Blood flow restriction: An evidence based progressive model (Review)

Acta Physiologica Hungarica

Volumn 99, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 235-250

  Loenneke, Jeremy ^a   Abe, T ^a   Wilson, J ^b   Thiebaud, R ^a   Fahs, C ^a   Rossow, L ^a   Bemben, M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TAMPA   (United States)

Author keywords

elderly; KAATSU; occlusion training; rehabilitation

Indexed keywords

LACTIC ACID; MAMMALIAN TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; NORADRENALIN; PROTON; SERUM AND GLUCOCORTICOID REGULATED KINASE 1;

ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RECONSTRUCTION; ARTICLE; BED REST; BLOOD FLOW RESTRICTION; BLOOD PRESSURE CUFF; CAST APPLICATION; CATABOLISM; CELL PH; CELL SIZE; CELL SWELLING; CELL VOLUME; CYCLING; ENZYME INACTIVATION; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; EXERCISE; FUNCTIONAL STATUS; HUMAN; HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE; IMMOBILIZATION; INTRACELLULAR TRANSPORT; ISOMETRIC EXERCISE; LACTATE BLOOD LEVEL; LEG MUSCLE; MAXIMAL OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; MUSCLE ATROPHY; MUSCLE CELL; MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY; MUSCLE MASS; MUSCLE STRENGTH; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; OSSIFICATION; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; PLASMA VOLUME; PRESSORECEPTOR; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; PROTEIN METABOLISM; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITION; RESISTANCE TRAINING; SKELETAL MUSCLE; THIGH; TREADMILL EXERCISE; UPREGULATION; VASCULAR RESISTANCE; VENOUS RETURN; WALKING; WATER TRANSPORT; WEIGHT BEARING;

AGED; BED REST; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HUMANS; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; PHYSICAL THERAPY MODALITIES; RECOVERY OF FUNCTION; REGIONAL BLOOD FLOW; RESISTANCE TRAINING;

EID: 84866558901     PISSN: 0231424X     EISSN: 15882683     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1556/APhysiol.99.2012.3.1     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. Abe T, Fujita S, Nakajima T, Sakamaki M, Ozaki H, Ogasawara R, Sugaya M, Kudo M, Kurano M, Yasuda T, Sato Y, Ohshima H, Mukai C, Ishii N: Effects of low-intensity cycle training with restricted leg blood flow on thigh muscle volume and VO2max in young men. J. Sports Sci. Med. 9, 452-458 (2010
2. Abe T, Kearns CF, Sato Y: Muscle size and strength are increased following walk training with restricted venous blood flow from the leg muscle, Kaatsu-walk training. J. Appl. Physiol. 100, 1460-1466 (2006
3. Abe T, Ozaki H, Sugaya M, Fujita S, Sakamaki M, Sato Y, Bemben MG, Nakajima T: Effects of 42 weeks walk training with blood flow restriction on muscle size and strength in the elderly. Proc. Int. Congress Sport Exerc. Sci. 336-341 (2010
4. Abe T, Sakamaki M, Fujita S, Ozaki H, Sugaya M, Sato Y, Nakajima T: Effects of low-intensity walk training with restricted leg blood flow on muscle strength and aerobic capacity in older adults. J. Geriatr. Phys. Ther. 33, 34-40 (2010
5. ACSM (American College of Sports Medicine) position stand. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 41, 687-708 (2009
6. Beekley MD, Sato Y, Abe T: KAATSU-walk training increases serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase in young men. Int. J. KAATSU Training Res. 1, 77-81 (2005
7. Bemben DA, Palmer IJ, Abe T, Sato Y, Bemben MG: Effects of a single bout of low intensity KAATSU resistance training no markers of bone turnover in young men. Int. J. KAATSU Training Res. 3, 21-26 (2007
8. Booth FW, Chakravarthy MV, Gordon SE, Spangenburg EE: Waging war on physical inactivity: Using modern molecular ammunition against an ancient enemy. J. Appl. Physiol. 93, 3-30 (2002 (Pubitemid 34686188)
