa, and L. Vaccaro, "Detection of non-paraxial optical fields by optical fiber tip probes", Opt. Commun. 259(2), 876-882 (2006).
27. E. Descrovi, T. Sfez, L. Dominici, W. Nakagawa, F. Michelotti, F. Giorgis, and H.-P. Herzig, "Near-field imaging of Bloch surface waves on silicon nitride one-dimensional photonic crystals", Opt. Express 16(8), 5453-5464 (2008).
28. T. Sfez, E. Descrovi, L. Dominici, W. Nakagawa, F. Michelotti, F. Giorgis, and H.-P. Herzig, "Near-field analysis of surface electromagnetic waves in the band gap region of a polymeric grating written on a one-dimensional photonic crystal", Appl. Phys. Lett. 93(6), 061108 (2008).
29. B. Bai, X. Meng, J. Laukkanen, T. Sfez, L. Yu, W. Nakagawa, H. Herzig, L. Li, and J. Turunen, "Asymmetrical excitation of surface plasmon polaritons on blazed gratings at normal incidence", Phys. Rev. B 80(3), 035407 (2009).
30. E. Descrovi, T. Sfez, M. Quaglio, D. Brunazzo, L. Dominici, F. Michelotti, H. P. Herzig, O. J. F. Martin, and F. Giorgis, "Guided Bloch surface waves on ultrathin polymeric ridges", Nano Lett. 10(6), 2087-2091 (2010).
31. T. Sfez, E. Descrovi, L. Yu, M. Quaglio, L. Dominici, W. Nakagawa, F. Michelotti, F. Giorgis, and H. P. Herzig, "Two-dimensional optics on silicon nitride multilayer: refraction of Bloch surface waves", Appl. Phys. Lett. 96(15), 151101 (2010).
32. S. Vignolini, F. Intonti, F. Riboli, D. S. Wiersma, L. Balet, L. H. Li, M. Francardi, A. Gerardino, A. Fiore, and M. Gurioli, "Polarization- sensitive near-field investigation of photonic crystal microcavities", Appl. Phys. Lett. 94(16), 163102 (2009).
33. Q. Tan, A. Cosentino, M. Roussey, and H. P. Herzig, "Theoretical and experimental study of a 30nm metallic slot array", J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 28(7), 1711-1715 (2011).
34. M. Spasenović, D. van Oosten, E. Verhagen, and L. Kuipers, "Measurements of modal symmetry in subwavelength plasmonic slot waveguides", Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(20), 203109 (2009).
35. Z. H. Kim and S. R. Leone, "Polarization-selective mapping of near-field intensity and phase around gold nanoparticles using apertureless near-field microscopy", Opt. Express 16(3), 1733-1741 (2008).
36. D.-S. Kim, J. Heo, S.-H. Ahn, S. W. Han, W. S. Yun, and Z. H. Kim, "Real-space mapping of the strongly coupled plasmons of nanoparticle dimers", Nano Lett. 9(10), 3619-3625 (2009).
37. S. Takahashi, A. Potts, D. Bagnall, N. I. Zheludev, and A. V. Zayats, "Near-field polarization conversion in planar chiral nanostructures", Opt. Commun. 255(1-3), 91-96 (2005).
38. R. Mohammadi, A. Unger, H. J. Elmers, G. Schönhense, M. Z. Shushtari, and M. Kreiter, "Manipulating near field polarization beyond the diffraction limit", Appl. Phys. B 104(1), 65-71 (2011).
39. A. Ndao, Q. Vagne, J. Salvi, and F. I. Baida, "Polarization sensitive sub-wavelength metallic structures: toward near-field light confinement control", Appl. Phys. B 106(4), 857-862 (2012).
40. B. E. A. Saleh and M. C. Teich, Fundamentals of Photonics (Wiley, 1991).
41. M. Born and E. Wolf, Principles of Optics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 7th ed., 1999).
42. W. Nakagawa, R.-C. Tyan, P.-C. Sun, and Y. Fainman, "Near-field localization of ultrashort optical pulses in transverse 1-D periodic nanostructures", Opt. Express 7(3), 123-128 (2000).
43. W. Nakagawa, R.-C. Tyan, P.-C. Sun, F. Xu, and Y. Fainman, "Ultrashort pulse propagation in near-field periodic diffractive structures by use of rigorous coupled-wave analysis", J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 18(5), 1072-1081 (2001).
44. E. Descrovi, L. Vaccaro, L. Aeschimann, W. Nakagawa, U. Staufer, and H.-P. Herzig, "Optical properties of microfabricated fully-metal-coated near-field probes in collection mode", J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 22(7), 1432-1441 (2005).
45. T. C. Choy, Effective Medium Theory: Principles and Applications (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1999).
46. M. P. Nezhad, C. Tsai, L. Pang, W. Nakagawa, G. Klemens, and Y. Fainman, "Form birefringent retardation plates in GaAs substrates: design, fabrication, and characterization", Proc. SPIE 5225, 69-77 (2003).
47. F. Xu, R.-C. Tyan, P.-C. Sun, Y. Fainman, C.-C. Cheng, and A. Scherer, "Form-birefringent computer-generated holograms", Opt. Lett. 21(18), 1513-1515 (1996).