9. Bosy-Westphal A, Reinecke U, Schlorke T, Illner K, Kutzner D, Heller M, Muller MJ: Effect of organ and tissue masses on resting energy expenditure in underweight, normal weight and obese adults. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 28, 72-79 (2004 (Pubitemid 38141993)
10. Brose A, Parise G, Tarnopolsky MA: Creatine supplementation enhances isometric strength and body composition improvements following strength exercise training in older adults. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 58, 11-19 (2003 (Pubitemid 36110048)
11. Burd NA, Andrews RJ, West DW, Little JP, Cochran AJ, Hector AJ, Cashaback JG, Gibala MJ, Potvin JR, Baker SK, Phillips SM: Muscle time under tension during resistance exercise stimulates differential muscle protein sub-fractional synthetic responses in men. J. Physiol. 590, 351-362 (2012
12. Burd NA, West DW, Staples AW, Atherton PJ, Baker JM, Moore DR, Holwerda AM, Parise G, Rennie MJ, Baker SK, Phillips SM: Low-load high volume resistance exercise stimulates muscle protein synthesis more than high-load low volume resistance exercise in young men. PLoS One 5, e12033 (2010
13. Cook SB, Brown KA, Deruisseau K, Kanaley JA, Ploutz-Snyder LL: Skeletal muscle adaptations following blood flow-restricted training during 30 days of muscular unloading. J. Appl. Physiol. 109, 341-349 (2010
14. Cuthbertson DP: The influence of prolonged muscular rest on metabolism. Biochem. J. 23, 1328-1345 (1929
15. Deitrick JE, Whedon GD, Shorr E: Effects of immobilization upon various metabolic and physiologic functions of normal men. Am. J. Med. 4, 3-36 (1948
16. Dorfman TA, Levine BD, Tillery T, Peshock RM, Hastings JL, Schneider SM, Macias BR, Biolo G, Hargens AR: Cardiac atrophy in women following bed rest. J. Appl. Physiol. 103, 8-16 (2007 (Pubitemid 47092271)
17. Emerson TE, Jr: Effects of angiotensin, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and vasopressin on venous return. Am. J. Physiol. 210, 933-942 (1966
18. English KL, Paddon-Jones D: Protecting muscle mass and function in older adults during bed rest. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 13, 34-39 (2010
19. Evans C, Vance S, Brown M: Short-term resistance training with blood flow restriction enhances microvascular filtration capacity of human calf muscles. J. Sports Sci. 28, 999-1007 (2010
20. Evans WJ: Skeletal muscle loss: Cachexia, sarcopenia, and inactivity. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 91, 1123S-1127S (2010
21. Fahs CA, Rossow LM, Seo DI, Loenneke JP, Sherk VD, Kim E, Bemben DA, Bemben MG: Effect of different types of resistance exercise on arterial compliance and calf blood flow. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 111, 2969-2975 (2011
22. Ferrando AA, Lane HW, Stuart CA, Davis-Street J, Wolfe RR: Prolonged bed rest decreases skeletal muscle and whole body protein synthesis. Am. J. Physiol. 270, E627-633 (1996
23. Ferrando AA, Tipton KD, Bamman MM, Wolfe RR: Resistance exercise maintains skeletal muscle protein synthesis during bed rest. J. Appl. Physiol. 82, 807-810 (1997 (Pubitemid 27123259)
24. Ferri A, Scaglioni G, Pousson M, Capodaglio P, Van Hoecke J, Narici MV: Strength and power changes of the human plantar flexors and knee extensors in response to resistance training in old age. Acta Physiol. Scand. 177, 69-78 (2003 (Pubitemid 36062556)
25. Frontera WR, Hughes VA, Krivickas LS, Kim SK, Foldvari M, Roubenoff R: Strength training in older women: Early and late changes in whole muscle and single cells. Muscle Nerve 28, 601-608 (2003 (Pubitemid 37339915)
26. Fry CS, Glynn EL, Drummond MJ, Timmerman KL, Fujita S, Abe T, Dhanani S, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB: Blood flow restriction exercise stimulates mTORC1 signaling and muscle protein synthesis in older men. J. Appl. Physiol. 108, 1199-1209 (2010
27. Fujita S, Abe T, Drummond MJ, Cadenas JG, Dreyer HC, Sato Y, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB: Blood flow restriction during low-intensity resistance exercise increases S6K1 phosphorylation and muscle protein synthesis. J. Appl. Physiol. 103, 903-910 (2007 (Pubitemid 47358873)
28. Gualano B, Neves M Jr, Lima FR, Pinto AL, Laurentino G, Borges C, Baptista L, Artioli GG, Aoki MS, Moriscot A, Lancha AH Jr, Bonfa E, Ugrinowitsch C: Resistance training with vascular occlusion in inclusion body myositis: A case study. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 42, 250-254 (2010
29. Gundermann DM, Fry CS, Dickinson JM, Walker DK, Timmerman KL, Drummond MJ, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB: Reactive hyperemia is not responsible for stimulating muscle protein synthesis following blood flow restriction exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 112, 1520-1528 (2012
30. Harber MP, Konopka AR, Douglass MD, Minchev K, Kaminsky LA, Trappe TA, Trappe S: Aerobic exercise training improves whole muscle and single myofiber size and function in older women. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 297, R1452-R1459 (2009
31. Haussinger D: The role of cellular hydration in the regulation of cell function. Biochem. J. 313, 697-710 (1996 (Pubitemid 26050797)
32. Haussinger D, Roth E, Lang F, Gerok W: Cellular hydration state: An important determinant of protein catabolism in health and disease. Lancet 341, 1330-1332 (1993 (Pubitemid 23148104)
33. Helge JW, Biba TO, Galbo H, Gaster M, Donsmark M: Muscle triacylglycerol and hormone-sensitive lipase activity in untrained and trained human muscles. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 97, 566-572 (2006
34. Hoffmann EK, Lambert IH, Pedersen SF: Physiology of cell volume regulation in vertebrates. Physiol. Rev. 89, 193-277 (2009
35. Holloszy JO: Exercise-induced increase in muscle insulin sensitivity. J. Appl. Physiol. 99, 338-343 (2005 (Pubitemid 40934500)
36. Iida H, Kurano M, Takano H, Kubota N, Morita T, Meguro K, Sato Y, Abe T, Yamazaki Y, Uno K, Takenaka K, Hirose K, Nakajima T: Hemodynamic and neurohumoral responses to the restriction of femoral blood flow by KAATSU in healthy subjects. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 100, 275-285 (2007 (Pubitemid 46711601)
37. Iida H, Kurano M, Takano H, Oonuma H, Imuta H, Kubota N, Morita T, Meguro K, Sato Y, Abe T, Yamazaki T, Nakajima T: Can KAATSU be used for an orthostatic stress in astronauts?: A case study. Int. J. KAATSU Training Res. 2, 45-52 (2006
38. Iida H, Nakajima T, Kurano M, Yasuda T, Sakamaki M, Sato Y, Yamasoba T, Abe T: Effects of walking with blood flow restriction on limb venous compliance in elderly subjects. Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging 31, 472-476 (2011
39. Inagaki Y, Madarame H, Neya M, Ishii N: Increase in serum growth hormone induced by electrical stimulation of muscle combined with blood flow restriction. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 111, 2715-2721 (2011
40. Karabulut M, Abe T, Sato Y, Bemben MG: The effects of low-intensity resistance training with vascular restriction on leg muscle strength in older men. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 108, 147-155 (2010
41. Karabulut M, Bemben DA, Sherk VD, Anderson MA, Abe T, Bemben MG: Effects of high-intensity resistance training and low-intensity resistance training with vascular restriction on bone markers in older men. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 111, 1659-1667 (2011
42. Kortebein P, Ferrando A, Lombeida J, Wolfe R, Evans WJ: Effect of 10 days of bed rest on skeletal muscle in healthy older adults. JAMA 297, 1772-1774 (2007 (Pubitemid 46658661)
43. Kubo K, Kanehisa H, Fukunaga T: Effects of different duration isometric contractions on tendon elasticity in human quadriceps muscles. J. Physiol. 536, 649-655 (2001 (Pubitemid 32976143)
44. Kubo K, Komuro T, Ishiguro N, Tsunoda N, Sato Y, Ishii N, Kanehisa H, Fukunaga T: Effects of low-load resistance training with vascular occlusion on the mechanical properties of muscle and tendon. J. Appl. Biomech. 22, 112-119 (2006
45. Kubota A, Sakuraba K, Koh S, Ogura Y, Tamura Y: Blood flow restriction by low compressive force prevents disuse muscular weakness. J. Sci. Med. Sport 14, 95-99 (2011
46. Kubota A, Sakuraba K, Sawaki K, Sumide T, Tamura Y: Prevention of disuse muscular weakness by restriction of blood flow. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 40, 529-534 (2008 (Pubitemid 351294670)
47. Kubota N, Takano H, Tsutsumi T, Kaab S, Kurano M, Iida H, Yasuda T, Meguro K, Morita T, Sato Y, Kawashima S, Yamazaki Y, Ohshima H, Tachibana S, Ishii N, Abe T, Nakajima T: Resistance exercise combined with KAATSU during simulated weightlessness. Int. J. KAATSU Training Res. 4, 9-15 (2008
48. Lang F: Effect of cell hydration on metabolism. Nestle Nutr. Inst. Workshop Ser. 69, 115-130 (2011
49. Lang F, Bohmer C, Palmada M, Seebohm G, Strutz-Seebohm N, Vallon V: (Patho)physiological significance of the serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase isoforms. Physiol. Rev. 86, 1151-1178 (2006 (Pubitemid 44521650)
50. Laurentino GC, Ugrinowitsch C, Roschel H, Aoki MS, Soares AG, Neves M, Jr., Aihara AY, da Rocha Correa Fernandes A, Tricoli V: Strength training with blood flow restriction diminishes myostatin gene expression. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 44, 406-412 (2012
51. Lejkowski PM, Pajaczkowski JA: Utilization of Vascular Restriction Training in post-surgical knee rehabilitation: A case report and introduction to an under-reported training technique. J. Can. Chiropr. Assoc. 55, 280-287 (2011
52. Levine BD, Zuckerman JH, Pawelczyk JA: Cardiac atrophy after bed-rest deconditioning: A nonneural mechanism for orthostatic intolerance. Circulation 96, 517-525 (1997 (Pubitemid 27329428)
53. Loenneke JP, Balapur A, Thrower AD, Barnes JT, Pujol TJ: Blood flow restriction reduces time to muscular failure. Eur. J. Sport Sci. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2010.551420. (2011
54. Loenneke JP, Balapur A, Thrower AD, Barnes JT, Pujol TJ: The perceptual responses to occluded exercise. Int. J. Sports Med. 32, 181-184 (2011
55. Loenneke JP, Fahs CA, Rossow LM, Abe T, Bemben MG: The anabolic benefits of venous blood flow restriction training may be induced by muscle cell swelling. Med. Hypotheses 78, 151-154 (2012
56. Loenneke JP, Fahs CA, Rossow LM, Sherk VD, Thiebaud RS, Abe T, Bemben DA, Bemben MG: Effects of cuff width on arterial occlusion: Implications for blood flow restricted exercise. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. doi: 10.1007/s00421-011-2266-8. (2011
57. Loenneke JP, Fahs CA, Wilson JM, Bemben MG: Blood flow restriction: The metabolite/volume threshold theory. Med. Hypotheses. 77, 748-752 (2011
58. Loenneke JP, Kearney ML, Thrower AD, Collins S, Pujol TJ: The acute response of practical occlusion in the knee extensors. J. Strength Cond. Res. 24, 2831-2834 (2010
59. Loenneke JP, Pujol TJ: The use of occlusion training to produce muscle hypertrophy. Strength Cond. J. 31, 77-84 (2009
60. Loenneke JP, Thrower AD, Balapur A, Barnes JT, Pujol TJ: Blood flow-restricted walking does not result in an accumlation of metabolites. Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging. 32, 80-82 (2012
61. Loenneke JP, Wilson JM, Marin PJ, Zourdos MC, Bemben MG: Low intensity blood flow restriction training: A meta-analysis. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. doi: 10.1007/s00421-011-2167-x. (2011
62. Loenneke JP, Wilson JM, Wilson GJ, Pujol TJ, Bemben MG: Potential safety issues with blood flow restriction training. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 21, 510-518 (2011
63. Loenneke JP, Young KC, Fahs CA, Rossow LM, Bemben DA, Bemben MG: Blood flow restriction: Rationale for improving bone. Med. Hypotheses 78, 523-527 (2012
64. Lynch GS, Ryall JG: Role of beta-adrenoceptor signaling in skeletal muscle: Implications for muscle wasting and disease. Physiol. Rev. 88, 729-767 (2008 (Pubitemid 351520091)
65. Madarame H, Neya M, Ochi E, Nakazato K, Sato Y, Ishii N: Cross-transfer effects of resistance training with blood flow restriction. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 40, 258-263 (2008
66. Madarame H, Sasaki K, Ishii N: Endocrine responses to upper- and lower-limb resistance exercises with blood flow restriction. Acta Physiol. Hung. 97, 192-200 (2010
67. Manini TM, Vincent KR, Leeuwenburgh CL, Lees HA, Kavazis AN, Borst SE, Clark BC: Myogenic and proteolytic mRNA expression following blood flow restricted exercise. Acta Physiol. (Oxf). 201, 255-263 (2011
68. Nakajima T, Iida H, Kurano M, Takano H, Morita T, Meguro K, Sato Y, Yamazaki Y, Kawashima S, Ohshima H, Tachibana S, Ishii N, Abe T: Hemodynamic responses to simulated weightlessness of 24-h head-down bed rest and KAATSU blood flow restriction. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 104, 727-737 (2008
69. Navegantes LC, Resano NM, Baviera AM, Migliorini RH, Kettelhut IC: Effect of sympathetic denervation on the rate of protein synthesis in rat skeletal muscle. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 286, E642-647 (2004 (Pubitemid 38374963)
70. Ogawa M, Loenneke JP, Yasuda T, Fahs CA, Rossow LM, Thiebaud RS, Bemben MG, Abe T: Time course changes in muscle size and fatigue during walking with restricted leg blood flow in young men. JPESM 3, 14-19 (2012
71. Ohta H, Kurosawa H, Ikeda H, Iwase Y, Satou N, Nakamura S: Low-load resistance muscular training with moderate restriction of blood flow after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Acta Orthop. Scand. 74, 62-68 (2003 (Pubitemid 36238029)
72. Ozaki H, Miyachi M, Nakajima T, Abe T: Effects of 10 weeks walk training with leg blood flow reduction on carotid arterial compliance and muscle size in the elderly adults. Angiology 62, 81-86 (2011
73. Ozaki H, Sakamaki M, Yasuda T, Fujita S, Ogasawara R, Sugaya M, Nakajima T, Abe T: Increases in thigh muscle volume and strength by walk training with leg blood flow reduction in older participants. J. Gerontol. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 66, 257-263 (2011
74. Paddon-Jones D, Sheffield-Moore M, Urban RJ, Sanford AP, Aarsland A, Wolfe RR, Ferrando AA: Essential amino acid and carbohydrate supplementation ameliorates muscle protein loss in humans during 28 days bedrest. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89, 4351-4358 (2004 (Pubitemid 39244437)
75. Park S, Kim JK, Choi HM, Kim HG, Beekley MD, Nho H: Increase in maximal oxygen uptake following 2-week walk training with blood flow occlusion in athletes. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 109, 591-600 (2010
76. Patterson SD, Ferguson RA: Enhancing strength and postocclusive calf blood flow in older people with training with blood-flow restriction. J. Aging Phys. Act. 19, 201-213 (2011
77. Perhonen MA, Franco F, Lane LD, Buckey JC, Blomqvist CG, Zerwekh JE, Peshock RM, Weatherall PT, Levine BD: Cardiac atrophy after bed rest and spaceflight. J. Appl. Physiol. 91, 645-653 (2001 (Pubitemid 32681093)
78. Perhonen MA, Zuckerman JH, Levine BD: Deterioration of left ventricular chamber performance after bed rest: "cardiovascular deconditioning" or hypovolemia? Circulation. 103, 1851-1857 (2001 (Pubitemid 32328397)
79. Phillips SM, Glover EI, Rennie MJ: Alterations of protein turnover underlying disuse atrophy in human skeletal muscle. J. Appl. Physiol. 107, 645-654 (2009
80. Rennie MJ, Wackerhage H, Spangenburg EE, Booth FW: Control of the size of the human muscle mass. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 66, 799-828 (2004 (Pubitemid 40614463)
81. Ringholm S, Bienso RS, Kiilerich K, Guadalupe-Grau A, Aachmann-Andersen NJ, Saltin B, Plomgaard P, Lundby C, Wojtaszewski JF, Calbet JA, Pilegaard H: Bed rest reduces metabolic protein content and abolishes exercise-induced mRNA responses in human skeletal muscle. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 301, E649-658 (2011
82. Sahlin K, Mogensen M, Bagger M, Fernstrom M, Pedersen PK: The potential for mitochondrial fat oxidation in human skeletal muscle influences whole body fat oxidation during low-intensity exercise. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 292, E223-230 (2007 (Pubitemid 46052944)
83. Sata S: Kaatsu training for patella tendinitis patient. Int. J. KAATSU Training Res. 1, 29-32 (2005
84. Sato Y, Yoshitomi A, Abe T: Acute growth hormone response to low-intensity KAATSU resistance exercise: Comparision between arm and leg. Int. J. KAATSU Training Res. 1, 45-50 (2005
85. Shangraw RE, Stuart CA, Prince MJ, Peters EJ, Wolfe RR: Insulin responsiveness of protein metabolism in vivo following bedrest in humans. Am. J. Physiol. 255, E548-558 (1988
86. Sumide T, Sakuraba K, Sawaki K, Ohmura H, Tamura Y: Effect of resistance exercise training combined with relatively low vascular occlusion. J. Sci. Med. Sport 12, 107-112 (2009
87. Symons TB, Sheffield-Moore M, Chinkes DL, Ferrando AA, Paddon-Jones D: Artificial gravity maintains skeletal muscle protein synthesis during 21 days of simulated microgravity. J. Appl. Physiol. 107, 34-38 (2009
88. Takano H, Morita T, Iida H, Asada K, Kato M, Uno K, Hirose K, Matsumoto A, Takenaka K, Hirata Y, Eto F, Nagai R, Sato Y, Nakajima T: Hemodynamic and hormonal responses to a short-term low-intensity resistance exercise with the reduction of muscle blood flow. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 95, 65-73 (2005 (Pubitemid 43008898)
89. Takarada Y, Nakamura Y, Aruga S, Onda T, Miyazaki S, Ishii N: Rapid increase in plasma growth hormone after low-intensity resistance exercise with vascular occlusion. J. Appl. Physiol. 88, 61-65 (2000 (Pubitemid 30053828)
90. Takarada Y, Takazawa H, Ishii N: Applications of vascular occlusion diminish disuse atrophy of knee extensor muscles. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 32, 2035-2039 (2000
91. Takarada Y, Takazawa H, Sato Y, Takebayashi S, Tanaka Y, Ishii N: Effects of resistance exercise combined with moderate vascular occlusion on muscular function in humans. J. Appl. Physiol. 88, 2097-2106 (2000 (Pubitemid 30453915)
92. Tanimoto M, Madarame H, Ishii N: Muscle oxygenation and plasma growth hormone concentration during and after resistance exercise: Comparison between "KAATSU" and other types of regimen. Int. J. KAATSU Training Res. 1, 51-56 (2005
93. Teramoto M, Golding LA: Low-intensity exercise, vascular occlusion, and muscular adaptations. Res. Sports Med. 14, 259-271 (2006 (Pubitemid 44863851)
94. Yamanaka T, Farley RS, Caputo JL: Occlusion training increases muscular strength in division Ia football players. J. Strength Cond. Res. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e31823f2b0e. (2011